常用脉冲重复间隔估计算法

雷达信号分选是电子战系统(EW)与反辐射导弹(ARM)的关键技术,脉冲重复间隔(PRI)是信号分选与识别的一个重要参数,它决定了雷达的最大无模糊距离和最大无模糊径向速度。目前以脉冲序列的自相关函数为基础,利用脉冲到达时间(TOA)提出了多种脉冲重复间隔估计算法。本文介绍了几种常用算法的原理,讨论了各算法的缺陷,并给出了PRI变换应用于抖动PRI序列时的计算机仿真结果。最后分析了各种算法的性能与适用范围。     

Second time around radar return suppression using PRI modulation

A technique for suppressing second-time-around radar returns using pulse-repetition interval (PRI) modulation is presented and analyzed. It is shown that a staggered PRI radar system can offer considerable improvement over a nonstaggered radar system in rejecting second-time-around returns which cause false alarms. This improvement is a function of detector implementation (noncoherent integrator or binary integrator), the number of staggered PRIs, the quiescent false alarm number, the Swerling number of the false return, the transmitted signal power, the second-time-around noise power, and the quiescent noise power of the radar. Small changes in transmitted signal power can be traded off with the quiescent false alarm number to suppress the bogus return significantly. In addition, for a noncoherent integrator, all other parameters being equal, if the second-time-around return is a Swerling case II or IV target, then there is an optimum number of staggered PRIs that can be chosen to minimize the likelihood of its detection. It is also shown that the binary integrator significantly reduces the number of second-time-around return detections when compared with the noncoherent integrator. However, there is an accompanying loss of detection     

A novel pulse TOA analysis technique for radar identification

A new processing technique is presented for identifying individual pulse trains in a buffer load of pulse time-of-arrival (TOA) data from radar warning receiver sets currently in use for electronic warfare (EW). The method is based on the numerical characteristics of the matrix of the differences of the TOA data points. In particular, for a uniform pulse repetition interval (PRI) emitter, this matrix is a symmetrical harmonic Toeplitz matrix the inverse of which has banded tridiagonal form. This form leads to an estimator for the PRI in terms of the trace of the inverted matrix     

An approach for parameter estimation of combined CPPM and LFM radar signal

In this paper, the problem of parameter estimation of the combined radar signal adopting chaotic pulse position modulation (CPPM) and linear frequency modulation (LFM), which can be widely used in electronic countermeasures, is addressed. An approach is proposed to estimate the initial frequency and chirp rate of the combined signal by exploiting the second-order cyclostationarity of the intra-pulse signal. In addition, under the condition of the equal pulse width, the pulse repetition interval (PRI) of the combined signal is predicted using the low-order Volterra adaptive filter. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed cyclic autocorrelation Hough transform (CHT) algorithm is theoretically tolerant to additive white Gaussian noise. When the value of signal noise to ratio (SNR) is less than 4 dB, it can still estimate the intra-pulse parameters well. When SNR = 3 dB, a good prediction of the PRI sequence can be achieved by the Volterra adaptive filter algorithm, even only 100 training samples.     

基于稀疏重构的混叠脉冲序列的周期估计

针对于以往方法在克服抖动大和缺失率高的混叠脉冲信号周期估计上的不足,提出了一种基于稀疏重构的混叠脉冲序列的隐藏子周期估计新方法。该方法首先针对由多个具有不同周期的脉冲串混合而成脉冲序列进行插值重采样,然后利用由Ramanujan构造的周期字典,建立了混叠脉冲序列的稀疏表示模型,最后采用联合l_2,0混合范数算法求得混叠脉冲序列的周期估计。方法的优点是具有较强抗噪能力和抗脉冲缺失能力,并且不受初相的改变影响。所需要较少的脉冲数据长度就能得到准确的周期稀疏解。仿真实验表明,所提方法具有更好的估计性能。     

基于数字滤波的低频时码秒脉冲抖动平滑方法研究

低频时码授时信号在接收时,由于环境等因素的影响会导致解调得到的低频时码秒脉冲出现抖动。为减小该抖动现象对低频时码定时精度的影响,基于我国低频时码授时系统(BPC),研究并设计基于数字滤波的秒脉冲抖动平滑方法,通过仿真实验,验证分析了最小均方误差(LMS)自适应滤波算法和卡尔曼滤波算法的有效性和抖动平滑性能。结果表明,低频时码秒脉冲的抖动现象可以通过BPC 1PPS (one pulse per second)和本地1PPS之间的相位差波动情况反映;LMS自适应滤波算法和卡尔曼滤波算法对BPC 1PPS的抖动平滑处理均有明显效果,卡尔曼滤波算法的抖动平滑效果更优,但存在一定的收敛时间,LMS自适应滤波算法的滤波结果响应速度快,但抖动平滑性能受滤波器阶数的影响。所以,在实际应用中,应根据实际需求选择合适的滤波器及相关参数。     

Partially Adaptive STAP using the FRACTA Algorithm

A partially adaptive space-time adaptive processor (STAP) utilizing the recently developed FRACTA algorithm is presented which significantly reduces the high computational complexity and large sample support requirements of fully adaptive STAP. Multi-window post-Doppler dimensionality reduction techniques are employed to transform the data prior to application of the FRACTA algorithm. The FRACTA algorithm is a reiterative censoring (RC) and detection algorithm which has been shown to provide excellent detection performance in nonhomogeneous interference environments. Two multi-window post-Doppler dimensionality reduction techniques are considered: PRI-staggered and adjacent-bin. The partially adaptive FRACTA algorithm is applied to the KASSPER I (Knowledge-Aided Sensor Signal Processing & Expert Reasoning) challenge datacube. The pulse repetition interval (PRI)-staggered approach with D=6 filters per Doppler bin is found to provide the best detection performance, outperforming the fully adaptive case while simultaneously reducing the runtime by a factor of ten. Using this implementation, partially adaptive FRACTA detects 197 out of 268 targets with one false alarm. The clairvoyant processor (the covariance matrix for each range cell is known) detects 198 targets with one false alarm. In addition, the partially adaptive FRACTA algorithm is shown to be resilient to jamming, and performs well for reduced sample support situations. When compared with partially adaptive STAP using traditional sliding window processing (SWP), the runtime of partially adaptive FRACTA is 14 times faster, and the detection performance is significantly increased (SWP detects 46 out of 268 targets with one false alarm).     

Low C/N_0 Carrier Tracking Loop Based on Optimal Estimation Algorithm in GPS Software Receivers

Suppressing jitter noises in a phase locked loop(PLL) is of great importance in order to keep precise and continuous track of global positioning system(GPS) signals characterized by low carrier-to-noise ratio(C/N0).This article proposes and analyzes an improved Kalman-filter-based PLL to process weak carrier signals in GPS software receivers.After reviewing the optimal-bandwidth-based traditional second-order PLL,a Kalman-filter-based estimation algorithm is implemented for the new PLL by decorrelating the model error noises and the measurement noises.Finally,the efficiency of this new Kalman-filter-based PLL is verified by experimental data.Compared to the traditional second-order PLL,this new PLL is in position to make correct estimation of the carrier phase differences and Doppler shifts with less overshoots and noise disturbances and keeps an effective check on the disturbances out of jitter noises in PLL.The results show that during processing normal signals,this improved PLL reduces the standard deviation from 0.010 69 cycle to 0.007 63 cycle,and for weak signal processing,the phase jitter range and the Doppler shifts can be controlled within ±17° and ±5Hz as against ±25° and ±15 Hz by the traditional PLL.     

Doppler Compensation & Single Pulse Imaging using Adaptive Pulse Compression

The effects of target Doppler are addressed in relation to adaptive receive processing for radar pulse compression. To correct for Doppler-induced filter mismatch over a single pulse, the Doppler-compensated adaptive pulse compression (DC-APC) algorithm is presented whereby the respective Doppler shifts for large target returns are jointly estimated with the illuminated range profile and subsequently incorporated into the original APC adaptive receive filter formulation. As a result, the Doppler-mismatch-induced range sidelobes can be suppressed thereby regaining a significant portion of the sensitivity improvement that is possible when applying adaptive pulse compression (APC) without the existence of significant Doppler mismatch. In contrast, instead of compensating for Doppler mismatch, the single pulse imaging (SPI) algorithm generalizes the APC formulation for a bank of Doppler-shifted matched filters thereby producing a sidelobe-suppressed range-Doppler image from the return signal of a single radar pulse which is applicable for targets with substantial variation in Doppler. Both techniques are based on the recently proposed APC algorithm and its generalization, the multistatic adaptive pulse compression (MAPC) algorithm, which have been shown to be effective for the suppression of pulse compression range sidelobes thus dramatically increasing the sensitivity of pulse compression radar.     

SLFM网络及其学习算法的改进

介绍了一种新型的人工神经网络--有监督线性特征映射(SLFM)网络,它综合了BP网络的可监督性和SOM网络算法简单的优点,具有学习速度快、精度高、扩展能力较强的优点.文中讨论了SLFM网络的拓扑结构和学习机制,并对网络的学习算法进行了改进,对比实验表明,改进后的SLFM网络其性能得到了进一步的提高.     

基于改进鸽群算法的气动捕获轨道优化

针对火星探测器的气动捕获轨道，提出了一种改进的鸽群算法对气动捕获轨道进行优化。首先，考虑成功进行气动捕获所要求的终端约束和过程约束，根据从捕获轨道进行轨道转移进入目标轨道所需的速度增量，提出了进行捕获轨道优化的最优性能指标。然后，针对原始鸽群算法存在的一些不足，提出一种改进算法，并对改进算法的参数取值进行了分析。最后，基于大气内飞行的动力学方程，将气动捕获轨道优化问题转化为多参数优化问题，利用所提出的改进鸽群算法对气动捕获轨道进行优化，并通过仿真实例验证该算法的有效性。     

Prime sequences for asynchronous pulse repetition interval agileradar

We propose the use of prime sequences in pulse repetition agile radar to increase the immunity of the radar to reconnaissance and deceptive jamming. The prime sequences are mapped into state agile mapped (SAM) sequences and are used to determine the pulse repetition interval (PRI) of the radar. We show that this produces a system with low mutual interference between radars and with a low probability of ambiguous range measurement resulting in good resistance to active deceptive jamming     

基于改进多目标布谷鸟搜索算法的翼型气动优化设计

布谷鸟搜索（CS）算法是一种新型的受自然现象启发的元启发式智能优化算法，其强大的全局搜索能力和收敛速度受到了广泛关注。多目标布谷鸟搜索（MOCS）算法是一种在单目标布谷鸟算法基础上发展的可以直接求解Pareto解集的多目标优化算法。针对原始MOCS算法的不足，采用一系列措施以提高算法的收敛精度、收敛速度以及解的均匀性：通过引入非支配排序与拥挤距离来改进解的适应度评估；通过改进随机游走策略来提高局部搜索能力；通过引入改进的自适应丢弃概率策略来提高算法的收敛速度；加入档案管理机制，提高解的均匀性。典型的多目标数值算例结果表明，改进的MOCS算法相较于当前主流的NSGA-Ⅱ算法拥有更快的收敛速度和更高的收敛精度。以RAE2822双目标升阻比优化设计为例，将改进的MOCS算法应用于多目标气动优化中，改进的MOCS算法共获得64个Pareto解，优化后的翼型气动性能有明显的提升，设计者可以根据自己的偏好选取不同的Pareto解。对于气动优化问题，改进的MOCS算法与目前主流的NSGA-Ⅱ相比，收敛速度更快。     

一种低复杂度的极低信噪比高动态信号载波粗捕获算法

 针对传统的时域匹配平均周期图算法计算复杂度高的问题,对极低信噪比高动态信号的载波粗捕获算法进行了研究,提出了一种改进的带有补零的频域移位平均周期图算法。该算法采用多速率频域移位运算简化了多支路多普勒变化率匹配,与原算法相比,其计算复杂度降低倍数为匹配支路数与补零倍数之比,捕获性能几乎不损失。给出了算法中影响捕获性能与计算复杂度的关键参数设计方法。在信噪比(SNR)为－41 dB(载噪比C/N₀=18 dBHz)、载波多普勒频偏为－300～300 kHz、多普勒变化率为－800～800 Hz/s、码速率为20 bps条件下对两种算法进行了仿真,结果表明在基本满足后级载波跟踪需求条件下,即频偏精度均达±12 Hz时,多普勒变化率精度均达±25 Hz/s,捕获概率都在90%以上时,改进算法捕获时间比原算法增加了8%,计算复杂度降低了70%。     

Levy 方法的改进

由于Levy方法简化了指标函数,并采用经典的最小二乘法,用于估计系统传递函数的参数,受实验数据误差影响大。基于Levy方法但保持原来的指标函数,提出一种改进的增量迭代算法和正交最小二乘法,仿真结果表明,该算法具有良好的收敛性,并使系统参数估计精度较Levy方法有明显的提高。     

基于CenterNet的航空遥感图像目标检测

为实现高精度的航空图像目标检测,将Anchor free的目标检测算法CenterNet应用到检测中,同时使用Resnet50主干网络,并引入CIoU损失替代原有损失函数对网络模型做出了改进。改进后的算法在RSOD与DIOR数据集上进行测试,结果显示在保证网络轻量化的前提下检测精度有明显的提高,证明了算法在航空目标检测方面的可行性与准确性。     

改进的模拟退火算法在翼型设计中的应用

通过研究模拟退火算法的机理和应用,对标准模拟退火算法进行了改进,并应用到翼型气动优化中。改进算法与标准算法相比,在耗费机时基本一致的情况下,优化了初始翼型NACA0012,使其设计点的阻力分别减小了30.16%和32.95%。由此可见,模拟退火算法在翼型气动优化设计中具有实用性和有效性,并且改进算法的优化效果更理想。     

星载红外探测阵列对导弹跟踪定位的研究

通过分析研究建立了前视红外探测阵列 (FL IR)对导弹进行精确跟踪、定位的数学模型 ,其中包括导弹的运动模型、大气干扰模型和探测阵列的观测模型。根据探测阵列的原始观测数据 ,利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器 (EKF)精确跟踪导弹目标。由于导弹与探测器的距离较远 ,故可视为点目标。导弹在探测阵列上投影的位置由两部分组成 :导弹真实运动位置和由于大气干扰造成的偏移。滤波器分别估计了这两种位移在探测阵列上的变化。最后用蒙特卡罗方法分析了滤波器的性能。     

Reduction of Radar Tracking Errors with Frequency Agility

Frequency agility with random frequency in each pulse gives an improvement in radar angle tracking with a monopulse radar. With a conical-scan tracking radar, the glint error is reduced but fading error can be increased, and the net result must be studied in each case. A theory, usable for calculating angle tracking errors with a frequency agile radar, is given, and two examples showing the error reduction are presented. According to the theory, one part of the glint or fading spectra is ``smeared out' to half the pulse repetition frequency. Another part, the size of which depends on the degree of correlation between pulses, keeps the form of the original spectrum.     

Digital Beamforming on Receive: Techniques and Optimization Strategies for High-Resolution Wide-Swath SAR Imaging

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a well-proven imaging technique for remote sensing of the Earth. However, conventional SAR systems are not capable of fulfilling the increasing demands for improved spatial resolution and wider swath coverage. To overcome these inherent limitations, several innovative techniques have been suggested which employ multiple receive-apertures to gather additional information along the synthetic aperture. These digital beamforming (DBF) on receive techniques are reviewed with particular emphasis on the multi-aperture signal processing in azimuth and a multi-aperture reconstruction algorithm is presented that allows for the unambiguous recovery of the Doppler spectrum. The impact of Doppler aliasing is investigated and an analytic expression for the residual azimuth ambiguities is derived. Further, the influence of the processing on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is analyzed, resulting in a pulse repetition frequency (PRF) dependent factor describing the SNR scaling of the multi-aperture beamforming network. The focus is then turned to a complete high-resolution wide-swath SAR system design example which demonstrates the intricate connection between multi-aperture azimuth processing and the system architecture. In this regard, alternative processing approaches are compared with the multi-aperture reconstruction algorithm. In a next step, optimization strategies are discussed as pattern tapering, prebeamshaping-on-receive, and modified processing algorithms. In this context, the analytic expressions for both the residual ambiguities and the SNR scaling factor are generalized to cascaded beamforming networks. The suggested techniques can moreover be extended in many ways. Examples discussed are a combination with ScanSAR burst mode operation and the transfer to multistatic sparse array configurations.