有烧蚀气体产物影响的化学非平衡粘性流数值计算研究

本文是针对高超声速绕流钝锥体再入飞行器，研究有烧蚀气体产物影响的化学非平衡反应粘性流ＮＳ方程数值计算方法。通过带有化学源项的ＮＳ方程对流动作数值模拟，总的连续方程由单个组元守恒方程组代替。对１３个化学组元，２６个气相化学反应，以及２个气相－固相化学反应，研究烧烛碳－空气的化学反应系统，并与纯空气化学反应系统的计算结果进行比较。利用二阶迎风ＴＶＤ差分格式和激波捕捉法，计算球锥体头部和身部化学非平衡粘性流场     

碱金属引射下的高超声速尾流的数值模拟

高超声速化学非平衡尾流的分析与计算是空气动力学中的一个重要课题。本文采用二阶精度的中心差隐格式，求解了抛物化的Ｎ－Ｓ方程，得到了高空２０ＫＭ及６０ＫＭ非平衡尾流的数值解，研究了碱金属引射对尾流电子密度的影响。计算结果表明引射碱金属对尾流电子密度影响明显，尾流电子密度因此增加了１～３个量级。文中化学反应模型采用十组元模型，组元包括Ｏ２、Ｎ２、Ｏ、Ｎ、ＮＯ、ＮＯ＋、Ｏ－２、Ｎａ、Ｎ＋ａ以及ｅ－。     

高超声速绕平板上直立圆柱流动特性研究

以平板上直立平无限谪圆柱体为研究对象，采用和Ｒｏｅ三阶通量差分分裂格式求解雷诺平均Ｎ－Ｓ方程，数值模拟研究了高超声速且壁面有传热条件下三维流流场的激波边界层干扰特性，物面压力分布计算值与值吻合良好，数值模拟结果可见圆柱上游分离区流场是一个马蹄形五涡结构且存在有二次分离激波，这是一种值得深入研究的流动新现象。     

某型号固体火箭发动机点火过程的数值模拟

采用端面燃烧的固体火箭发动机点火初期形成的受限冷喷流流场，采用简化模型，从曲线坐标下的非定常薄层近似Ｎ－Ｓ方程出发，用新型的ＥＮＯ差分格式，进行了数值模拟；定性地研究了点火药喷流与主装药形状的相互影响，在此基础上提出设计中应该注意的问题。     

冲压发动机燃烧室压力脉动对进气道的影响分析

冲压发动机燃烧室燃烧时产生的振荡会以声波的形式对进气道结尾激波产生干扰。本研究采用数值方法模拟了不同燃烧室压力脉动频率和振幅对进气道工作状态的影响情况。计算模型为轴对称混压式进气道,控制方程采用雷诺平均N-S方程,湍流模型为标准k-ε模型。求解时时间推进采用二阶隐式格式,空间离散采用AUSM格式。计算结果表明,燃烧室压力振荡频率越大进气道结尾激波运动幅度越小,而振荡幅值越大进气道结尾激波的运动幅度越大。     

旋转条件下固体火箭发动机燃烧室气-固两相湍流流动数值模拟

以不可压Ｎ－Ｓ方程为基础，在旋转相对坐标系中，采用贴体坐标和ＳＩＭＰＬＥ法，对给定结构的旋转固体火箭发动机燃烧室诬蔑一中气－固两相湍流流动进行了数值模拟。不同时刻燃烧情况的计算结果表明：旋转对固体火箭发动机燃烧室燃气流动结构的影响随着燃烧肉厚而退移而显著增强；在发动机药柱的前翼燃烧消失后，前封头开口区域的气－固两相切向涡开始为得热烈，切向涡的分布呈现Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ特点，在发动机前开口区域涡的固synw     

具有翼柱型装药和潜入喷管的固体发动机内流场计算

本文对具有翼柱型装和潜入喷管的固体火箭发动机燃烧室后部三维流场及喷管三维跨音速流场进行了数值计算，并研究了管潜入比对燃烧后部流场结构的影响。数值计算中以Ｂｅａｍ－Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ提出的隐式近似因式分解方法为基础，引入介隐式和四阶显式人工粘性，当地时间上海工，隐式残值光顺，稳定因子，分区算法等技术，求解三维薄层Ｎ－Ｓ方程，得出了一些可供ＳＲＭ设计参考的结果，也为ＳＲＭ燃烧室－喷管三维流动一体化计算打下     

超声速射流对挡流板的冲击流场的数值模拟

采用数值分析方法分析了跨声速喷管无粘流动和超声速射流对挡流板的冲击流场。该方法是对激波流动添加了显式人工粘性项，控制方程仍为Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程，采用ＭａｃＣｏｒｍａｃｋ二阶显式预后－校正差分格式求解。     

丁腈/石棉/SiO2绝热材料性能的改进

对丁腈／石棉／ＳｉＯ２绝热材料的配方和工艺进行了研究，以改进其耐低温和抗烧蚀性能。结果表明，合理选择丁腈橡胶，石棉和白碳黑的品种，可以提高该绝热材料的综合性能；采用合理的炼制工艺，使新绝热材料的综合性能优于传统的ＮＢＲ或酚醛性的ＮＢＲ绝热材料。     

贫氧推进剂一次燃烧产物的热力计算

贫氧推进剂一次燃烧的物理和化学动力学因素决定了其一次燃烧为非平衡燃烧。说明了非平衡燃烧的特点，提出了计算贫氧推进剂一次燃烧的理论模型。以参与化学反应的推进剂组分为基础，把燃烧剩余物和燃烧产物分开，建立了燃烧产物的质量和化学平衡方程以及体系的能量平衡方程，采用布林克莱法解决了贫氧推进剂非平衡燃烧产物的热力计算。     

Detonation in two-layer systems

Detonation in heterogeneous systems involving parallel layers of two different substances was investigated. It was assumed that the denser medium can undergo fast chemical reaction without mixing with the other medium, and the detonation propagates along the two layers. The process of initiation is associated with a shock wave advancing through the medium of lesser density. An idealized gasdynamic model of the phenomenon is proposed in order to evaluate detonation parameters of the two-layer system on the basis of the characteristic features of its constituents. As calculation shows, in the absence of mixing between the two layers, the detonation is capable of propagating at a higher velocity than in the case when the constituents forming the layers are mixed.     

Cylindrical heterogeneous detonation waves

Further experimental studies of blast wave initiated cylindrical heterogeneous (liquid fuel drops, gas oxidizer) detonation waves are described. A pie-shaped shock tube, used for these studies, was altered in certain ways so as to improve the modeling of cylindrical waves. These modifications, along with some operational aspects, are briefly discussed. The breech of the facility, where the blast wave is generated by an explosive, became distorted with usage. Results are presented which show that lower detonation velocities are realized with the damaged breech (other conditions being the same). A photographic and pressure switch wave time of arrival study was made to ascertain the wave shape. Photographs are shown which show that the waves, blast as well as detonation, are close to cylindrical. However, in some cases there is appreciable distortion of the wave front by debris ahead of the wave. Presumably this debris comes from the blasting cap used to ignite the condensed explosive. A series of experiments was conducted using kerosene drops of 388 μm diameter dispersed in air through use of a large number of hypodermic needles. Radial fuel void regions were established by cutting off the fuel flow to a number of needles. Preliminary results relating to the effect of the size of the cloud gap on detonation velocity, quenching, and the initiator energy levels required for detonation are discussed.     

Hydrodynamic instabilities and transverse waves in propagation mechanism of gaseous detonations

The present study examines the role of transverse waves and hydrodynamic instabilities mainly, Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) and Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) in detonation structure using two-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations of Euler equations. To compare the numerical results with those of experiments, Navier–Stokes simulations are also performed by utilizing the effect of diffusion in highly irregular detonations. Results for both moderate and low activation energy mixtures reveal that upon collision of two triple points a pair of forward and backward facing jets is formed. As the jets spread, they undergo Richtmyer–Meshkov instability. The drastic growth of the forward jet found to have profound role in re-acceleration of the detonation wave at the end of a detonation cell cycle. For irregular detonations, the transverse waves found to have substantial role in propagation mechanism of such detonations. In regular detonations, the lead shock ignites all the gases passing through it, hence, the transverse waves and hydrodynamic instabilities do not play crucial role in propagation mechanism of such regular detonations. In comparison with previous numerical simulations present simulation using single-step kinetics shows a distinct keystone-shaped region at the end of the detonation cell.     

High speed gas flows in explosions of cavitated explosives

A possibility of attaining steady flow of detonation products with specific energy much larger than the specific chemical energy of explosive is demonstrated in the case when a cylindrical charge of explosive is fitted with an evacuated cavity. Simple estimates and results of numerical analysis of the process are presented. Steady process may be considered to occur under the following assumptions: (1) effects arising due to jet interaction with cavity walls are negligible; (2) the detonation process is steady. In the case of limited explosive lengths these assumptions have been shown to be correct.When the cavity is filled with gas or liquid, a variety of steady and non-steady flow regimes is possible, depending on the density of the filling medium. One well-known case is that of flow with irregular reflection of shock waves at the cavity axis accompanied with the formation of Mach intersections. Another interesting flow regime is observed to occur in the case of low density filling medium (liquid hydrogen, for example). In this case the filling medium is driven by a “detonation piston” at constant velocity, equal to the velocity of detonation, forming a uniform growing column of hot shock-compressed matter, specific energy of which exceeds by one order of magnitude the specific energy of the explosive. Obviously, the walls of the vessel containing hydrogen must be able to withstand radial loads for a sufficiently long time (20 μ sec).The relative merits of these methods in comparison to others in high speed gas-dynamics is discussed.     

Photochemical initiation of gaseous detonations

Direct initiation of detonations in gaseous mixtures of C₂H₂-O₂, H₂-O₂ and H₂-Cl₂ in the pressure range of 10–150 torr using flash photolysis was studied. Similar to blast initiation using a concentrated powerful energy source, it was found that for photochemical initiation, there exists a certain threshold of flash intensity and energy for each mixture at any given initial pressure and composition below which a deflagration is formed. At the critical threshold, however, a fully developed detonation is rapidly formed in the immediate vicinity of the window of incident UV radiation. However, at super critical flash energies, the amplitude of the detonation formed decreases and combustion of the entire irradiated volume approaches a constant volume explosion. It was found that photo-chemical initiation requires both a certain minimum peak value of the free radical concentration generated by the photo-dissociation as well as an appropriate gradient of this free radical distribution. The minimum peak radical concentration permits rapid reaction rates for the generation of strong pressure waves, while the gradient is necessary for the amplification of the shock waves to a detonation. If the gradient is absent and the free radicals are uniformly distributed in the mixture, then the entire volume simply explodes as in a constant volume process. The present study reveals that the mechanism of photochemical initiation is one of proper temporal synchronization of the chemical energy release to the shock wave as it propagates through the mixture. In analogy to the LASER, the term SWACER is introduced to represent this mechanism of Shock Wave Amplication by Coherent Energy Release. There are strong indications that this SWACER mechanism is universal and plays the main role in the formation of detonations whenever a powerful concentrated external source is not used to generate a strong shock wave in the explosive.     

Shock sensitivity of nitromethane with well defined hot spots distribution

The behavior of nitromethane under the action of a plane shock wave presenting local overpressures is experimentally analysed. The role of hot spots and the successive activation of new reaction sites are clearly evidenced. The optical observations made during the build-up to detonation and the measured shock sensitivities support a model of initiation for heterogeneous explosives.     

Some technical aspects of gaseous detonation

This paper briefly describes two attempts to utilize detonative combustion processes to MHD conversion of thermal energy of fuel to electrical energy and bonding of atmospheric nitrogen. For this purpose a continuous impulse detonation chamber with a frequency up to 200 cps was constructed. Using methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures the chamber was maintained in stable operation for several hundred hours. Oil was also employed as fuel.Estimates based on experimental data showed that up to 2% of chemical energy of the fuel may be converted into electrical energy. The use of an accelerating nozzle may improve this result.The concentration of nitrogen oxide in combustion products of the detonation wave was higher by 14% than that expected under usual combustion conditions.The advantages of this type of apparatus are: absence of compressors for fuel and oxidant, impulse current generation, low temperatures of chamber walls, and operation over a large range of operating conditions.Problems associated with the effect of the magnetic field on the propagation of the detonation wave are discussed and the possibility of applying the Zeldovich theory to the case of MHD interaction is described. It is shown that the detonation velocity may either increase or decrease depending on the relative orientation of the direction of magnetic field with respect to the detonation wave.     

Some aspects of blast from fuel-air explosives

Numerical solutions of the blast wave flow from a spherical explosive charge were obtained using the artificial viscosity technique as employed by Oppenheim. The flow is treated as adiabatic and inviscid and ideal equations of state are used for reactants, products and the surrounding air environment. Differences are noted in the peak pressure, static impulse and dynamic impulse resulting from three representative types of idealized initiation: (1) centrally initiated, self-similar Chapman-Jouguet detonation, (2) edge initiated spherical implosion and (3) constant volume energy release followed by sudden venting to the environment. These are compared to the ideal point blast with counterpressure of the same total energy release. In addition, numerical solutions are presented for centrally initiated, stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixtures surrounded by air for detonation and for deflagration according to an empirically determined, non-steady flame velocity. The greater energy transfer to the environment in the case of detonation is demonstrated.     

用拉氏量计和分析技术研究固体推进剂冲击波作用过程

本文建立了适合于研究固体推进剂冲击波作用过程的拉氏量计和分析技术,应用这种技术能清楚地表现固体推进剂内部状态变化过程和化学反应过程。并用这种技术研究了聚硫复合推进剂、丁羟复合推进剂、双基推进剂和改性双基推进剂冲击波转爆轰和爆轰过程。结果表明,复合推进剂与双基和改性双基推进具有明显不同的状态变化过程和化学反应过程。