谱载荷作用下的裂纹扩展计算模型

最简单的谱载荷是在基本循环载荷中施加单一或多个拉伸和拉—压过载的情况。有过载作用,裂纹扩展速率显著降低。实验证明,过载迟滞效应最大点、即裂纹扩展速率最低点不是在刚施加过载之后,而是距过载点有一段距离,即所谓延缓滞后或推迟延缓(delayed retardstion)效应。现有的计算模型大多未考虑这一效应,因而与实际情况有很大差别。有的模型,例如松冈模型虽然考虑了这一效应,但表达这一效应的参数必须由实验确定,这样就使该模型应用很不方便。本文根据产生推迟延缓的机理和对试件的断口分析,提出了一个确定这一参数的计算公式,进而提出了对拉伸过载和拉—压过载作用下的裂纹扩展计算模型。用本模型计算了几种材料在不同加载条件下的迟滞效应,计算结果与实验结果相当符合。 由于本模型可以计算拉仲过载和拉—压过载等情况下的迟滞效应,因而作一些合理的假设可用以计算复杂谱载荷作用下的裂纹扩展速率和寿命,本文计算了飞机起落架施旋转臂和机翼加劲板在谱载荷作用下的裂纹扩展寿命,计算结果与实验或统计结果基本符合。     

裂纹扩展阻力曲线与试样厚度关系

在有关裂纹扩展理论阻力曲线研究的基础上,给出了阻力曲线与试样厚度关系的数学表达式.利用少量试验结果,根据最小二乘方法即可确定表达式中的参量.通过这一表达式,可以计算任意厚度下的阻力曲线方程,从而获得该厚度对应的阻力曲线.这一数学表达式得到了试验结果的验证,并可补充现有手册中试验数据之不足.      

加劲板复合型疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的一种简化计算方法

根据对试验数据的分析和理论分析的结果,假定了复合型疲劳裂纹拐弯后的扩展路径为一与载荷轴夹角为84°的直线。然后应用建立在最大主应力准则上的等效应力强度因子,计算裂纹扩展寿命,与试验结果对比,说明提出的计算模型是可行的。     

改进的耐久性分析裂纹萌生方法研究

针对耐久性分析裂纹萌生方法所存在的影响其工程应用效果的3个重要问题,加以研究和改进.在结构使用载荷谱下进行一组模拟试件的耐久性试验;依据裂纹萌生寿命试验数据,用计算反推法确定结构细节裂纹萌生p-s-N曲线三参数式的参数c_p;分析了对数裂纹萌生寿命标准差对经济寿命的重要影响,取该标准差值为飞机结构对数疲劳寿命的常用标准差值0.176~0.2,从而建立了能够准确预测结构经济寿命的改进的耐久性裂纹萌生方法.这种方法已在我国多种飞机结构的耐久性评定中得到成功的应用.     

改进的耐久性分析裂纹萌生方法研究

针对耐久性分析裂纹萌生方法所存在的影响其工程应用效果的 3个重要问题 ,加以研究和改进 .在结构使用载荷谱下进行一组模拟试件的耐久性试验 ;依据裂纹萌生寿命试验数据 ,用计算反推法确定结构细节裂纹萌生p s N曲线三参数式的参数cp;分析了对数裂纹萌生寿命标准差对经济寿命的重要影响 ,取该标准差值为飞机结构对数疲劳寿命的常用标准差值 0 .1 76～ 0 .2 ,从而建立了能够准确预测结构经济寿命的改进的耐久性裂纹萌生方法 .这种方法已在我国多种飞机结构的耐久性评定中得到成功的应用     

裂纹张开载荷的计算及其应用

本文利用超载后塑性区内残余拉件应变的概念,建议了一个计算裂纹张开载荷的数学模型,并导出了相应的计算公式。 应用此模型可以解释加交变循环载荷时疲劳裂纹扩展速率较高的现象。有不同类型的超载时,疲劳裂纹扩展的迟滞效应,也可以定量地加以估算。计算结果与实验结果符合得较好。     

以裂纹长度为参量的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型

建立了以裂纹长度为参数的疲劳裂纹扩展随机模型，给出了计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和临界裂纹长度时的裂纹扩展时间分布的方法，以及计算给定初始裂纹长度（定值或分布）和寿命时的裂纹长度分布的方法，并给出了相应的计算实例。     

航空发动机机匣损伤容限评估及剩余寿命预测

使用有限元的方法,建立了某航空发动机机匣安装座处局部模型,计算得到了不同尺寸裂纹的应力强度因子的形状因子Y.基于BS7910评定方法,利用失效评估图(FAD,Failure Assessment Diagram)确定了机匣安装座结构在工作应力下的可接受裂纹尺寸为84.8 mm,结构的剩余强度随裂纹尺寸的增加而显著降低,焊缝较母材具有更低的损伤容限和剩余强度.使用缩小宽度模拟验证件模拟工作状态载荷进行了验证试验,当裂纹尺寸与试样宽度比值较小时,与模拟验证件的评估结果基本吻合.根据Paris公式,构件在工作应力下的剩余寿命为74 238周次.      

疲劳载荷下表面裂纹扩展时形状变化规律的研究

本文通过对Ly—12CZ铝合金板和30CrMuSi钢板表面裂纹在拉伸疲劳载荷作用下裂纹形状变化实验数据的分析,提出拉伸疲劳载荷作用下表面裂纹形状比a/b和深度——板厚比a/t随裂纹扩展时的关系式。利用此式进行理论计算,其结果与实验较符合。 此关系式对具有表面裂纹结构剩余寿命和剩余强度计算均有一定实用意义。     

探测复合材料层板基体裂纹的实验技术

介绍探测复合材料层板基体裂纹的三种实验技术:声波发射探测,超声波C扫描和复制带记录。在试验各阶段,应充分利用每种试验方法的优点,使每个试件比常规试验获取更多的试验数据,包括声波发射探测响应图,超声波对整个试件宽度扫描成像,以及沿着试件侧面厚度上的复制带获取图像。最初由声波发射显示试件加载期间基体裂纹的开始形成,通过超声波扫描能清晰分辨出第一条基体裂纹的出现;随着基体裂纹的发展,可综合应用三种实验技术,确定对基体断裂的评估。根据试验结果,对这三种实验技术作了评价。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.