欧洲极轨气象卫星的有效载荷

出于自身利益的考虑,欧洲首先研制了静止轨道气象卫星。但随着经济、技术、军事和政治的发展和变化,欧洲又研制了可以进行长期天气预报的极轨气象卫星。1引言欧洲气象卫星组织(EUMETSAT)的第一代极轨业务气象卫星系统(EPS)共有3颗卫星,名为"气象业务"(MetOp)卫星。气象业务-A卫星于2006年10月19日发射,迄今仍在业务运行,但部分功能已有故障。气象业务-B卫星于2012年9月17日发射。气象业务-C卫星计划于2016年发射。"气象业务"卫星设计寿命为5年,两颗业务卫星之间有半     

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)掩星大气探测技术的兴起,GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位,但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求,未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源,开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以...     

即将开辟通信领域新纪元的国际海事卫星终端

拥有７１个成员国的全球移动通信组织──国际海事卫星组织（ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ）近年来为了迅速发展卫星移动通信业务和占领移动通信市场，加紧研制国际海事卫星及其终端，使ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ的业务不断由海上扩充到陆地和空中。移动式通信卫星系统成功的关键，不仅在于卫星本身，其地面系统亦至关重要。ＩＮＭＡＲＳＡＴ从１９７９年开始提供海事通信业务以来，研制出多种型号移动通信终端，即Ｉｎｍａｒｓａｔ－Ａ型、Ｃ型、Ｂ型和Ｍ型，目前正在研制Ｉｎｍａｒｓａｔ－Ｐ型。到１９９３年８月，已有２．１万个Ｉｎｍａｒｓａｔ－Ａ型，８…     

卫星移动业务的新时代即将来临

随着空间和地面技术的发展,手持接收机进入了一个新的时代,卫星移动业务(MSS)系统将携大量新颖的业务进军大众用户市场,其前景更加明朗。     

美国军事卫星技术的新发展

美军卫星系统现代化计划主要是改进ＵＨＦ和ＳＨＦ卫星，发展ＥＨＦ卫星，采用星上信号处理、天线调零和按需分配多址（ＤＡＭＡ）技术，以增强抗干扰能力，提高传输速率，增大传输容量。在空间系统方面，还将缩小卫星体积，降低发射成本。在地面终端方面，着重抗干扰，增强保密，缩小体积，减轻重量，增强机动性。本文就卫星系统、技术体系结构、系统技术和抗干扰技术等四个方面作一概述。一、卫星系统现代化改进计划美国军事卫星通信常略作ＭＩＬＳＡＴ－ＣＯＭ。卫星网络一般分为三类：ＵＨＦ卫星、ＳＨＦ卫星和ＥＨＦ卫星，即特高频、超…     

建立C^4I系统形成军用卫星体系

一、军用卫星必须适应Ｃ４Ｉ系统发展的需要１．现代战争与Ｃ４Ｉ系统尽管冷战已经结束，但世界态势仍动荡不定，存在诸多不确定因素。高技术条件下的现代战争主要体现战略的灵活性和适应能力，其中包括信息战本身的错综复杂性，战役空间的非线性和纵深性、打击系统的快速性和致命性、采集敏感器数据的广泛性和信息用于决策的智能性等。Ｃ４Ｉ系统即指挥、控制、通信、计算机及智能系统，实际上是多媒体宽带业务，海湾战争就是一场数据率为４Ｍｂｉｔ／Ｓ的信息战和Ｃ４１系统的演练，因而对Ｃ４Ｉ系统又提出许多新要求。２．Ｃ４Ｉ系统对军…     

“国际通信卫星”新业务

本文介绍了国际通信商用业务、国际网业务、小容量通信业务、数字电视业务和国内业务等“国际通信卫星”新业务的概况和主要技术性能。     

铱公司选定两家公司投标下一代星座

铱卫星公司近日已选定洛马公司和泰雷兹·阿莱尼亚空间公司参与其下一代卫星星座“下一代铱”的最终阶段招标。这两家公司已提出了初步的创新型星座设计方案。最终招标阶段将用时约9个月，预计将在明年年中选定一家主承包商来开展“下一代铱”系统的全面研制。铱公司现有超过28.5万家用户，是发展最快的移动卫星业务服务商。借助“下一代铱”系统，该公司将继续推进现有的业务，     

移动电话卫星星座近况

截至1997年7月，美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）已给5家卫星公司颁发了经营全球无线电话业务的许可证。其中，“铱”（Irid－ium），“全球星”（Globalstar）和“奥德赛’（Odyssey）系统早在1995迁lq就获得了许可证，而移动通信控股公司（MCHI）的“伊里普索”（ElliPS。）系统和星座通信公司（CCI）的系统直到1997年7目1日才获FCC的思准。FCC汪1995fy未给这两家公司颁发许可证的理由是他们设爱足够的资金来制造和发射】星。到会耸7自，田于有额外的频率可供使用，而自美国移动p星公司撤消了真申请，故FCC放拜了夫于资盆资措的合关…     

CYGNSS海面风速固有误差与时空分布特征

全球导航卫星系统反射测量（GNSS-R）是一种新兴的海面风速遥感技术,对GNSS-R反演风速进行详细定量分析是该技术从科学研究走向业务应用的必要条件。 以气旋全球导航卫星系统（CYGNSS）的风速数据为例,利用时空匹配的浮标风速和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的预报风速数据,详细分析了CYGNSS遥感风速的气候态特征和时空分布特征。基于三配对数据分析方法,阐明了CYGNSS遥感风速的固有误差,并提出了相应的风速标定系数。研究表明:GYGNSS的中低风速（w <10 m·s–1）精度较好,但高风速的误差显著增大;风速误差具有良好的时间一致性,但呈现明显的空间分布不均匀现象;总体而言,CYGNSS风速的固有误差约为1.79 m·s–1。研究结果一方面可为CYGNSS风速数据的业务应用提供参考,另一方面也为进一步标定CYGNSS的反射测量信号提供依据。      

空间天气模式集成可视化演示软件设计

空间天气模式集成是空间天气预报业务化的基础, 空间天气模式集成可视化演示软件系统是其中重要的研究内容之一. 空间天气模式种类繁多, 要素多样, 模型复杂, 且各模式可视化形式及方法具有差异性. 本文综合当前中国空间天气模式的特点, 构建了一套空间天气模式集成可视化演示系统. 该系统兼容性好、可扩展性高, 能够集成当前中国空间天气中大多数模式. 讨论了空间数据管理方法, 基于Visual C++ 软件平台和OpenGL可视化软件模块,以动态加载方式初步实现了多个空间天气模式的可视化集成.      

Data storage and real time observations at the Mexican Array Radio Telescope

The tracking of large-scale interplanetary (IP) disturbances traveling from the Sun to the Earth is a key issue in space weather studies. The Mexican Array Radio Telescope (MEXART) applies the Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) technique to detect these solar wind disturbances and it will participate in a global warning network of space weather forecasting. We describe the data storage and computational processes carried out to manage the instrument’s real time data. These procedures are important for the MEXART calibration, operation and the scientific data reduction.     

Development of New Capabilities Using Machine Learning for Space Weather Prediction

With the development of space exploration and space environment measurements, the numerous observations of solar, solar wind, and near Earth space environment have been obtained in last 20 years. The accumulation of multiple data makes it possible to better use machine learning technique, which has achieved unforeseen results in industrial applications in last decades, for developing new approaches and models in space weather investigation and prediction. In this paper, the efforts on the forecasting methods for space weather indices, events, and parameters using machine learning are briefly introduced based on the study works in recent years. These investigations indicate that machine learning, especially deep learning technique can be used in automatic characteristic identification, solar eruption prediction, space weather forecasting for solar and geomagnetic indices, and modeling of space environment parameters.      

全球空间天气路线图及对中国的启示

随着科技的发展,空间天气对电力系统、通信导航系统和航天资产等遍布全球的技术基础设施的影响越来越深.需要加强对空间天气事件过程的理解,提升空间天气的预报能力,优化基础设施设计,从而减缓空间天气对社会造成的影响.基于这些需求,国际空间研究委员会(COSPAR)联合国际与日共存计划(ILWS)共同成立专家组,研究制定了全球2015-2025空间天气发展路线图.本文对该路线图进行介绍和解读,讨论该路线图对中国空间天气发展的启示.     

灰色系统理论在民用飞机生产成本预测中的应用

本论文将灰色系统理论应用在民机生产成本评估,建立了民机生产成本预测模型,对预测结果作了检验,充实了民机生产成本估算手段。     

星载综合孔径雷达设计特点

星载雷达飞行高度高,测绘带宽,因此地球曲率对成像的影响必须考虑;兼之卫星运行轨道偏离理想圆形,雷达离地面高度是个变数,这就使其运动补偿具有自己的特色。其次由于卫星运行速度极快,测绘带又宽,因此星载综合孔径雷达方位和距离模糊问题十分突出。再次,星载综合孔径雷达不满足聚焦深度条件,距离单元位移现象十分突出,必须专门加以校正等等。本文将从上述几方面,探讨星载综合孔径雷达总体设计的特点。     

Numerical simulation—assessment of FGGE data with regard to their assimilation in a global data set

The data-assimilation system at the European Centre for Medium Range Forecasts (ECMWF) is presented. The data assimilation system is used to process the FGGE level II-b data and to provide global 3-dimensional analyses for every 6th hour through the whole FGGE year. The quality and the excellent coverage of the data has meant a substantial improvement in our understanding of the global atmosphere with major implication for climate and extended weather forecasting.Results from an observing system experiment only using data observed and collected from space is presented. It is found that fully space-oriented systems are possible although forecast quality is higher in areas where radiosondes are available with a satisfactory density.     

A multi-spectral spatial convolution approach of rainfall forecasting using weather satellite imagery

Flood forecasting has long been a major topic of hydrologic research. Recent events and studies indicate that the success of flood forecasting in Taiwan depends heavily on the accuracy of real-time rainfall forecasting. In this study, we demonstrate a multi-spectral spatial convolution approach for real-time rainfall forecasting using geostationary weather satellite images. The approach incorporates cloud-top temperatures of three infrared channels in a spatial convolution context. It not only characterizes the input–output relationship between cloud-top temperature and rainfall at the ground level, but also is more consistent with physical and remote sensing principles than single-pixel matches. Point rainfall measurements at raingauge sites are up-scaled to pixel-average-rainfall by block kriging, then related to multi-spectral cloud-top temperatures derived from Geostationary Meteorological Satellite images by spatial convolution. The kernel function of the multispectral spatial convolution equation is solved by the least squares method. Through a cross-validation procedure, we demonstrate that the proposed approach is capable of achieving high accuracy for 1- to 3-h-lead pixel-average-rainfall forecasting.     

The L5 mission for space weather forecasting

We have studied a number of interplanetary space mission scenarios for space weather research and operational forecasting experiments and concluded that a spacecraft should be deployed at the L5 point of the Sun–Earth system to enable remote sensing of the Sun and interplanetary space and in situ measurements of solar wind plasma and high energy solar particle events. The L5 point is an appropriate position for making side-view observations of geo-effective coronal mass ejections and interplanetary plasma clouds.Here, we describe briefly the mission plan and the ongoing BBM development of important subsystems such as the wide field coronal imager (WCI) and the mission processor. The WCI will have a large CCD array with 16-bit sampling, to achieve a dynamic range of several thousand in order to detect very small deviations due to plasma clouds under zodiacal light contaminations a hundred times brighter than the clouds. The L5 mission we propose will surely contribute to the construction of an international space weather observation network.     

Determining the precipitable water vapor thresholds under different rainfall strengths in Taiwan

Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) plays an important role for weather forecasting. It is helpful in evaluating the changes of the weather system via observing the distribution of water vapor. The ability of calculating PWV from Global Positioning System (GPS) signals is useful to understand the special weather phenomenon. In this study, 95 ground-based GPS and rainfall stations in Taiwan were utilized from 2006 to 2012 to analyze the relationship between PWV and rainfall. The PWV data were classified into four classes (no, light, moderate and heavy rainfall), and the vertical gradients of the PWV were obtained and the variations of the PWV were analyzed. The results indicated that as the GPS elevation increased every 100?m, the PWV values decreased by 9.5?mm, 11.0?mm, 12.2?mm and 12.3?mm during the no, light, moderate and heavy rainfall conditions, respectively. After applying correction using the vertical gradients mentioned above, the average PWV thresholds were 41.8?mm, 52.9?mm, 62.5?mm and 64.4?mm under the no, light, moderate and heavy rainfall conditions, respectively. This study offers another type of empirical threshold to assist the rainfall prediction and can be used to distinguish the rainfall features between different areas in Taiwan.