Tool Materials Rapid Selection Based on Initial Wear

Based on a large amount of literature about tool wear research, 873 tool wear curves are taken as samples, and statistical analysis is carried out to select the most suitable tool from all the tool materials suggested by the tool manufacturers. Statistical relationships between the initial wear and uniform wear periods are obtained. The results show that there is qualitative relationship between wear rate during initial wear period (WRIWP) and wear rate in uniform wear period (WRUWP) to certain extent. On this basis, a tool material rapid selection method based on the initial wear is put forward, and suitable tool materials for machining titanium alloy are selected. The experimental results indicate that this method is effective and useful. The new tool materials rapid selection can be used to select suitable cutting tool materials quickly before carrying out systematic machinability tests with the most suitable tool materials. The technology can be applied to doing the initial selection of cutting tool materials in either the machinability research or the workshop production.     

Positioning method of a cylindrical cutter for ruled surface machining based on minimizing one-sided Hausdorff distance

Motivated by the definition of the machining errors induced by tool path planning methods, a mapping curve of the tool axis of a cylindrical cutter is constructed on the tool surface.The mapping curve is a typical one that can be used to express the closeness between the tool surface and the surface to be machined. A novel tool path planning method is proposed for flank or plunge milling ruled surfaces based on the minimization of the one-sided Hausdorff distance(HD) from the mapping curve to the surface to be machined. It is a nonlinear optimization problem in best uniform approximation(BUA) or Chebyshev sense. A mathematical programming model for computing the minimum one-sided HD is proposed. The linearization method of the programming model is provided and the final optimal solutions are obtained by simplex method. The effectiveness of the proposed BUA method is verified by two numerical examples and compared with the least squares(LS) and double point offset(DPO) methods. The variation in tool orientation induced by the optimization of the tool positions is also evaluated.     

Dual Drive Curve Tool Path Planning Method for 5-axis NC Machining of Sculptured Surfaces

The problem of finished surface being not first-order continuous commonly exists in machining sculptured surfaces with a torus cutter and some other types of cutters. To solve this problem, a dual drive curve tool path planning method is proposed in this article. First, the maximum machining strip width of a whole tool path can be obtained through optimizing each tool position with multi-point machining (MPM) method. Second, two drive curves are then determined according to the obtained maximum machining strip width. Finally, the tool is positioned once more along the dual drive curve under the condition of tool path smoothness. A computer simulation and cutting experiments are carried out to testify the performance of the new method. The machined surface is measured with a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to examine the machining quality. The results obtained show that this method can effectively eliminate sharp scallops between adjacent tool paths, keep tool paths smooth, and improve the surface machining quality as well as machining efficiency.     

电火花铣削加工中工具电极损耗补偿策略研究

在电火花铣削加工中,由于工具电极作旋转运动,其损耗呈轴对称分布,使工具电极的补偿成为可能。本文对工具电极的损耗形状进行了研究,提出一种在线工具损耗补偿措施,从而避免了工具损耗形状的检测,极大地提高了生产效率和加工精度     

A novel method for solving shortest tool length based on compressing 3D check surfaces relative to tool postures

Solving the shortest tool length quickly under a known tool trajectory in multi-axis machining of complex channel parts is an urgent problem in industrial production. To solve this problem, a novel and efficient method is proposed which is featured by extracting only a few necessary curves from the check surface instead of sampling the entire surface. By rotating and compressing the 3D check surface relative to all tool postures, the boundaries of the area occupied by the 2D compressed surfaces are the essential elements for determining the shortest tool length. A tracking-based numerical algorithm is introduced to efficiently solve the silhouette curves which are formed in compressing. To define the multi-taper shaped tool holding system (THS) which is commonly used in production, a characterization model for THS profile is established. A model for solving the shortest tool length is finally constructed based on the critical interference relationship between the THS profile and all compressed boundary curves. For acceleration, the boundary splines are segmented according to their knot vectors. Then a new concept called the axis-aligned tool length box (AATB) is introduced, which can provide a conservative range of tool length for a spline segment. By scanning the AATBs of all spline segments, the very few effective spline segments that may ultimately determine the shortest tool length are filtered out. This acceleration method makes the solution for the shortest tool length more focused and efficient. The results of experimental examples are also reported to validate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm.     

立方氮化硼刀片车削粉末高温合金的刀具磨损

研究了用立方氮化硼 (CBN)刀片车削粉末高温合金的刀具磨损特征及刀具磨损机理。对精车和半精车而言 ,CBN是车削粉末高温合金的一种理想刀具材料 ,它不仅可保证高的加工精度 ,而且可获得长的刀具寿命     

基于KNN的机床刀尖点频响函数预测

加工颤振是影响工件表面质量、加剧刀具磨损和降低机床寿命的重要原因,颤振抑制一直以来都是学术界和工业界关注的重点。稳定性叶瓣图是现有颤振抑制方法的重要依据,而机床刀尖点频响函数是绘制稳定性叶瓣图的主要输入。锤击试验法是目前获取刀尖模态参数最为准确的方法,但是在机床结构变化频繁的应用场景下,该方法效率低,机床需要长时间停机,难以满足实际生产要求。提出了基于KNN的机床刀尖点频响函数预测方法,将锤击试验法和KNN算法相结合,大幅减小了锤击试验的次数,同时准确获得机床刀尖点频响函数。在试验验证中,将该方法和传统RCSA方法进行对比,结果表明所提方法具有良好的准确度。     

一种新的五轴加工干涉处理算法

根据雕塑曲面的五轴加工特点 ,对干涉进行了分析研究 ,提出了一种新的干涉处理算法 :用均匀分布在刀具表面的直线与逼近加工曲面的一系列三角片求交 ,来检查及修正干涉。计算实例表明 ,这种算法稳定、可靠 ,在雕塑曲面五轴加工编程中 ,具有重要的实用价值     

PCD刀具车削不同颗粒含量SiCp/Al复合材料试验研究

碳化硅铝基复合材料具有优良的导热性、较高的比强度和比刚度,在航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。由于此复合材料中含有增强相,导致材料的切削加工性能变差。通过试验分析了不同颗粒体积分数(纳米级5%、微米级25%)SiCp/Al复合材料和切削参数(切削速度、背吃刀量、进给量)对刀具磨损和工件表面质量的影响,并对刀具磨损机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,车削微米级25%SiCp/Al材料时聚晶金刚石PCD(Polycrystalline Diamond)刀具磨损更严重,且工件表面质量更差。随着进给量和背吃刀量的增大,工件表面粗糙度值增大,刀片前刀面磨损严重;随着切削速度的增大,工件表面粗糙度值减小,刀片前刀面磨损量增大。选取本文切削参数进行SiCp/Al复合材料的切削加工时,发现刀具磨粒磨损、微崩刃是PCD刀具后刀面磨损的主要成因,且刀具前刀面也会产生积屑瘤。研究结果可为SiCp/Al复合材料PCD车削工艺的优化提供理论基础。     

Tool wear during high speed turning in situ TiCp/TiBw hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V matrix composite

Chipping, adhesive wear, abrasive wear and crater wear are prevalent for both the polycrystalline diamond(PCD) and the carbide tools during high speed turning of TiC_p/TiB_w hybrid reinforced Ti-6Al-4V(TC4) matrix composite(TMCs). The combined effects of abrasive wear and diffusion wear caused the big crater on PCD and carbide tool rake face. Compared to the PCD, bigger size of crater was found on the carbide tool due to much higher cutting temperature and the violent chemical reaction between the Ti element in the workpiece and the WC in the tool.However, the marks of the abrasive wear looked much slighter or even could not be observed on the carbide tool especially when low levels of cutting parameters were used, which attributes to much lower hardness and smaller size of WC combined with more significant chemical degradation of carbide. When cutting TC4 using PCD tool, notch wear was the most significant wear pattern which was not found when cutting the TMCs. However, chipping, adhesive wear and crater wear were much milder when compared to the cutting of titanium matrix composite. Due to the absence of abrasive wear when cutting TC4, the generated titanium carbide on the PCD protected the tool from fast wear, which caused that the tool life for TC4 was 6–10 times longer than that for TMCs.     

调整参数误差对齿面接触质量的影响

从齿面接触分析(Toothcontactanalysis,TCA)内含的啮合信息分析机床调整参数误差对齿面接触质量的影响,研究机床调整参数误差与螺旋锥齿轮齿面接触分析之间的关联规律.以SGM(螺旋锥齿轮,大轮展成法,小轮变性法加工)调整卡加工的弧齿锥齿轮副为研究对象,分析得到各个调整参数误差引起的齿面接触质量的变化规律.在此基础上,确定对齿面接触质量有较大影响的机床调整参数.      

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

云制造环境下机床装备资源选择方法

针对云制造环境下机床装备资源具有数量大、异质异构、服务制约因素多等问题，提出了基于多准则决策的机床装备资源选择方法。首先，利用本体论对机床装备资源建模，将物理资源虚拟化封装，实现虚拟资源与物理资源的逻辑映射。进一步地，使用语言变量量化决策者评估信息，采用模糊决策与试验评价实验室（FDEMATEL）和熵值法（EW）相结合的组合赋权法，引入模糊VIKOR（FVIKOR）多属性决策方法对机床装备资源进行综合评估，建立FDEMATEL-EW-FVIKOR的多准则混合决策模型。最后，将该方法应用于某生产制造企业，实验对比决策结果验证了多准则混合决策模型的可行性和有效性。     

Experimental investigation of rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling with high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current

Electrochemical milling is a modified technique of traditional electrochemical machining (ECM) that can be used to manufacture some helicopter transmission system parts. The use of rotary tools and an inner-jet electrolyte supply pattern can greatly improve the material removal rate (MRR) in a single pass. However, the feed speed is generally limited to minimize the tool wear. To increase the MRR, electrical discharge machining (EDM) is introduced into the electrochemical milling process. The tool rotation is employed to interrupt the discharge and the high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current power supply are also adopted to increase ECM, eventually, a new machining method is proposed, which can be called rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling (RSECD milling). The mechanism of it is explored in this study by analyzing the machined current, MRR, surface morphology, and tool wear at different applied voltages and feed speeds. Besides, the RSECD milling using the tool with a larger diameter is also conducted to further verify the effectiveness. In particular, the MRR can be increased by 742.5% when using the tool with a diameter of 20 mm at the applied voltage of 20 V.     

基于萤火虫算法的CFRP材料铣削刀具结构优化

为了提高CFRP零件的加工表面质量和刀具寿命,针对其铣削加工的刀具结构进行了优化。设计了刀具结构参数与CFRP材料铣削加工表面粗糙度、后刀面磨损量之间的正交试验。应用极差分析法分析了刀具结构参数对CFRP材料加工表面粗糙度、后刀面磨损量的影响规律,并应用多元线性回归法建立了刀具结构参数与表面粗糙度、后刀面磨损量之间的数学模型。基于此模型,采用FA萤火虫算法,优化了刀具的结构参数,并进行了实验验证。结果表明:在试验参数范围内,刀具结构参数对于CFRP工件铣削表面粗糙度的影响程度依次为:后角、螺旋角、前角。当刀具的后角、螺旋角和前角增大时,工件的表面粗糙度都呈减小趋势,但减小的快慢程度不同;刀具结构参数对于后刀面磨损影响程度依次为:后角、螺旋角、前角。当刀具后角增大时,后刀面磨损量迅速上升,当螺旋角增大时,后刀面磨损量减小,当刀具的前角增大时,后刀面磨损量先减小后增大。采用FA萤火虫算法优化后的刀具结构对CFRP材料进行铣削实验,实验结果值与建立的模型预测值误差较小,表面粗糙度的误差率为3%,刀具后刀面磨损量的误差率为7.6%。     

CFRP/TC4叠层板的钻削实验

采用硬质合金麻花钻对碳纤维复合材料-钛合金叠层板进行钻削试验,分析了钛合金层加工参数对刀具磨损的影响和刀具磨损机制。刀具磨损对孔入口处最大撕裂长度的影响。结果表明:磨损的主要区域是横刃和后刀面,前刀面磨损不明显。钛合金层的低转速和低进给量可以降低刀具磨损;此外随着钻孔数的增加,钛合金层转速越低、进给量越大碳纤维复合材料孔入口处孔质量更好。     

基于包络理论的刀位误差快速求解算法

 针对五坐标数控加工中刀位误差计算效率较低的问题,提出了一种基于包络原理的刀位误差快速计算方法。首先,通过描述刀位误差与最短距离线段的关系建立两者的关系式。其次,将工件曲面沿进给方向离散成若干条截型线,基于包络原理推导出工件曲面截型线到刀具曲面的距离最短点应满足的基本方程,通过求解该方程获得最短距离线段和刀位误差,建立误差分布曲线。最后,分析了W形和V形误差分布曲线的特点,对曲面截型线离散精度的确定方法进行了研究。在此基础上,设计了计算流程,开发了计算程序,算例结果表明:所提方法与原方法相比,计算效率有了很大的提高。     

基于桶消元的数控机床故障模糊贝叶斯网络推理方法

用模糊数描述节点的多种故障状态,用模糊子集描述根节点的故障概率,用贝叶斯网络的条件概率表描述节点间的不确定关系,构建数控机床故障的模糊贝叶斯网络;采用桶消元算法,对数控机床故障的模糊贝叶斯网络进行推理和计算,获得根节点的后验概率,为数控机床故障诊断与分析提供依据;最后,以数控机床刀架系统故障的贝叶斯网络推理过程为例,验证所提理论和方法的有效性。     

基于DNC的刀具管理系统的研究与开发

提出了一种三级控制体结构DNC系统和刀具管理系统在该系统中的运行模式,并对刀具管理系统中的刀具编码、组件设计、信息传递等关键技术进行了研究。     

Tool Life and Surface Integrity in High-speed Milling of Titanium Alloy TA15 with PCD/PCBN Tools

Titanium alloys are widely used in aeronautics that demand a good combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance and low mass. The mechanical properties lead to challenges in machining operations such as high process temperature as well as rapidly increasing tool wear. The conventional tool materials are not able to maintain their hardness and other mechanical properties at higher cutting temperatures encountered in high speed machining. In this work, the new material tools, which are polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools, are used in high-speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy. The performance and wear mechanism of the tools are investigated. Compared to PCBN tool, PCD tool has a much longer tool life, especially at higher cutting speeds. Analyses based on the SEM and EDX suggest that attrition, adhesion and diffusion are the main wear mechanisms of PCD and PCBN tools in high-speed milling of TA15. Oxidation wear is also observed at PCBN tool/workpiece interface. Roughness, defects, micro-hardness and microstructure of the machined surface are investigated. The recorded surface roughness values with PCD/PCBN tools are bellow 0.3 μm at initial and steady cutting stage. Micro-hardness analysis shows that the machined surface hardening depth with PCD and PCBN tools is small. There is no evidence of sub-surface defects with PCD and PCBN tools. It is concluded that for TA15 alloy, high-speed milling can be carried out with PCD/PCBN tools.