Interplanetary proton cumulated fluence model update

Solar particle events leading to important increase of particle fluxes at energies of order of magnitude ranging from MeV to GeV constitute an important hazard for space missions. They may lead to effects seen in microelectronics or damage to solar cells and constitute a potential hazard for manned missions. Cumulative damage is commonly expressed as a function of fluence which is defined as the integral of the flux over time. A priori deterministic estimates of the expected fluence cannot be made because over the time scale of a space mission, the fluence can be dominated by the contribution of a few rare and unpredictable high intensity events. Therefore, statistical approaches are required in order to estimate fluences likely to be encountered by a space mission in advance. This paper extends work done by Rosenqvist et al. [Rosenqvist, L., Hilgers, A., Evans, H., Daly, E., Hapgood, M., Stamper, R., Zwickl, R., Bourdarie, S., Boscher, D. Toolkit for updating interplanetary proton-cumulated fluence models. J. Spacecraft Rockets, 42(6), 1077–1090, 2005] to describe an updated predictive engineering model for the proton interplanetary fluence with energies >30 MeV. This model is derived from a complete list of solar proton fluences based on data from a number of calibrated sources covering almost three solar cycles.     

Radiation effects on late cytopathological parameters in the murine lens relative to particle fluence.

Lenses of mice irradiated with 250 MeV protons, 670 MeV/amu 20Ne, 600 MeV/amu 56Fe, 600 MeV/amu 93Nb and 593 MeV/amu 139La ions were evaluated by analyzing cytopathological indicators which have been implicated in the cataractogenic process. The LETs ranged from 0.40 keV/micrometer to 953 keV/micrometer and fluences from 1.31 10(3)/mm2 to 4.99 x 10(7)/mm2. 60Co gamma-rays were used as the reference radiation. The doses ranged from 10 to 40 cGy. The lenses were assessed 64 weeks post irradiation in order to observe the late effects of LET and dose on the target cell population of the lens epithelium. Our study shows that growth dependent pathological changes occur at the cellular level as a function of dose and LET. The shapes of the RBE-LET and RBE-dose curves are consistent with previous work on eye and other biological systems done in both our laboratory and others. The RBEmax's were estimated, for the most radiation cataract related cytological changes, MN frequency and MR disorganization, by calculating the ratio of the initial slopes of dose effect curve for various heavy ions to that of 60Co gamma-ray. For each ion studied, the RBEmax derived from micronucleus (MN) frequency is similar to that derived from meridional row (MR) disorganization, suggesting that heavy ions are equally efficient at producing each type of damage. Furthermore, on a per particle basis (particle/cell nucleus), both MN frequency and MR disorganization are LET dependent indicating that these classic precataractogenic indicators are multi-gene effects. Poisson probability analysis of the particle number traversing cell nuclei (average area = 24 micrometers2) suggested that single nuclear traversals determine these changes. By virtue of their precataractogenic nature the data on these endpoints intimate that radiation cataract may also be the consequence of single hits. In any case, these observations are consistent with the current theory of the mechanism of radiation cataractogenesis, which proposes that genomic damage to the epithelial cells surviving the exposure is responsible for opacification.     

Solar heavy ion Heinrich fluence spectrum at low earth orbit

Solar heavy ions from the JPL Solar Heavy Ion Model have been transported into low earth orbit using the Schulz cutoff criterion for L-shell access by ions of a specific charge to mass ratio. The NASA Brouwer orbit generator was used to get L values along the orbit at 60 second time intervals. Heavy ion fluences of ions 2≤Z≤92 have been determined for the LET range 1 to 130 MeV-cm²/mg by 60, 120 or 250 mils of aluminum over a period of 24 hours in a 425 km circular orbit inclined 51°. The ion fluence is time dependent in the sense that the position of the spacecraft in the orbit at the flare onset time fixes the relationship between particle flux and spacecraft passage through high L-values where particles have access to the spacecraft.     

Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

无人机低空小捷径飞行研究CSCD

针对无人机低空小捷径飞行要求,分析了无人机飞行航路偏差,计算了飞行安全可靠度,对无人机安控策略进行了设计,确保了小捷径航路飞行要求。     

太阳活动低年低纬地区VTEC 变化特性分析

利用福州台站(26.1°N, 119.3°E, 磁纬14.4°N)电离层闪烁与TEC监测仪2006-2010年的观测数据, 对该地区垂直总电子含量(VTEC)进行时间变化特性分析. 结果表明, 春秋冬三季的VTEC平均最高值出现在06:00UT, 夏季出现在08:00UT, 所有季节的平均最低值均出现在21:00UT; VTEC变化存在季节异常和弱冬季异常, 春秋季节高, 冬夏季节低, 夏季VTEC比冬季低且最大值出现时间延迟; VTEC在2006-2009年呈现下降的变化趋势, 2010年开始增强, 年际变化与太阳活动及地磁活动变化趋势具有较好的对应关系; VTEC变化与太阳活动存在很好的相关性, 相关系数达到0.5以上, 地磁活动则显示了弱相关的特性; F_10.7与VTEC的相关性随着每天Kp指数总值Σ_kp的增大而减小.     

Low energy ions in the heavy ions in space (HIIS) experiment on LDEF.

We present data from the Lexan top stacks in the Heavy Ions In Space (HIIS) experiment which was flown for six years (April 1984-Jan 1990) onboard the LDEF spacecraft in 28.5 degrees orbit at about 476 km altitude. HIIS was built of passive (i.e. no timing resolution) plastic track detectors which collected particles continuously over the entire mission. In this paper we present data on low energy heavy ions (10 < or = Z, 20MeV/nuc < E < 200 MeV/nuc). These ions are far below the geomagnetic cutoff for fully ionized ions in the LDEF orbit even after taking into account the severe cutoff suppression caused by occasional large geomagnetic storms during the LDEF mission. Our preliminary results indicate an unusual elemental composition of trapped particles in the inner magnetosphere during the LDEF mission, including both trapped anomalous cosmic ray species (Ne, Ar) and other elements (such as Mg and Fe) which are not found in the anomalous component of cosmic rays. The origin of the non-anomalous species is not understood, but they may be associated with the solar energetic particle events and geomagnetic disturbances of 1989.     

气体微流量标准装置

介绍了气体微流量标准装置的工作原理，并对其测量不确定度进行了分析与验证。测试结果表明：流量的校准范围为１７．１～１．２２×１０￣（－５）ＰａＬ／ｓ，不确定度为２％。     

低滞后刷式密封数值分析

针对低滞后刷式密封物理结构,应用计入刷丝变形影响的各向异性多孔介质模型,用阻抗力表示刷丝对流动介质的阻碍作用,并将其作为Navier-Stoke方程的源项,以有限体积法和SIMPLE算法为基础建立刷式密封低滞后计算模型.通过流场计算,得到刷式密封的压力分布、速度分布以及泄漏量等.对计算结果进行了分析研究,讨论了不同结构参数和工况参数对密封性能的影响;对低滞后模型与普通刷式密封模型密封性能的分析表明,低滞后密封结构可有效降低背板接触力,改善滞后效应,使刷丝随动自适应性增加,这对保持密封系统的工作状态是有益的。      

低压NMOS衬底偏置折叠级联输入Gilbert混频器

利用衬底偏置技术和折叠级联输入的方法,采用SMIC 0.18 μm CMOS工艺,解决了在0.8 V电源电压下输入管和开关管的"堆叠"问题,实现了一种低压N沟道金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管衬底偏置折叠级联输入Gilbert混频器,用于某双系统接收机.以其中的GPS(Global Position System)系统为例:射频信号、本振信号和中频信号分别为1575.42MHz,1570MHz和5.42MHz.测试表明:该混频器变频增益超过15.66dB,双边带噪声系数为16.5dB,输入1dB压缩点约为-10dBm,在0.8V的电源电压条件下,消耗功率约为1.07mW.该混频器功耗低、增益高、线性度好,可用于航空航天领域的电子系统.      

国外低成本卫星技术研究

1 低成本卫星内涵辨析 当前,低成本卫星仍是相对概念,一般由工业界和学术界以"低成本"(Low Cost)、"较低成本"(Lower Cost)或"降低成本"(Cost Reduction)等概指.国外研究界一般认为,低成本卫星是指全寿命周期成本显著低于同类卫星平均成本的卫星.每个卫星任务都有其特定的任务需求、项目管理和指南要求,这些要素决定了卫星应具备的功能及其实现途径.不同卫星的任务有效载荷显著不同,其性能指标也具有较大差异.因此,国外研究界认为,无法用定量化的方式定义低成本卫星,但基于数理统计分析方法可以对比确定属于低成本范畴的卫星项目.总结这些满足低成本条件的卫星项目研制期间所采用的技术手段,即可认为采用这些手段能比传统手段更有效地降低卫星成本.     

低密度烧蚀材料分解动力学

一、前言 烧蚀材料是航天事业广泛采用的热防护材料.它是通过表面层被烧蚀而吸收大量的热能,同时生成多孔碳化层与降解层阻止热能向内部传导,从而对底层结构和仪器起到防护作用.实验证明,烧蚀材料是解决再入热防护中可靠性最高,技术最成熟的一种方法.因此对烧蚀材料提出一系列技术指标,仅就分解一项就有分解温度、分解焓、分解率及分解动力学等、确定上述参数对材料评选,总体设计以及温控系统的研制是十分重要的.     

RF低噪音放大器的仿真设计方法

探讨了使用惠普公司的微波电路仿真软件EESOF/Libra设计射频集成电路(RFIC)接收端的低噪音放大器(LNA)的方法.设计采用惠普砷化稼场效应管(HP ATF-21186).由于ATF-21186的稳定性欠佳,且放大器的整体增益在33?dB以上,噪声系数小于2,输入、输出驻波系数小于2,因此对如何提高电路的稳定性、降低噪声系数及具有较好的输入输出匹配特性进行了研究.设计过程首先从等效集总元件电路模型设计入手,然后使用平面结构实现各集总元件以便易于集成.经过EESOF的整体仿真,表明该方法正确有效.     

二厘米小功率标准的研制

本文介绍用微量热计技术建立二厘米小功率标准的设计原理、结构特点、校准方法和误差分析及估算值。该标准采用了自动反馈和辅助加热器技术,大大缩短了测量时间,提高了校准速度。同时,全部校准过程都由IBM-PC机控制和数据处理并打印出测量结果。该功率标准在12.4～18.0GH_2范围内测量有效效率的总不确定度为±0.4％。     

5.001MHz低噪声综合器的研制

介绍一个5.001MHz低噪声综合器的设计思想及实施过程中的具体技术考虑。该综合器的频率稳定度可达3.5×10~(-10)/mS和5×10~(13)/s,特别适用于在双混频时差测量系统以及利川差拍周期法的测频系统中作外差信号源。     

一种高效稳定的LDO线性稳压器设计

设计了一种准确输出的低压差（LDO）线性电压稳压器。通过采用改进型密勒补偿技术和高电流效率缓冲电路来改善传统LDO线性电压稳压器的稳定性,并采用了一种低噪声的带隙基准电压源的拓扑架构,有效解决了稳压器的噪声问题。在Cadence Virtuoso IC平台下采用TSMC-0．35μm-2P3M的CMOS混合信号工艺进行了仿真和版图设计,仿真结果表明该电压稳压器达到设计目的。     

碟形飞行低速特性

碟形飞行器是一种新颖的,采用翼身融合布局的飞行器.为获得碟形飞行器在低速条件下的总体特性,对其进行了风洞测力和动导数测量试验,结合稳定性分析和模型试飞研究了其总体性能.研究结果表明:碟形飞行器最大升阻比为12.2,失速迎角28°,全机纵向模态稳定,横航向滚转模态和荷兰滚模态稳定,螺旋模态发散,具有良好的飞行品质和综合性能.     

基于SVC视频流的低复杂度多播组分解算法

多播是一种高效率利用带宽资源的技术,可以有效缓解多媒体传输过程中的带宽压力,但传统的多播技术会带来“瓶颈用户”问题,限制多播组内用户的数据速率。多播组分解技术将多播组划分为若干子组并以不同速率接收数据,可以有效解决瓶颈用户带来的速率限制。构建了面向用户端的视频多播传输方案,将可伸缩视频编码（SVC）的分层特点和组分解技术相结合,各多播子组根据实际接收能力解调得到不同质量的SVC视频数据,在保证用户基本视频数据传输的基础上,实现总系统速率最大化。提出了面向资源公平调配的低复杂度多播组分解算法,在改进低复杂度分组（LCS）算法过程中考虑SVC视频层限制,并引入常值向量抑制资源分配不公的情况。经过实验数据模拟和性能评估,所提算法在带宽资源和用户数量变化时,均可以稳定地保持较高的系统速率、频谱效率及系统公平性,且计算复杂度较低,能够实际应用于4G和5G网络架构下的视频传输。      

基于间接法的最优小推力逃逸轨道设计

目前,小推力逃逸轨道优化的大部分研究限于平面内逃逸或对发动机模型做无约束简化处理.通过在性能指标中引入一个待定参数,采用间接法将系统两点边值问题的待定参数约束在多维单位球里;同时结合同伦思想和曲线拟合技术,由短时间无约束平面内燃料最优逃逸问题开始,逐步求解长时间有约束平面外燃料最优逃逸问题.数值仿真结果表明该方法收敛性好,能求解复杂逃逸问题,是一种高效的逃逸轨道设计方法.