Quality first. A model for TQM implementation and planning

Experience at Harris with managing change through Continuous Improvement (CI) has demonstrated it is a Socio-Technical process... that is, the human elements are crucial and must be addressed before pressing for structural, institutional or technological change. Harris utilizes a five-stage business improvement model. It is not a road map to problem solving, rather it is an analysis and direction-setting framework, which can be applied to virtually any business situation. We have used it to insert major technology advances, characterize multifunctional business processes, solve a problem, develop a new product, improve a service, etc. The model is easy to teach, easy to understand, and easy to follow. It guides the application of the correct set of Continuous Improvement tools at the correct time to achieve the goal     

经济学视角下的企业变革阻力问题研究

从经济学视角出发,发现企业变革中存在阻力问题的原因主要表现在以下三个方面:一是路径依赖使企业变革受到惯性阻力;二是信息不对称使得员工恐惧产生变革阻力;三是变革的风险成本大于收益,困扰企业变革前进的脚步。基于此,要消除企业变革的阻力问题可以从加强对员工的培训力度、让员工参与变革、塑造共同愿景、建立强有力的领导团队以及提高员工对变革的适应性等几个方面着手。     

家族企业战略管理及其启示——基于国外学者的论点

家族企业战略管理是家族企业可持续成长的一个重要因素。基于国外学者的论点,从家族企业资源、家族企业战略决策、家族企业战略类型和家族企业战略工具这四个方面做出评述。在此基础上,紧密结合家族企业治理特性和治理维度,初步建立了家族企业战略管理理论模型,并提出对我国家族企业战略管理实践的启示。     

The Solar Chemical Composition

We present our current knowledge of the solar chemical composition based on the recent significant downward revision of the solar photospheric abundances of the most abundant metals. These new solar abundances result from the use of a 3D hydrodynamic model of the solar atmosphere instead of the classical 1D hydrostatic models, accounting for departures from LTE, and improved atomic and molecular data. With these abundances, the new solar metallicity, Z, decreases to Z=0.012, almost a factor of two lower than earlier widely used values. We compare our values with data from other sources and analyse a number of impacts of these new photospheric abundances. While resolving a number of longstanding problems, the new 3D-based solar photospheric composition also poses serious challenges for the standard solar model as judged by helioseismology.     

企业社会责任:一种新的企业观

企业社会责任的实质是对企业在现代社会中的角色进行定位。它成为一种新企业观的原因、背景、理论依据等只能从企业与社会相互作用的关系中寻找。笔者对企业社会责任的概念、内容以及作为新的企业观形成的历史背景和理论依据及企业承担社会责任的界限等进行了探讨。     

机床热误差的无限冲激响应网络动态模型

本文阐述了数控机床热误差补偿技术的基本概念，提出了一种基于无限冲激响应（ⅡR）网络的数控机床热误差预报模型。讨论了该模型的建立及相关技术问题，对智能预报补偿系统进行了研究，并给出了智能预报的结果和精度评价。     

基于小波分形和一类辨识的航空发动机故障诊断

在支持向量机理论的基础上,针对支持向量机的二类辨识传统,引入了基于支持向量机的一类辨识理论。设计了航空发动机几种典型故障的一类分类器,使得发动机的故障诊断更加简单可行。同时,将小波分形方法引入到航空发动机振动信号的特征提取中。通过对航空发动机典型故障的成功诊断,证明了该方法的有效性。     

对我国券商摆脱窘境的再思考

我国券商所遭遇的窘境是券商角色严重错位所致，过度膨胀的自营业务和理财业务导致券商资金“饥渴”。要摆脱所遭遇的窘境，应恢复券商从事产品创造和产品销售的本来面目，弱化资金博弈模型的买方业务，从资本和风险的角度综合安排融资结构和数量。正确处理做大与做强的关系，证券业的兼并重组如果不能体现优势互补、取长补短，并进行有效的资源整合和团队文化的融合，形成1＋1〉2的效应，将难以达到预期效果。所以，不但要关注数量和规模指标，更要关注质量和效率指标；不仅要注重短期的盈利能力，更要注重风险防范和风险控制能力。制定符合企业自身资源优势的个性化竞争战略规划，通过业务创新改善盈利模式并构筑其核心竞争力，这才是券商摆脱目前困境的关键所在。     

Performance of multiple-model filters and parameter-sensitivity analysis for likelihood evaluation with shock variance models

The performance of multiple-model filtering algorithms is examined for shock-variance models, which are a form of linear Gaussian switching models. The primary aim is to determine whether existing multiple-model filters are suitable for evaluating measurement likelihoods in classification applications, and under what conditions such classification models are viable. Simulation experiments are used to empirically examine the likelihood-evaluation performance of suboptimal merging and pruning algorithms as the number of state hypotheses per time step (i.e., algorithm order) increases. The second-order generalized pseudo-Bayes or (GPB(2)) algorithm is found to provide excellent performance relative to higher order GPB algorithms through order five. Likelihoods from fixed-size pruning (FSP) algorithms with increasing numbers of state hypotheses are used to validate the GPB likelihoods, and convergence of the FSP likelihoods to the GPB values is observed. These results suggest that GPB(2) is a reasonable approximation to the unrealizable optimal algorithm for classification. In all cases except very-low-noise situations, the interacting multiple model (IMM) algorithm is found to provide an adequate approximation to GPB(2). Sensitivity of likelihood estimates to certain model parameters is also investigated via a mismatch analysis. As a classification tool, the discrimination capabilities of the measurement likelihoods are tested using an idealized forced-choice experiment, both with ideal and with mismatched models     

利率模型的动态估计

利率模型主要用来描述利率的动态行为，迄今为止大多数利率模型都是在CKLS框架之下进行的实证研究。这一模型主要表现为两点不足：一是模型漂移假定为利率水平的线性形式，二是短期利率的波动性假定为利率水平的函数，这两个假定都与实际不符，直接在这一框架下描述我国利率的变动显然是不合适的。文章尝试提出一个新的利率模型，这一模型既考虑了利率变动的非线性特征，又考虑了波动率，结果表明该模型能够较好地描述我国利率变动特征，对我国市场利率的动态行为具有较好的解释力。     

多元化程度与经营业绩关系的理论评述

在企业的发展进程中,随着资本的积累和技术的创新,实施多元化经营来提高经营业绩成为大多数企业追求的成长战略。然而,自多元化的概念被提出以来,无论是理论界还是实务界,关于多元化程度与经营业绩的关系仍无定论。文章从理论的角度,对多元化程度与经营业绩关系进行了文献回顾与评述,以期为中国企业的多元化战略实践提供理论支持。     

大型稀疏复线性方程组双共轭梯度法

有限元复线性方程组的系数矩阵一般具有稀疏性和对称性的特点,全稀疏存贮方法就是利用这些特点,只存贮对称部分的非零元素,采用链表式管理,即节省存贮空间,又便于动态更改.在一般双共轭梯度法的基础上,本文利用广义变分原理对内积进行了重新定义,使双共轭梯度法求解复线性方程组更为有效.数值算例表明这种双共轭梯度法结合全稀疏存贮方案的求解算法在时间和存贮上都较为占优,可靠高效,能够应用于有限元线性方程组的求解.     

Galaxies in a Box: A Simulated View of the Interstellar Medium

We review progress in the development of physically realistic three dimensional simulated models of the galaxy. We consider the scales from star forming molecular clouds to the full spiral disc. Models are computed using hydrodynamic (HD) or magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations and may include cosmic ray or tracer particles. The dynamical scales covered, ranging from the full galaxy structure, through the turbulent scales of supernova (SN) explosions, down to cloud collapse and star formation, make it impossible with current computing tools and resources to resolve all of these in one model. We therefore consider a hierarchy of models and how they can be related to enhance our understanding of the complete galaxy.     

一种高精度TVD格式中声速点处理方法

针对Ｃｈａｋｒａｖａｒｔｈｙ－ＯｓｈｅｒＴＶＤ格式，提出了一种处理声速点的方法，可使声速点和非声速点的计算统一起来 。     

Aviation data networks: security issues and network architecture

The information technology (IT) revolution, combined with people's need to access information quickly, has resulted in the explosive growth of the Internet in the past decade. Ubiquitous access to the Internet has become an essential component of a mobile workforce, and multiple mechanisms are being devised to ensure seamless connectivity to corporate resources. An integrated security framework requires careful consideration of the security features of the network within an airplane. Potentially, the aircraft could consist of three kinds of networks, namely: passenger network, crew network, and control network. The security protocol implemented must ensure a proper separation of these networks and also watch for any security protocol violations. In this paper, the authors review existing aircraft data network standards, security provisioning, and security threats associated with the aircraft data networks. In addition, the authors also analyze the security threats associated with different network architectures.     

颗粒级配优化研究——滚动级配法

提出了一个颗粒级配优化新理论——滚动级配法。揭示了宽广级配范围内,在相同配方系和相等颗粒比表面条件下粘度最低的级配规律。用这一理论指导配方设计时,不仅药浆工艺性能最好而且有较宽的配方“自由度”以满足弹道和力学性能的要求。本研究全部实验结果表明:凡是符合滚动级配法的推进剂配方,其药浆粘度最低;反之,粘度就大。认为“最紧密排列理论”是滚动级配法的特例。     

夹层结构屈曲模型的拓展及失效判据

现存有许多种关于预测夹层结构在承受压缩/弯曲载荷时屈曲临界值的理论模型。在这些模型中,鲜有研究者在模型中考虑面板在屈曲过程中横向剪切所造成的影响。除此之外,现存屈曲公式的特点为：经典公式形式简单但精度低、适用范围小;一些模型精度高但形式复杂,不便于直接工程应用。因此,首先建立了一种基于弹性理论求解屈曲问题的新理论模型,模型中引入了面板的横向剪切效应并评估了剪切效应对屈曲载荷造成的影响。然后,通过在不同屈曲波长范围内对精确解进行简化,建立了在不同屈曲波长范围内的近似解模型,并评估了近似解的精度和适用范围。最后,建立了一个新的夹层结构屈曲失效判定准则,新准则具有更高的精度且形式简洁,易于工程应用。     

Concurrent engineering in practice for small and medium enterprises: Findings from research and industrial pilot cases

While large companies are already actively pursuing the adoption of CE principles within their business processes, there is a need for supporting Small and Medium Enterprises to evolve their organizational and cultural schemes, as well as their technological and methodological approaches towards CE. The paper outlines the approach that has been undertaken. Furthermore, it describes a Software System for the support of SMEs in the introduction of CE by self-assessment, case presentation, and tool selection. Research results for the system's application are given.     

Conceptual design of near-space synthetic aperture radar for high-resolution and wide-swath imaging

Airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has the capability of high-resolution, and spaceborne SAR has the capability of wide-swath. Inspired by recent advances in near-space defined as the region between 20 km and 100 km, this paper conceptually designed near-space vehicle-borne SAR. The near-space vehicle-borne SAR has the synthetical advantages of the satellite and airplane platforms. By placing SAR transmitter or receiver in near-space vehicles, many functions that are currently performed with satellites or airplanes could be performed in low cost way. These advantages make simultaneous high-resolution and wide-swath SAR imaging possible. As such, this paper focuses on the role of near-space vehicle for high-resolution and wide-swath SAR imaging, and deals with conceptual performance, as opposed to technological implementation. The concepts, models and processing algorithms are provided. To further suppress the azimuth ambiguities and extend swath width, multiple beams in azimuth is applied. Furthermore, an example near-space vehicle-borne SAR is designed. It is shown that the use of cost effective near-space vehicles can provide the solutions that were previously thought to be out of reach for remote sensing scientists and customers.     

Avionics cost of ownership

The cost of ownership of avionics includes not only the development and acquisition cost, but also the yearly operating and support (O and S) (maintenance) cost of hardware, software, and support equipment. This paper presents an avionics cost of ownership methodology developed for USAF, its data sources, and business metrics computed for USAF decision makers as we move toward operating avionics as a business. The business model is used to determine which existing avionics are candidates for replacement with new technology and to prioritize the replacements. These avionics are often used on multiple aircraft types which necessitates analysis of the causes of the high cost of ownership on each type. Databases are used to document the processing functions, data flow, and constraints of the item being analyzed. These constraints include physical, environmental, electrical, and data interfaces. Databases containing alternatives are evaluated against standard mission scenarios for aircraft utilizing these high cost avionics to determine their impact on performance, O and S costs, and mission effectiveness. The results of the foregoing analyses steps are then used in life cycle cost analyses which consider different retrofit scenarios for each alternative for each aircraft type against the avionics being analyzed for replacement. The alternatives are prioritized and a risk analysis performed considering technical, schedule, and cost growth risks. The avionics cost of ownership methodology described in this paper processes data from USAF maintenance organizations. This has revealed the very large expenditures being made to support highly unreliable avionics. These methods can be applied to all military and commercial aircraft systems to determine not only the cost of ownership of existing systems, but also the cost of ownership of new systems when they are retrofit