着陆小天体的自主GNC技术

由于目标小天体和地面站之间存在较长的通讯延迟，加之小天体的动力学环境复杂多变，传统的基于深空网的导航、制导与控制（GNC）模式已不再适合探测着器着陆小天体。为了实现安全着陆小天体，探测器必须具有自主导航、制导和控制的能力。本文提出了一种着陆小天体极区的自主GNC方案：首先，基于对自然特征点的自动提取、跟踪，给出了一种着陆小天体的自主光学导航方案；接着，为了安全垂直着陆小天体的极区，设计了比例-微分控制器跟踪理想的下降轨迹、消除侧向位置和速度偏差；最后，通过数值仿真对本文所提方案的可行性进行了验证。     

一种姿态机动辅助下的天文导航系统偏差自校准方法

基于成像型紫外敏感器的自主导航是一种典型的天文导航方法,其精度不仅取决于敏 感器的测量噪声,而且与系统性误差的大小密切相关。针对成像型紫外地球敏感器的特点, 建立了紫外敏感器测量模型。为消除系统误差对自主导航精度的影响,提出了一种姿态机动 辅助下的偏差自校准导航滤波方法,并以紫外地球敏感器测量偏差为例,设计了导航滤波算 法。数学仿真和半物理仿真结果表明,该方法能显著地提高自主导航精度。
     

Rosetta visits asteroid (21)Lutetia

The International Rosetta Mission, cornerstone of the European Space Agency Scientific Programme, was launched on 2nd March 2004 to its 10 years journey to comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Rosetta will reach the comet in summer 2014, orbit it for about 1.5 years down to distances of a few Kilometres and deliver the Lander Philae onto its surface. After its successful asteroid fly-by in September 2008, Rosetta came back to Earth, for the final gravity acceleration towards its longest heliocentric orbit, up to a distance of 5.3 AU. It is during this phase that Rosetta crossed for the second time the main asteroids belt and performed a close encounter with asteroid (21)Lutetia on the 10th of July 2010 at a distance of ca. 3160 km and a relative velocity of 15 km/s. The payload complement of the spacecraft was activated to perform highly valuable scientific observations. The approach phase to the celestial body required a careful and accurate optical navigation campaign that will prove to be useful also for the comet approach phase. The experience gained with first asteroid flyby in 2008 was fed back into the operations definition and preparation for this highly critical phase; this concerns in particular the operations of the navigation camera for the close-loop autonomous asteroid tracking and of the main scientific camera for high resolution imaging. It was shortly after the flyby that Rosetta became the solar-powered spacecraft to have flown furthest from the Sun (>2.72 AU). This paper presents the activities carried out and planned for the definition, preparation and implementation of the asteroid flyby mission operations, including the test campaign conducted to improve the performance of the spacecraft and payload compared to the previous flyby. The results of the flyby itself are presented, with the operations implemented, the achieved performance and the lessons learned.     

一种天文导航信息导引的星间链路自主定轨算法

针对星间链路自主定轨算法稳定性差,故障无法自主恢复等缺点,提出了一种天文导航信息导引算法,以提升星间链路自主定轨算法的稳定运行能力.算法利用天文导航极高的稳定性与完全自主性,确定星间链路建链指向,以保证星间稳定建链.并且,算法在天文导航中加入强跟踪滤波环节,使在轨道信息出现偏差以致星间链路中断时,具备快速的自主轨道确定...     

一种小天体探测器绕飞轨道主动抗扰控制方法

针对小天体绕飞探测过程中,探测器受到的非球形引力摄动及太阳光压等多源扰动问题,结合绕飞探测的周期性特点,提出一种小天体探测器绕飞轨道主动抗扰控制方法。首先,通过迭代学习控制对小天体探测器受多源扰动影响产生的误差进行抑制,然后设计扰动观测器估计系统总扰动,构造自适应律实时估计扰动上界,进而设计控制律对总扰动进行主动补偿。最后以243Ida作为目标天体进行绕飞探测仿真分析,结果表明该控制方法能更加有效地提高小天体探测器的轨道跟踪控制精度。     

小天体软着陆自主光学导航与制导方法研究

针对小天体软着陆任务自主性、实时性的需求,对软着陆小天体自主导航与制导问题 进行了研究。提出了一种利用激光测距仪和光学导航相机跟踪目标着陆点的自主导航方案, 利用测距矢量以及目标点之间的几何关系,确定着陆平面法向方向和目标点位置。分析期望 的探测器下降轨迹特点,给出了一种基于制导变量的脉冲控制制导律,通过对目标点视线与 着陆平面法向矢量之间夹角的控制,将软着陆小天体控制分解为切向控制与法向控制两部分 。最后,通过数学仿真对自主导航制导系统的性能进行了验证,结果表明该方法能够满足垂 直软着陆的任务需要,实现高精度软着陆。     

一种星敏感器中快速星跟踪方法

提出了一种快速星跟踪算法。在跟踪算法的三个耗时环节，分别采用，分区星表，阈值映射，先排序后匹配识别这三种方法，以提高跟踪过程的快速性。其中分区星表法将整个天区分成了若干个子天区；阈值映射法，设置被跟踪星体的数量阈值，减少映射次数；先排序后匹配识别法，减少了那些距离较大的无谓的星体间的匹配识别。对星跟踪算法进行软硬件仿真测试，在软件仿真测试中，测试了跟踪算法的正确性和成功率。在硬件仿真测试中，测试了跟踪算法在一个跟踪过程中每步的跟踪速度及影响跟踪速度的主要因素。     

利用Gauss-Markov过程的着陆小天体导航与制导方法

给出一种利用Gauss-Markov过程的自主着陆小天体导航与制导算法，来解决无法得到精确的轨道动力学模型带来的轨道确定困难问题。主要是在导航算法中，采用一阶高斯-马尔科夫过程近似着陆探测器轨道动力学中的无模型加速度，利用扩展卡尔曼滤波估计探测器的位置、速度及无模型加速度。通过数学仿真分析了给出的自主导航与制导系统的性能，并对比了采用与不采用一阶高斯-马尔科夫过程的导航滤波器性能，结果表明前者明显优于后者。     

软着陆小行星的自主导航与制导

讨论了软着陆小行星的自主导航与制导问题，首先给出了一种使用星上光学相机和激光雷达的自主导航方法，测量探测器相对着陆点的距离与速度；接着提出了一种自主软着陆的制导方案，为了保证垂直软着陆，事先规划了满足约束的理想下降高度与速度轨迹，并设计滑模变结构控制器跟踪理想轨迹，实现在小行星表面垂直软着陆。最后通过数学仿真验证了提出的自主光学导航与制导方法的可行性。     

应用灰度特征的行星陨石坑自主检测方法与着陆导航研究

针对陨石坑阴影不明显的行星着陆导航图像,提出了基于图像灰度值特征的陨石坑自主检测方法,通过兴趣区快速确定陨石坑边缘分布,解决了一般陨石坑检测方法对图像太阳高度角的依赖问题。利用检测出的陨石坑视线信息,采用非线性预测滤波方法估计着陆器着陆阶段的位置和姿态;鉴于视觉着陆导航对照了场景状况的高度依赖性,提出了一种利用分形理论和相邻点分级方法的天体随机地景建模方法。最后验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于天文和陆标观测的月球卫星自主导航方法

随着我国月球探测工程的开展,为弥补地面测控的局限性,月球卫星的自主导航技术已成为     

捷联惯导与星跟踪器组合导航算法研究

捷联惯导与小视场星跟踪器构成惯性/天文组合导航系统,核心思想是利用星体跟踪器的高精度测角信息设计滤波修正算法对捷联惯导的导航姿态、方位和位置误差进行滤波估计并修正,以限制捷联惯导系统导航误差随时间的发散,最终提高系统长航时导航的导航精度。在分析小视场星体跟踪器量测量与SINS导航误差之间关系的基础上,设计了两种不同的组合导航算法：位置+方位修正算法和误差角组合导航修正算法。在此基础上对两种算法的导航精度进行了理论分析,并通过长航时仿真飞行数据进行了仿真验证。结果表明：位置+方位修正算法不受载体的位置误差的影响,更适用于星体跟踪器间断工作的情况;误差角组合算法不受载体姿态误差的影响,更适用于SINS初始位置误差得到有效修正的情况。     

基于矢量测量和UKBF的飞越小天体自主导航方法研究

以估计航天器和小天体在日心惯性系中的位置和速度为目的,提出了基于视线矢量测量的飞越小天体自主导航方法。该方法利用导航相机和激光高度计构建航天器到目标天体的视线矢量,同时为避免系统方程线性化和离散化所带来的模型误差,采用UKBF (Unscented Kalman\|Bucy Filter)算法对相应位置和速度进行估计。分析了导航系统的能观性,并以坦普尔一号为目标天体进行仿真验证,理论分析和仿真结果皆表明了方法的有效性和可行性。
     

Operation and performance of a second generation, solid state, star tracker, the ASC

The Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) is a second generation star tracker, consisting of a CCD camera and its associated microcomputer. The ASC operates by matching the star images acquired by the camera with its internal star catalogs. An initial attitude acquisition (solving the lost in space problem) is performed, and successively, the attitude of the camera is calculated in celestial coordinates by averaging the position of a large number of star observations for each image. Key parameters of the ASC for the Ørsted satellite and Astrid II satellite versions are: mass as low as 900 g, power consumption as low as 5.5W, relative attitude angle errors less than 1.4 arcseconds in declination, and 13 arcseconds in roll, RMS, as measured at the Mauna Kea, HI observatories of the University of Hawaii in June 1996.     

基于强跟踪滤波的全自主机器人目标预测

全自主机器人在目标跟踪过程中,为了克服视觉系统造成的决策延时,需要对目标进行预测。目前全自主机器人目标预测方法对目标模型有强依赖性,并对突变状态的预测滞后。本文提出将强跟踪滤波理论应用于全自主机器人目标预测,通过引入渐消因子,克服了其它目标预测方法的缺点。仿真结果说明强跟踪滤波对目标的预测比较精确,并对突变状态反应灵敏,说明该方法的有效性。     

Quaternion regularization in celestial mechanics and astrodynamics and trajectory motion control. I

Regularization problems in celestial mechanics and astrodynamics are considered. The fundamental regular quaternion models of celestial mechanics and astrodynamics are presented. It is shown that the efficiency of analytical investigation and numerical solution of boundary problems of optimal trajectory motion control of spacecraft may be increased using quaternion astrodynamics models. The regularization problem of celestial mechanics and astrodynamics that implies eliminating the feature, which arises in the equations of the two-body problem in case of impact of the second body with the central body, is considered in the first section of the paper. The quaternion method for regularizing the equations of the perturbed spatial two-body problem suggested by the author is presented; the method is compared with Kustaanheimo-Stiefel (KS) regularization. Demonstrative geometric and kinematic interpretations of regularizing transformations are provided. Regular quaternion equations for the two-body problem, which generalize the regular Kustaanheimo-Stiefel equations, as well as regular equations in quaternion osculating elements and quaternion regular equations for perturbed central motion of a material point, are considered. The papers on quaternion regularization in celestial mechanics and astrodynamics are briefly analyzed.     

An analysis of peculiarities of the satellite autonomous navigation in sighting unknown landmarks on the planet surface

An analysis of characteristics of autonomous navigation by using optical sighting of unknown landmarks was carried out for artificial satellites in circular orbits around the Earth with altitudes from 300 to 900 km. It is shown that navigational errors vary approximately in inverse proportion to duration of measurements. Also they decrease with an increasing number of sighted landmarks. The errors poorly depend on the orbit altitude if the duration of measurement for each landmark is chosen in proportion to the orbit altitude, or a maximal zenith angle of sighting the landmark remains constant.Some characteristics of the navigational algorithm are given. Admissible deviations of initial orbital elements from their exact values are investigated. For a properly chosen measurement procedure the algorithm proves to be stable even for rather crudely given initial parameters.     

基于星间链路的多星系统分散定轨算法

介绍了一种基于星间链路信息的多星系统自主导航方法。首先以星间相对位置矢量为观测量建立两星系统的观测方程,采用强跟踪滤波(STF)算法进行集中定轨,获得卫星的参考轨道信息。在此基础上,建立单星的观测方程,然后使用加权最小二乘估计器和卡尔曼滤波器进行单星轨道确定,从而实现了一种不需要长期轨道预报信息的分散定轨算法。数学仿真表明,该算法是可行的,且具有较好的定轨精度。     

非合作空间目标自主交会凸优化制导技术

为解决非合作空间目标机动、自旋、章动等动态特性对自主交会过程带来的困难和挑战,在某飞行器姿轨控一体化推进系统配置的基础上,充分考虑各类约束后构建标准的凸优化自主交会数学模型;着重分析了非合作目标动态特性对制导误差的影响,设计相应的修正策略;以原始对偶内点法作为核心求解器,设计了具备状态预测和更新能力的制导算法;数学仿真验算表明,该方法合理可行,克服了动态特性造成的接近轨迹偏差,良好地适应了非合作交会任务。     

一种基于信息融合的卫星自主天文导航新方法

直接敏感地平和利用星光折射间接敏感地平是两种基于天体敏感器的自主天文导航方法,其定位精度主要取决于地平的敏感精度。通常利用红外地平仪直接敏感地平的方法简单、可靠,但精度较低,而近年出现的利用星光折射间接敏感地平的方法精度高,但必须能观测到符合一定条件的折射星,根据上述两种方法的特点,提出了一种基于信息融合的直接敏感地平和利用星光折射间接敏感地平相结合的自主天文导航的新方法,计算机仿真结果表明该方法可以进一步提高系统的精度和可靠性。