基于负刚度预载荷机构的锥形介电型EAP驱动器研究

为了便于对介电型EAP驱动器进行优化设计,针对介电型EAP驱动器进行建模是极其重要的.结合弹性大变形理论及Maxwell应力建立介电型EAP材料的机电耦合模型,分析一种可以提高驱动器性能的负刚度预载荷机构,在此基础上建立基于负刚度预载荷机构的锥形介电型EAP驱动器模型.通过对微分代数方程组的求解,分析预载荷机构对驱动器...     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

嫦娥探测器分段渐倾转移机构设计

巡视探测器转移机构是在地外空间环境执行巡视探测器转移释放任务的空间机构。与美国、苏联转移任务不同,中国探月工程（CLEP）二期着陆器采用腿式着陆缓冲机构及巡视器顶部搭载方式,转移任务沿着陆器周向展开距离及巡视器释放高度增加,转移难度增大。在设计阶段,转移机构是否符合探测任务严苛的工程约束及设计指标;在执行阶段,转移机构能否在月面非确知环境下正常展开、转移过程是否稳定可靠,是嫦娥探测器顺利完成探测任务的关键。为保障月球后续任务及火星探测任务中转移机构的设计需要,根据巡视器转移系统特点,以探月二期工程中首次探索并成功自主设计定型的嫦娥分段渐倾转移机构为例,对巡视器转移系统的组成、任务需求及设计约束予以阐述,并结合参研人员经验,对机构研制方案的选取、关键环节设计、工程状态及任务验证情况进行说明,以为后续工作及相关工程提供参考。     

Fractional order modeling and control of dissimilar redundant actuating system used in large passenger aircraft

In this paper, a methodology has been developed to address the issue of force fighting and to achieve precise position tracking of control surface driven by two dissimilar actuators. The nonlinear dynamics of both actuators are first approximated as fractional order models. Based on the identified models, three fractional order controllers are proposed for the whole system. Two Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers are dedicated to improving transient response and are designed in a position feedback configuration. In order to synchronize the actuator dynamics, a third fractional order PI controller is designed, which feeds the force compensation signal in position feedback loop of both actuators. Nelder-Mead (N-M) optimization technique is employed in order to optimally tune controller parameters based on the proposed performance criteria. To test the proposed controllers according to real flight condition, an external disturbance of higher amplitude that acts as airload is applied directly on the control surface. In addition, a disturbance signal function of system states is applied to check the robustness of proposed controller. Simulation results on nonlinear system model validated the performance of the proposed scheme as compared to optimal PID and high gain PID controllers.     

基于月面LTE基站OFDM测距的巡视器定位

针对目前的月面定位技术中成本高、观测时间长以及缺少可用定位信息的问题,开展了基于长期演进（LTE）基站的月面定位技术的研究,并引入了LTE技术,通过在月面布设基站为月面巡视器的实时定位提供了可行基础。提出了一种基于因子图优化的月面定位方法,通过融合月面基站的正交频分复用（OFDM）测距信息和巡视器自身的惯性导航信息,利用有限的月面基础设施,在较低成本的硬件条件下实现了月面巡视器的准确定位。仿真实验结果显示,该月面定位方法具有良好的准确性和鲁棒性。     

基于ZUPT的新型月面导航处理方法

为了解决探测器在月面工作时惯性导航系统的误差累积问题,克服现有研究对环境敏感或是需要定期停止才能进行误差修复的短板,结合探测器的行驶行为,将探测器使用零速更新（ZUPT）原理修正误差的过程分解成了无ZUPT、完全ZUPT、水平动态ZUPT和垂向动态ZUPT 4种子模型的叠加,并分别推导了它们的系统矩阵和测量矩阵。针对月面导航系统提出了一种新型多模型零速更新（MMZUPT）算法。该算法应用多模型交互原理,允许多种更新模型同时工作,可以通过计算每个模型的权重在每个定位历元输出最优导航结果并约束误差。在精心挑选的受限环境中对月面导航进行了模拟实验,结果表明,所提MMZUPT方法无需频繁地主动停车以满足传统ZUPT使用边界就可以取得良好的效果,并且通过对包含错误的校准信号加以识别和利用可以获得更好的性能。     

Optimal positioning of piezoelectric actuators on a smart fin using bio-inspired algorithms

In this paper a novel approach is developed for optimization of piezoelectric actuators in vibration suppression. A scaled model of a vertical tail of F/A-18 is developed in which piezoelectric actuators are bounded to the surface. The frequency response function (FRF) of the system is then recorded and maximization of the FRF peaks is considered as the objective function of the optimization algorithm to enhance the actuator authority on the mode, which assigns the optimal placement of the pair of piezoelectric actuators on the smart fin. Six multi-layer perceptron neural networks are employed to perform surface fitting to the discrete data generated by the finite element method (FEM). Invasive weed optimization (IWO), a novel numerical stochastic optimization algorithm, is then employed to maximize the FRF peak which in due reduces the vibration of the smart fin. Results indicated an accurate surface fitting for the FRF peak data as well as the optimal placement of the piezoelectric actuators for vibration suppression.     

Design and experimental testing of a control system for a morphing wing model actuated with miniature BLDC motors

The paper deals with the design and experimental validation of the actuation mechanism control system for a morphing wing model. The experimental morphable wing model manufactured in this project is a full-size scale wing tip for a real aircraft equipped with an aileron. The morphing actuation of the model is based on a mechanism with four similar in house designed and manufactured actuators, positioned inside the wing on two parallel lines. Each of the four actuators used a BrushLess Direct Current (BLDC) electric motor integrated with a mechanical part performing the conversion of the angular displacements into linear displacements. The following have been chosen as successive steps in the design of the actuator control system: (A) Mathematical and software modelling of the actuator; (B) Design of the control system architecture and tuning using Internal Model Control (IMC) methodology; (C) Numerical simulation of the controlled actuator and its testing on bench and wind tunnel. The morphing wing experimental model is tested both at the laboratory level, with no airflow, to evaluate the components integration and the whole system functioning, but also in the wind tunnel, in the presence of airflow, to evaluate its behavior and the aerodynamic gain.     

Accelerated Landweber iteration based control allocation for fault tolerant control of reusable launch vehicle

This paper presents a novel Fault Tolerant Control(FTC) scheme based on accelerated Landweber iteration and redistribution mechanism for a horizontal takeoff horizontal landing reusable launch vehicle(RLV). First, an adaptive law based on fixed-time non-singular fast terminal sliding mode control(NFTSMC), which focuses on the attitude tracking controller design for RLV in the presence of model couplings, parameter uncertainties and external disturbances, is proposed to produce virtual control co...     

月面环境三维激光SLAM技术

同步建图与定位（SLAM）可实现月球车在未知复杂月面环境下的定位与导航,月球表面由陨坑、石头等起伏地形构成,缺乏树木、建筑物等地面存有的显著特征,大量特征不显著的点云数据会对月球车定位精度和实时性造成影响。本文提出了一种针对月面环境的显著特征点云提取方法以及基于曲面定位能力估计的增量式优化算法,通过Fisher信息矩阵计算曲面定位能力指标,获取机器人位姿估计的不确定性测量,利用增量式的SLAM方案进行优化,用于提高定位精度与实时性。通过在Gazebo （物理仿真平台）仿真场景下的测试,验证了算法性能。     

Mars Science Laboratory Mission and Science Investigation

Scheduled to land in August of 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission was initiated to explore the habitability of Mars. This includes both modern environments as well as ancient environments recorded by the stratigraphic rock record preserved at the Gale crater landing site. The Curiosity rover has a designed lifetime of at least one Mars year (～23?months), and drive capability of at least 20?km. Curiosity’s science payload was specifically assembled to assess habitability and includes a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and gas analyzer that will search for organic carbon in rocks, regolith fines, and the atmosphere (SAM instrument); an x-ray diffractometer that will determine mineralogical diversity (CheMin instrument); focusable cameras that can image landscapes and rock/regolith textures in natural color (MAHLI, MARDI, and Mastcam instruments); an alpha-particle x-ray spectrometer for in situ determination of rock and soil chemistry (APXS instrument); a?laser-induced breakdown spectrometer to remotely sense the chemical composition of rocks and minerals (ChemCam instrument); an active neutron spectrometer designed to search for water in rocks/regolith (DAN instrument); a weather station to measure modern-day environmental variables (REMS instrument); and a sensor designed for continuous monitoring of background solar and cosmic radiation (RAD instrument). The various payload elements will work together to detect and study potential sampling targets with remote and in situ measurements; to acquire samples of rock, soil, and atmosphere and analyze them in onboard analytical instruments; and to observe the environment around the rover. The 155-km diameter Gale crater was chosen as Curiosity’s field site based on several attributes: an interior mountain of ancient flat-lying strata extending almost 5?km above the elevation of the landing site; the lower few hundred meters of the mountain show a progression with relative age from clay-bearing to sulfate-bearing strata, separated by an unconformity from overlying likely anhydrous strata; the landing ellipse is characterized by a mixture of alluvial fan and high thermal inertia/high albedo stratified deposits; and a number of stratigraphically/geomorphically distinct fluvial features. Samples of the crater wall and rim rock, and more recent to currently active surface materials also may be studied. Gale has a well-defined regional context and strong evidence for a progression through multiple potentially habitable environments. These environments are represented by a stratigraphic record of extraordinary extent, and insure preservation of a rich record of the environmental history of early Mars. The interior mountain of Gale Crater has been informally designated at Mount Sharp, in honor of the pioneering planetary scientist Robert Sharp. The major subsystems of the MSL Project consist of a single rover (with science payload), a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, an Earth-Mars cruise stage, an entry, descent, and landing system, a launch vehicle, and the mission operations and ground data systems. The primary communication path for downlink is relay through the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The primary path for uplink to the rover is Direct-from-Earth. The secondary paths for downlink are Direct-to-Earth and relay through the Mars Odyssey orbiter. Curiosity is a scaled version of the 6-wheel drive, 4-wheel steering, rocker bogie system from the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity and the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner. Like Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity offers three primary modes of navigation: blind-drive, visual odometry, and visual odometry with hazard avoidance. Creation of terrain maps based on HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) and other remote sensing data were used to conduct simulated driving with Curiosity in these various modes, and allowed selection of the Gale crater landing site which requires climbing the base of a mountain to achieve its primary science goals. The Sample Acquisition, Processing, and Handling (SA/SPaH) subsystem is responsible for the acquisition of rock and soil samples from the Martian surface and the processing of these samples into fine particles that are then distributed to the analytical science instruments. The SA/SPaH subsystem is also responsible for the placement of the two contact instruments (APXS, MAHLI) on rock and soil targets. SA/SPaH consists of a robotic arm and turret-mounted devices on the end of the arm, which include a drill, brush, soil scoop, sample processing device, and the mechanical and electrical interfaces to the two contact science instruments. SA/SPaH also includes drill bit boxes, the organic check material, and an observation tray, which are all mounted on the front of the rover, and inlet cover mechanisms that are placed over the SAM and CheMin solid sample inlet tubes on the rover top deck.     

基于SPI接口隔离的分组A/D转换设计与实现

系统需要控制多个执行器或多个设备,每个执行器或设备又要求控制相对独立,避免单个执行器或设备失效导致整个系统瘫痪。基于此需求,很多系统要求各个执行器或设备的控制信号和反馈信号与控制器相互隔离。从应用需求出发分析了各种隔离方式的特性、隔离点和隔离接口选择的优缺点,阐述了基于SPI接口隔离实现不同单元模拟量采集的设计原因,以某发射控制系统的电源电压采集单元作为示例,验证设计方案及实现方法。     

月球车释放对着陆器稳定性的影响

因基于摇臂式月球车释放机构在月球车释放时对着陆器的倾翻力矩较大,易使着陆器倾翻而导致整个探测任务失败,所以对月球车着陆释放时着陆器稳定性的研究尤为重要.将着陆器腿不等量压缩、月面坡度、低重力环境、释放加速度等因素进行参数化处理;应用D-H坐标法得到基于各参量的支撑多边形坐标以及着陆器和月球车的位姿方程,进而建立了月球车...     

滑转条件下月球车轮沉陷模型研究

 月球车在月面行驶时,为保证月球车的通过性能,应尽量避免沉陷。然而传统车辆沉陷量数学模型不适用于动态滑转条件下的月球车,为此对月球车行驶时车轮沉陷量的计算模型进行了研究。基于车辆地面力学理论,从模拟月壤力学参数和滑转率两个方面,在适合于刚性轮静态沉陷计算模型基础上建立了适用于滑转条件下月球车轮的沉陷计算模型。通过轮壤土槽试验,将试验测得的月球车轮沉陷量与模型计算得到的沉陷量进行比较,验证了修正模型的正确性。所研究的模型能够为滑转条件下月球车沉陷量的预测提供理论技术基础。     

月球巡视探测器自主定向算法研究

月球巡视探测器自主导航是其能在月面执行探测任务的关键,而定向又是月球巡视探测器自主导航的一个重要组成部分,其定向精度将直接影响到月球巡视探测器定位性能。将CCD(ChargeCoupleDevice)太阳敏感器应用到月球巡视探测器上,用太阳敏感器测量太阳位置矢量,结合加速度计测量的重力矢量,利用QUEST算法推算了月球巡视探测器的姿态和航向,为月球巡视探测器构建了一套适用于长时间、长距离导航的绝对定向方案,通过理论分析和实际推算描述了该定向方案的具体实现过程,最后以仿真结果验证了该方案的可行性,为下一步月球巡视探测器定位研究提供了技术参考。     

Postcapture stabilization of space robots considering actuator failures with bounded torques

Space robotics is regarded as one of the most impressing approaches for space debris removal missions. Due to the residual momentum of debris, it is essential to stabilize the base rapidly after capture. This paper presents a novel control strategy for stabilization of a space robot in postcapture considering actuator failures and bounded torques. In the control strategy, the motion of the manipulator is not regarded as a disturbance to the base; in contrast, it is utilized to compensate for the limitation of the control torques by means of an inverse dynamical model of the system. Different scenarios where actuators are external mechanisms or momentum exchange devices have been carried out, and for actuator failures, both single- and two-actuator failures have been considered. Regarding to the performance of actuators, control torques are bounded. In cases that either single or two actuators have failed, the base can be stabilized kinematically when actuators are external mechanisms, but can only be stabilized dynamically when only momentum exchange devices are used. Finally, a space robot with a seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator in postcapture is studied to verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed control scheme. Simulation results show that the whole system can be stabilized rapidly.     

液压系统清洗装置的工艺研究

飞机所有的操纵舵面和运动部件几乎全由液压系统来操纵。随着飞机液压系统中液压舵机和伺服阀等高精度附件的大量应用,为保证系统的可靠性和延长附件寿命,降低全寿命费用,必须大幅度提高液压系统的清洁度。液压系统清洗装置是用于对被污染的飞机液压系统进行清洗,对液压管路单独进行脉动清洗的设备。因此,液压系统清洗装置的工艺研究就显得极其重要,本文介绍了液压系统清洗装置的零部件加工、重要成品、液压系统和电气系统的安装过程,并从液压系统清洗装置的加工工艺、装配工艺、表面处理工艺等多角度进行了研究,为飞机液压系统提供了高质量的清洗装置。     

Virtual flight test of pitch and roll attitude control based on circulation control of tailless flying wing aircraft without rudders

Circulation Control(CC) realizes rudderless flight control by driving compressed air jet to generate a virtual rudder surface, which significantly improves low detectability. The layout plan of combined control rudder surface is proposed based on the tailless flying wing aircraft. The closed-loop jet actuator system and stepless rudder surface switching control strategy are used to quantitatively study the control characteristics of circulation actuator for pitch and roll attitude through 3-DOF ...     

嫦娥三号巡视器的惯导与视觉组合定姿定位

针对“嫦娥三号”的“玉兔号”巡视器在月面未知环境中避障与安全行进的要求,分析和阐述了“玉兔号”巡视器在地面遥操作中心的控制下利用惯导和视觉组合进行月面导航与精确定位的实现方法,并结合现有的导航定位研究对“玉兔号”巡视器导航与定位的工程创新性进行了总结,阐明了惯导定位和视觉定位技术在“玉兔号”巡视器月面探测过程中的工程应用特点.最后,通过“玉兔号”巡视器着月点的精确定位实验,验证惯导和视觉相结合的定位方法的有效性,定位精度近似达到总行驶里程的1％,这对“玉兔号”巡视器开展月面探索和准确抵达科学目标位置具有重要作用.