HYBRID AIRFOIL DESIGN FOR FULL-SCALE ICE ACCRETION TEST

A hybrid airfoil inverse design method according to the target pressure distribution and the impingement efficiency is presented.The method is developed to design hybrid airfoils that simulate the droplet impingement and ice accretion of full-scale airfoil.Flow field and droplet impingement around the full-scale airfoil are calculated to obtain pressure distribution and impingement efficiency firstly.The Navier-Strokes(N-S)solver is used in flow field calculation to improve calculation precision.The droplet impingement and ice accretion on the airfoil are performed by FENSAP-ICE.Once the target chord or original airfoil is given,the hybrid airfoil geometries can be computed.The designed hybrid airfoil consists of full-scale leading edges and redesigned aft-section.The hybrid airfoil can be tested under full-scale conditions to produce full-scale ice accretion in the exiting icing tunnels which are too small to perform ice accretion testing of full-scale airfoils.Moreover,the ice shapes formed on the full-scale and hybrid airfoils are compared at various attack angles.The results demonstrate that ice shapes between hybrid and full-scale airfoils match well and the developed method is effective.     

Experiment on Adiabatic Film Cooling Effectiveness in Front Zone of Effusion Cooling Configuration

Experimental investigation is performed to investigate the cooling characteristics in the front zone of effusion configuration. Effects of blowing ratio, multi-hole arrangement mode, hole-to-hole pitch and jet orientation angle on the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness are concentrated on. The results show that the film layer displays an obvious ＂developing＂ feature in the front zone of effusion cooling scheme, for either the staggered or inline multi-hole arrangement. The varying gradient of the laterally-averaged adiabatic cooling effectiveness along the streamwise direction is greater for the staggered arrangement than that for the inline arrangement. The holes array arranged in staggered mode with small hole-to-hole pitches is in favor of obtaining developed film coverage layer rapidly.     

Dynamics of Rotor Drop on New Type Catcher Bearing

In an active magnetic bearing(AMB)system,the catcher bearings(CBs)are indispensable to protect the rotor and stator in case the magnetic bearings fail or overload.A new CB structure composed of two ball bearings is introduced.Detailed simulation models containing contact model between rotor and inner race,double-decker catcher bearing(DDCB)model as well as single-decker catcher bearing(SDCB)model are established using multibody dynamics simulation software MSC.ADAMS.Then,using those established models,the rotor orbits and the contact forces between rotor and inner race are simulated respectively after rotor drop on DDCBs and SDCBs.The simulation result shows that the rotor vibration range using DDCBs is significantly smaller than that using SDCBs;the maximum contact forces drop about 15%—27% compared with the contact forces using SDCBs.Finally,the test bench for the rotor drop experiments is built and the rotor drop experiments for different types of CBs are carried out.Labview data acquisition system is utilized to collect the displacement of rotor and the rotating frequencies of both inner race and intermediate races after rotor drop.The experimental results are comparatively analyzed,and the conclusion that DDCB can help to reduce vibration amplitude and collision force is obtained.The studies can provide certain theoretical and experimental references for the application of DDCBs in AMB system.     

ACTIVE VIBRATION CONTROL OF TWO-BEAM STRUCTURES

The wave propagation approach is presented to research the active vibration control of two-beam structures.Considering the continuity of the generalized displacement and the equilibrium of the generalized force at the discontinuity,the wave reflection and transmission coefficients are calculated.Wave control is applied somewhere upstream or downstream to two-beam structures.Vibrations of two coupled beams per unit disturbance are investigated.The results show that wave control is efficient,and the influence of the thickness ratio of two-beam structures on control location is discussed.     

Application of Laser Ultrasonic Technique for Non-contact Detection of Angled Surface Defects

Based on the finite element method,the angled surface defects have been investigated by using the laser generated surface acoustic wave(SAW).The feature of laser generated SAW interaction with the angled defect is analyzed in time and frequency domains.An increase in the amplitude of SAW at the edge of the defect is observed,and the spectral feature is angle dependent.With the angle decreasing from 120°to 30°,the maximum amplitude of frequency spectrum of SAW increases gradually.The corresponding experimental results verify the feasibility of numerical analyses and reach a good agreement with simulation results.     

PARAMETER ANALYSIS ON CIRCULATION CONTROLLED CIRCULAR CYLINDER FOR NOTARTM TAIL BOOM

Lift on circulation control （CC） circular cylinder is calculated via numerical simulations based on 2D real- izable k-e epsilon viscous model and compared with experimental data. The simulation result shows an acceptable agreement with tested data. With the proved grid and simulation method, series of simulations are conducted to study the effect of parameters on lift. Single slotted tail booms under different clown wash velocities are optimized with the principle of generating maximum total moment around the main rotor shaft with same total power con- sumption. The results show that larger jet flow velocity, or smaller blow angle, or larger diameter of the cross section can help generating larger lift while enhancing the attachment of both the jet flow and down wash flow. Multiple slotted tail boom is better because it increases lift with same total slot width, and can increase lift by in- creasing total slot width without causing separation, also it helps generating high steady lift at a big rank of slot at- tack angles. To mount a guide vane （GV） at the exit of the slot, or shape the upper slot wall like a smooth-GV, or design the slot with an edge fillet is not recommended because it reduces the velocity of both the jet flow and the upstream of the attached downwash flow. Compared with other shapes of the slots, arcs-profiled slot performs better because of larger jet flow velocity and smaller blow angle. In order to generate the largest moment with same total power consumed by the entire NOTARTM system, total width of the slots and slot attack angle should be optimized according to velocity of down wash flow.     

Multi-factor Effects on Layout of Solar Collector

Considering the influencing factors of the layout of solar collectors such as the tilt angles,azimuth angles,spacing between collectors and the number of collector rows,a mathematical model of the collected energy of the solar collector with limited area on the horizontal plane is established. Two different optimized models including the cost?benefit model and the minimum annual auxiliary heating energy model are conducted in this paper. The results show that,the collected energy in a year could increase with the increase of the number of collector rows. And the collected solar radiation in a year increases firstly and then decreases with the increase of the collector tilt angles.Furthermore,the collected solar radiation in a year increases firstly and then decreases with the continuous increase of the azimuth angles from-90° to 90°. Taking Nanjing city of China as an example,based on the optimized objective of maximum benefit,the optimal layout of the solar collector array in the area of 200 m2 should include:the number of collector rows is 8,the tilt angle is 40° and the azimuth angle is 0°. Meanwhile,the optimal methods for the optimized objective of minimum annual auxiliary heating energy should include:the number of collector rows is 9,the tilt angle is 50°,and the azimuth angle is 0°.     

Drag Reducing and Increasing Mechanism on Triangular Riblet Surface

Drag reducing and increasing mechanism on riblet surface has been studied through computational fluid dynamics(CFD).Drag reduction is achieved through the optimization of riblet geometry which would affect flow structure inside riblet grooves.Force and flow structure on riblet surface are analyzed and compared with those of smooth surface based on the k-εturbulence model.Drag reducing and increasing mechanism is proved to be related to microvortexes induced inside riblets which lead to Reynolds shear stress reduction significantly and is considered to be the dominant factor resulting in wall friction reduction.Simulation results also show that the pressure drag generating from the deviation of static pressure on the front and rear ends of riblets occurs and grows exponentially with Mach number,which can cause drag increasing.Furthermore,near-wall vortical structures,Reynolds shear stress and static pressure on riblet surfaces are also analyzed in detail.     

OLEOPHOBIC AND HYDROPHOBIC FEATURE EXPERIMENTS OF FLUORINATED HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

The surface performances of directly fluorinated high density polyethylene （HDPE） are studied with Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） spectra, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and contact angle （CA） system. The SEM images show that there is a three-layer structure called the reaction, virgin and boundary layer structure. The depth of fluorinated layer is 5.75 ~m with 1 h fluorination time and 7.86 b~m with 2 h. The depths are 5.46 /~m and 5.07 /~m when fluorine density is 2G and 1~/0, respectively. CA indicates that the HDPE surface property becomes more hydrophobic with the increasing water contact angle from 78.5~ to 104.5~. Oleophobic and hydrophobic features of HDPE are identified by comparison of mass change experiments. It is shown that the in- crement rate of fluorinated HDPE is much lower than that of un-fluorinated HDPE filled in neither distilled water nor jet fuel.     

Compact Car-Body Surface Design with T-spline Surface

Creating proper B-spline surface models is a very challenging task for designers in car-body surface design. Due to the tensor-product structure of B-spline surface, some undesirable issues of the redundant control points addition, incomplete surface definition and the difficulty of trimming boundary alteration frequently occur, when designing the car-body surface with B-spline surfaces in local-feature-lines construction, full-boundary-merging and visual surface trimming. A more efficient approach is proposed to design the car-body surface by replacing B-spline surface with classical T-spline surface. With the local refinability and multilateral definition offered by T- spline surface, those designing issues related with B-spline surface can be overcomed. Finally, modeling examples of the door, hood and rear-window are given to demonstrate the advantage of T-spline surface over B-spline surface in car-body surface design.     

Attitude Analysis in Process Conflict for C919 Aircraft Manufacturing

Based on the option prioritization in graph model for conflict resolution of two decision makers(DMs),new logical and matrix representations of four stability concepts for DMs′attitude are proposed.The logical representation of attitude is defined,and converted to the matrix form in order to develop a decision support system(DSS)efficiently.Compared with existing definitions of DMs′attitude based on states,the proposed definitions of attitude based on options are convenient and more effective to generate preferences since that of states can be significantly larger than that of options in a large conflict.In addition,it is easier to obtain the information of the prioritization of option statements than to obtain preference of states for users.The proposed representations are applied to the process conflict during aircraft manufacturing to demonstrate the efficiency of the new approach.     

Full Wavefield Analysis for Damage Assessment in Composite Materials

In this paper damage assessment based on guided elastic wave propagation phenomenon is presented.Guided waves are generated by piezoelectric transducer and registered by scanning laser doppler vibrometer(SLDV).Signal processing is based on the analysis of full wavefield measurements gathered from dense mesh of measurement points spanned over area of investigated samples.Full wavefield measurement approach allows creation of animations presenting the guided wave propagation in the structure.Moreover such approach is suitable for analysis of interaction of guided waves with discontinuities located in structure.In the research attention is paid especially on analysis of phenomenon of S0/A0′guided wave mode conversion due to interaction with investigated discontinuities-teflon inserts and impact damage.The presented work is related to glass fibre reinforced polymer(GFRP)samples.In the research,auxiliary non-destructive testing(NDT)method is also utilized.The aim of this method is to indicate the depth of discontinuity,and to prove that delamination was created in the case of impact damage.Auxiliary method is based on terahertz spectroscopy(THz)where the analysis of propagation of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band is conducted.THz spectroscopy method can be utilized for damage assessment in the dielectric materials like GFRP.     

MAC Models in Thermoelasticity

There are two types of singularities in the linear thermoelasticity.The first one arises in the field of stresses if a force is applied to one point of the body.This singularity is physical and should be accepted.The second type of singularities is nonphysical and they arise in the fields of displacements and temperatures.There exist the nonlocal theories and gradient theories which have the goal to introduce the finite stresses instead of the infinite ones.The MAC model of the thermoelasticity is created to avoid the nonphysical singularities and it accepts the infinite stresses.MAC is the method of additional conditions,which allows introducing the new model to use the classical model,plus additional condition of the physical nonsingularity and/or condition of the good behavior of the solutions at infinity.The MAC Green′s functions for the heat conduction and for the elasticity could be introduced using the differential MAC models.The infinite and finite bodies are considered.The principle of superposition is applied to obtain the integral equations to solve the boundary value problems.The strength criteria based on finite stresses could be changed in this model because the infinite stresses are allowed.The strength criteria based on deformations are applicable.Classification of MAC models is given.     

A Sequence Image Matching Method Based on Improved High-Dimensional Combined Features

Image matching technology is theoretically significant and practically promising in the field of autonomous navigation.Addressing shortcomings of existing image matching navigation technologies,the concept of high-dimensional combined feature is presented based on sequence image matching navigation.To balance between the distribution of high-dimensional combined features and the shortcomings of the only use of geometric relations,we propose a method based on Delaunay triangulation to improve the feature,and add the regional characteristics of the features together with their geometric characteristics.Finally,k-nearest neighbor(KNN)algorithm is adopted to optimize searching process.Simulation results show that the matching can be realized at the rotation angle of-8°to 8°and the scale factor of 0.9 to 1.1,and when the image size is 160 pixel×160 pixel,the matching time is less than 0.5 s.Therefore,the proposed algorithm can substantially reduce computational complexity,improve the matching speed,and exhibit robustness to the rotation and scale changes.     

IMPROVED EXECUTION METHOD OF TENTACLE ALGORITHM FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE

In order to solve some deficiencies in tentacle execution, an improved execution method of tentacle algo- rithm is presented. The method uses a short trajectory to match the curvature between the path of vehicle and ten- tacle, rather than computing a whole steady state. To control vehicle motion via wheel force and steering angle, two parameters should be discretized under certain area and these discrete values can form 18 5〈 20 groups. Then the curvature between the trajectory and tentacle should be matched, and the corresponding group of wheel force and steering angle can be found. The flow chart of the improved execution method is given, and simulation is per- formed on a platform named ＂pro-sivic＂. The simulation results show that the improved method can maintain the advantage of the tentacle algorithm in terms of computation speed, and avoid the errors such as endless loop and data overflow, which proves the method more efficient.     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON EFFECT OF OPERATING TABLE PROTECTED BY HORIZONTAL LAMINAR FLOW SCREEN

Transmission of airborne bacteria is the main factor causing surgical site infection （SSI）, which is harm- ful to patients＇ health and even lives. Numerical study is conducted on the effect of the operating table protected by horizontal laminar flow screen. Discrete phase model （DPM） is used. Numerical simulation is carried out to evalu- ate particle trajectories with the Lagrange approach. As a result, the protecting effect of horizontal laminar flow screen is established, and the protecting parameters of the air velocity supplied by the screen and the protecting dis- tance are optimized. The optimized air velocity supplied by the screen should be at 0.4--0.6 m/s. And the protec- ting distance should be less than 1.3 m. This work provides references for the study on the depuration of operating table or room.     

Modeling and Validation of Indentation Depth of Abrasive Grain into Lithium Niobate Wafer by Fixed-Abrasive Lapping

The prediction of indentation depth of abrasive grain in hydrophilic fixed-abrasive(FA)lapping is crucial for controlling material removal rate and surface quality of the work-piece being machined.By applying the theory of contact mechanics,a theoretical model of the indentation depth of abrasive grain was developed and the relationships between indentation depth and properties of contact pairs and abrasive back-off were studied.Also,the average surface roughness(Ra)of lapped wafer was approximately calculated according to the obtained indentation depth.To verify the rationality of the proposed model,a series of lapping experiments on lithium niobate(LN)wafers were carried out,whose average surface roughness Ra was measured by atomic force microscope(AFM).The experimental results were coincided with the theoretical predictions,verifying the rationality of the proposed model.It is concluded that the indentation depth of the fixed abrasive was primarily affected by the applied load,wafer micro hardness and pad Young′s modulus and so on.Moreover,the larger the applied load,the more significant the back-off of the abrasive grain.The model established in this paper is helpful to the design of FA pad and its machining parameters,and the prediction of Ra as well.     

Aerodynamic Performance and Aeroacoustic Characteristics of Model Rotor with Anhedral Blade Tip in Hover

Experimental investigation on the aerodynamic performance and aeroacoustic characteristics of model rotors with different tip anhedral angles in hover are conducted in the paper.Three sets of model rotors with blade-tip anhedral angle 0°(reference rotor),20°and 45°respectively are designed to analyze the influence of the anhedral angle on the hovering performance and aeroacoustics of rotor.In the environment of anechoic chamber,the hover experiments under the different collective pitch and blade numbers,are carried out to measure the figure of merit(FM),time history of sound pressure and sound pressure level(SPL)of the three rotor models.Based on test results,the comparison and analysis of hovering performance and aeroacoustic characteristics among the three rotor models have been done.Meanwhile,for the sake of analysis,the rotor wake and blade pressure distribution are simulated by means of computational fluid method(CFD).At last,some conclusions about the effects of blade-tip anhedral angle on the aerodynamic performance and aeroacoustic characteristics in hover are obtained.An anhedral blade tip can enhance the FM of the rotor,and decrease the rotor loads noise to some extent.     

Optimizing Control for Rotor Vibration with Magnetorheological Fluid Damper

The aim of this work is to analyze and design a control system for vibration reduction in a rotor system using a shear mode magnetorheological fluid （MRF） damper. A dynamic model of the MRF damper-rotor system was built and simulated in Matlab/Simulink to analyze the rotor vibration characteristics and the vibration reduction dfeet of the MRF damper. Based on the numerical simulation analysis, an optimizing control strategy using pat- tern search method was proposed and designed. The control system was constructed on a test rotor bench and ex- periment validations on the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy were conducted. Experimental results show that rotor vibration caused by unbalance can be well controlled whether in resonance region （70~） or in non- resonance region （30 ~）. An irregular vibration amplitude jump can be suppressed with the optimization strategy. Furthermore, it is found that the rapidity of transient response and efficiency of optimizing technique depend on the pattern search step. The presented strategies and control system can be extended to multi-span （more than two or three spans） rotor system. It provides a powerful technical support for the extension and application in target and control for shafting vibration.