航空电子设备研制的测试性设计考虑

测试性是航空电子设备基本设计特性,测试性设计的好坏直接决定了航空电子设备感知自身状态(正常、故障和降级)并自动隔离内部故障的能力。从全寿命周期费用探讨了民用飞机航空电子设备开展测试性设计的必要性,给出了民用飞机研制过程中航空电子设备通用测试性设计、机内测试设计和电路及元器件的测试性设计考虑。实践证明航空电子设备开展测试性设计能有效提高民用飞机的功能安全性和维修经济性。     

Avionics cost of ownership

The cost of ownership of avionics includes not only the development and acquisition cost, but also the yearly operating and support (O and S) (maintenance) cost of hardware, software, and support equipment. This paper presents an avionics cost of ownership methodology developed for USAF, its data sources, and business metrics computed for USAF decision makers as we move toward operating avionics as a business. The business model is used to determine which existing avionics are candidates for replacement with new technology and to prioritize the replacements. These avionics are often used on multiple aircraft types which necessitates analysis of the causes of the high cost of ownership on each type. Databases are used to document the processing functions, data flow, and constraints of the item being analyzed. These constraints include physical, environmental, electrical, and data interfaces. Databases containing alternatives are evaluated against standard mission scenarios for aircraft utilizing these high cost avionics to determine their impact on performance, O and S costs, and mission effectiveness. The results of the foregoing analyses steps are then used in life cycle cost analyses which consider different retrofit scenarios for each alternative for each aircraft type against the avionics being analyzed for replacement. The alternatives are prioritized and a risk analysis performed considering technical, schedule, and cost growth risks. The avionics cost of ownership methodology described in this paper processes data from USAF maintenance organizations. This has revealed the very large expenditures being made to support highly unreliable avionics. These methods can be applied to all military and commercial aircraft systems to determine not only the cost of ownership of existing systems, but also the cost of ownership of new systems when they are retrofit     

The future of transportation systems

The emergence of a world-wide duopoly in the design and production of large commercial aircraft at the end of the 1990s and cutbacks in aerospace and defense has put significant pressure on the number of avionics manufacturers. A similar duopoly exists very nearly for US military aircraft. In 1999, mergers created two large avionic suppliers in the USA. European avionics suppliers have also been consolidating. At worst, these larger entities will have a negative effect upon US aerospace employment, and further discourage the best and brightest engineers. Commuter and general aviation, where competition still reigns (more than ten manufacturers exist in 2000), may lead the avionics charge into the future     

Switched Ethernet testing for avionics applications

Switched Ethernet is being implemented as an avionics communication architecture. A commercial standard (ARINC-664) and an aircraft vendor-specific implementation known as avionics full duplex switched Ethernet (AFDX) have been developed that defines the topology and use of switched Ethernet in an avionics application. In avionics applications, the movement of data between devices must take place in a deterministic fashion and must be delivered reliably. All aircraft flight hardware must be tested to be sure that it will communicate information properly in the switched Ethernet network. The airframe manufacture must test the integrated network to verify that all flight hardware is communicating properly. Testing and maintenance testing is required to perform data communication level testing of switched Ethernet architectures for avionics applications to insure that all communication is deterministic and reliable. This paper provides an overview of a switched Ethernet avionics network and identifies the testing challenges associated with a switched Ethernet avionics application. A practical implementation performing the required tests is discussed.     

Firewire in modern integrated military avionics

High performance communications, navigation, and identification (CNI) functions on modern military aircraft are increasingly required for mission readiness. The operation of simultaneous waveforms through an integrated avionics rack of shared resources becomes a test in moving data rapidly from one signal processing stage to the next. The IEEE 1394, or Firewire, is a commercial high bandwidth bus whose 64-bit addressing and maximum 400 Mbits/second throughput satisfies this demanding military avionics interconnect need. The challenge in applying this commercial product to integrated avionics is the requirement to seamlessly add message priority encoding. By having message priorities, the slower strategic communications links will not impair the performance of higher data rate tactical communications, thereby avoiding potentially life-threatening bottlenecks. The flight environment imposes additional challenges to ruggedize the cabling between integrated avionics racks and to utilize the full capabilities of the Firewire bus. A discussion of the physical, data link, network, and transport layers, as used in avionics applications will be done. Additionally, the versatility of 1394 in military avionics with its variable channel sizes, bandwidth on demand, hierarchical addressing, and upgrade to 800 and 1600 Mbps with a 64-bit wide data path, is emphasized. Finally, system maintenance advantages of 1394's hot pluggable features are discussed, with an eye toward cost reduction on the flight line and total operational time of the aircraft avionics systems     

典型飞机燃油量指示系统故障分析

针对某综合航电系统飞机燃油量指示故障,从油量系统的结构、原理、功能、走线、软件及配置等方面分析油量采集、信号处理和输出显示子系统,按故障树的方法重点对综合航电系统的硬件、软件及配置和线路,最后查找出故障原因并针对该机群5年来该组件的故障次数及原因进行了统计和分析。     

Replacement strategy for aging avionics computers

With decreasing defense dollars available to purchase new military aircraft, the inventory of existing aircraft will have to last many more years than originally anticipated. As the avionics computers on these aging aircraft get older, they become more expensive to maintain due to parts obsolescence. In addition, expanding missions and changing requirements lead to growth in the embedded software which, in turn, requires additional processing and memory capacity. Both factors, parts obsolescence and new processing capacity, result in the need to replace the old computer hardware with newer, more capable microprocessor technology. New microprocessors, however, are not compatible with the older computer instruction set architectures. This generally requires the embedded software in these computers to be rewritten. A significant savings-estimated in the billions of dollars-could be achieved in these upgrades if the new computers could execute the old embedded code along with any new code to be added. This paper describes a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS)-based form, fit, function, and interface (F³I) replacement strategy for legacy avionics computers that can reuse existing avionics code “as is” while providing a flexible framework for incremental upgrades and managed change. It is based on a real-time embedded software technology that executes legacy binary code on the latest generation COTS microprocessors. This technology promises performance improvements of 5-10 times that of the legacy avionics computer that it replaces. It also promises a 4× decrease in cost and schedule over rewriting the code and provides a “known good” starting point for incremental upgrades of the embedded flight software. Code revalidation cost and risk are minimized since the structure of the embedded code is not changed, allowing the replacement computer to be retested at the “blackbox” level using existing qualification tests     

Managing change through roadmapping [changes in aviation electronics]

Presently the USAF is operating with 90 different Model Design Series (MDS) aircraft. The 90 MDS aircraft make up a total of 5778 airframes, each with a different number of Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) which make up the avionics systems. Some of the MDSs have as few as 53 avionics LRUs while others as many as 495. The total dollar value of the USAF aircraft avionics LRUs is approximately $42.4B and $30.68B in spares. Depot repairable cost to maintain these components each year is approximately $1.2B. Each MDS is assigned specific missions and the avionics systems are developed to support those missions. Due to the evolution of mission types and user needs, change is constant for the avionics manager.     

基于并行工程的航空嵌入式软件测试过程研究

航空嵌入式软件市场不断动荡与激烈竞争的局面对航空嵌入式软件测试提出了新的挑战,商业化的第三方软件测试面临着质量、进度、成本等问题,而良好的软件过程与持续的过程改进是解决这些问题的一个途径。从对并行工程的研究入手,将并行工程的方法运用到航空嵌入式软件测试实践中,寻求基于并行工程的航空嵌入式软件测试过程,用于解决以上问题。     

基于GSM技术的AICPS故障管理与容错机制的研究

给出了机载综合核心处理系统AICPS的软件结构和组成,采用基于TLS三层栈的先进的航电系统结构,其通用系统管理GSM分为健康监控、故障管理和配置管理三个软件功能模块,以及飞机级、综合区级、资源元素级共三级.基于GSM和运行蓝图,论述了AlCPS的故障管理技术和容错重构机制,重对故障处理的过程如故障检测、故障诊断、故障处理和配置管理进行了讨论.由于航空电子系统高安全、高可靠性等特点,作为提高可靠性的手段之一,研究故障管理与容错重构非常必要.     

软件复用在航空嵌入式软件测试中的应用研究

伴随航空嵌入式软件市场近些年不断动荡与激烈竞争的局面,商业化的第三方软件测试正面临质量、进度、开发效率等急待解决的问题,而软件复用技术是解决这些问题的有效手段。首先对软件复用的概念、理论和方法进行了论述,而后对航空嵌入式软件测试领域进行了深入分析,指出了其中复用的可行性。在此基础上,提出了面向航空嵌入式软件测试的过程复用、产品复用、测试程序产品线方法。最后,结合具体工程实践指出所提出方法在使用中的剪裁及推广。     

PAVE PACE: system avionics for the 21st century

The PAVE PACE Initiative has been established to validate system avionics concepts for advanced military aircraft. The author presents the rationale of why the advanced architecture established by the PAVE PILLAR program should be continued under PAVE PACE to achieve: practical and affordable airborne versions of modular parallel processing network architectures for many applications currently beyond real-time implementation, readily available avionics for use in all avionics and, greatly improved techniques to reduce the cost of software development and support. An approach to the overall design structure for future avionics is also presented that entails: the use of CAD (computer-aided design) tools to assist in the development of system, hardware and software requirements, the use of replicated hardware modules (some at the wafer level), the use of reuseable software modules and the use of CAD tools to tailor hardware/software modules for specific application requirements. Continued use of the PAVE PILLAR high-speed data bus and operating system is recommended as the means to integrate and control the data input and output of physically and functionally separate parallel networks     

Aging avionics: the problems and the challenges

Aging avionics have become a problem because aircraft are being kept in service far longer than the original plan. This paper discusses the four key problems of aging avionics: (1) determining the systems that are the high cost drivers in order to select those that should receive priority; (2) determining the requirements for the replacement; (3) identifying alternative technologies that will satisfy the requirements and are affordable; and (4) determining the funding required and acquiring the funding needed to replace the aging avionics. Challenges encountered in solving these problems include management and technical. The problem of aging avionics is not limited to a single aircraft, but occurs across all aircraft. Cost-effective modernization requires cutting horizontally across all aging aircraft, and coordination with the end users and the existing management structure. A key technical challenge is to select an architecture that is upgradeable since the funding limitations may ensure parts will become obsolete prior to the completion of a drawn-out production.     

Aging avionics and net-centric operations

The transformation to net-centric operations necessitates evaluation of existing avionics capabilities, identification of deficiencies of these avionics for net-centric operations, and evaluation of alternative avionics that can provide the needed capabilities. The Global Information Grid (GIG) enables net-centric operations. The purpose of the GIG is to provide end users real-time or near-real-time access to multiple information sources ranging from airborne/satellite/ground sensors (video imagery and processed visual information/data) to databases. The end users in an aircraft view and interact with this information through the human system interface (HSI) or "smart" displays. The information is transmitted across a Gigabit Ethernet on-board the aircraft that interfaces with multiple channels of a software programmable radio that acts as a hub in the GIG network, or on-board sensors and processors. This paper presents the mandated capabilities, and the processes involved in determination of upgrades needed to achieve net-centric operations.     

一种小型化高性能综合处理系统的设计与实现

针对直升机、无人机等中小型航空飞行器控制成本以数量取胜的要求以及重量、环境散热的限制,设计了一种用于中小型航空飞行器航空电子系统的小型化高性能综合处理系统。分析了中小航电系统处理需求,讨论了综合处理机系统硬件组成和软件配置,介绍了功能模块标准化设计、高密度低功耗设计以及多级容错设计等关键技术,实现了原型系统并获得了其性能测试结果。     

惯性导航系统仿真试验研究

惯性导航系统是通过测量加速度自动推算飞机速度和位置数据的自主式导航设备,其作用是保证飞机按预定的航线飞行,准确地抵达目的地。在航空电子设备试验中,采用惯导仿真器可以减少测试的复杂性,而且还能获得更好的动态效果。本文介绍了惯导系统功能控制逻辑和显示画面的验证方法,同时还介绍了仿真器的软件编制技术。     

基于机载多核弱序存储模型的共享内存驱动软件设计方法研究

随着航空电子系统承载的应用日趋复杂,飞机对机载计算机的计算力和功耗比要求不断提升,这也推动了嵌入式多核处理器的加速应用和普及。多核处理器在航空电子设备的深入应用,随之而来的是运行其上的软件复杂度急剧上升,面向应用的航电系统设计面临挑战。多核处理器平台由于需要面对并行、指令乱序、资源共享冲突等问题,而目前国内大多数机载嵌入式软件和驱动仍然是基于单核处理器设计和实现的,影响最大的是在机载嵌入式实时操作系统环境下的驱动软件,因此需要充分考虑多核带来的各方面影响,尤其是需要兼顾共享内存等资源的使用冲突和实时高效要求。本文结合机载航电多核处理平台的特点,提出了一种基于机载多核弱序存储模型的共享内存驱动软件设计方法,并基于该方法设计了FC 总线驱动和MBI 总线驱动,项目应用结果表明,设计的驱动程序在多核处理器平台上数据传输正确,验证了方法的正确性和有效性。     

航空装备的完整性

 简述完整性概念在航空装备上的应用情况,提出了航空装备完整性概念,并简介了航空装备的完整性原理,     

综合航电系统实时仿真测试技术研究

研究和建设飞机综合航电系统测试是飞机研制过程中非常重要的环节。通过介绍综合航电仿真系统的原理和功能,提出了一套综合航电系统半物理仿真测试闭环试验系统的建设方案。     

航空电子设备直接维修成本预计方法

直接维修成本(DMC)是衡量飞机维修经济性的关键指标。整架机的DMC可以分解为各部件的DMC。介绍了航空电子设备DMC分析和控制系统,阐述了国内航电设备供应商DMC预计方面的问题,针对经验数据匮乏的问题,根据产品可靠性、维修性参数,结合航电设备的特点,提出了一种航电设备DMC预计方法。实验证明,方法不依赖于经验数据,可以较准确的预测实际DMC,适用于DMC系统运行的早期阶段。