X-Ray Spectroscopy of Galaxy Clusters: Beyond the CIE Modeling

X-ray spectra of galaxy clusters are dominated by the thermal emission from the hot intracluster medium. In some cases, besides the thermal component, spectral models require additional components associated, e.g., with resonant scattering and charge exchange. The latter produces mostly underluminous fine spectral features. Detection of the extra components therefore requires high spectral resolution. The upcoming X-ray missions will provide such high resolution, and will allow spectroscopic diagnostics of clusters beyond the current simple thermal modeling. A representative science case is resonant scattering, which produces spectral distortions of the emission lines from the dominant thermal component. Accounting for the resonant scattering is essential for accurate abundance and gas motion measurements of the ICM. The high resolution spectroscopy might also reveal/corroborate a number of new spectral components, including the excitation by non-thermal electrons, the deviation from ionization equilibrium, and charge exchange from surface of cold gas clouds in clusters. Apart from detecting new features, future high resolution spectroscopy will also enable a much better measurement of the thermal component. Accurate atomic database and appropriate modeling of the thermal spectrum are therefore needed for interpreting the data.     

AD－200轻型飞机舱内噪声源传声途径识别

为使建立在双传声器互谱声强基础上的识别方法在飞机上应用,进行了模拟测量。分别以带号筒的扬声器和激振器模拟空气传声和结构传声。模拟测量结果表明：空气传声和结构传声平均声强级识别值的误差分别为１．７ｄＢ（Ａ）和０．４ｄＢ（Ａ）,满足工程应用要求。在此基础上,对ＡＤ－２００轻型飞机在发动机工作下进行了地面测量。结果表明机舱内噪声主要来自座舱后隔板的空气传声。     

Clutter Residues of a Coherent MTI Radar Receiver

In moving target indicator radar receivers a saturation is always present in the IF stages in order to compress the dynamic range of large clutter inputs. This nonlinearity greatly affects the performances of the cancelling circuits, because of the spreading of the spectra. A quantitative analysis of this effect has been conducted, with an analytical expression chosen for the limitation characteristic. A high degradation of both single-and double-canceller improvement factors has been obtained. Losses of 20 dB for the double canceller are not uncommon. Clutter residue levels at the receiver output have also been computed in order to see how the performance compares with ideal constant false alarm rate behavior.     

基于零点配置的分力合成主动振动抑制方法研究(英文)

The component synthesis active vibration suppression method （CSVS） can be applied to suppress the vibration of flexible systems. By this method, several same or similar time-varying components are arranged according to certain rules along the time axis. The synthesized command can suppress the arbitrary unwanted vibration harmonic while achieving the desired rigid body motion. The number of the components increases rapidly when the number of harmonic vibration is growing. In this article, the CSVS based on zero-placement technique is used to construct the synthesized command to suppress the multi-harmonics simultaneously in the discrete domain. The nature of zero-placement method is to put enough zeros to cancel system poles at necessary points. The designed synthesized command has equal time intervals between each component and which is much easier to be implemented. Using this method, the number of components increases linearly with the increasing of the number of being suppressed harmonics. For the spacecraft with flexible appendages, CSVS based on zero-placement is used to design the time optimal large angle maneuver control strategy. Simulations have verified the validity and superiority of the proposed approach.     

The Cluster Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) Experiment

The Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) experiment is one of five experiments which together comprise the Wave Experiment Consortium (WEC). STAFF consists of a three-axis search coil magnetometer to measure magnetic fluctuations at frequencies up to 4 kHz, and a spectrum analyser to calculate in near-real time aboard the spacecraft, the complete auto- and cross-spectral matrices using the three magnetic and two electric components of the electromagnetic field. The magnetic waveform at frequencies below either 10 Hz or 180 Hz is also transmitted. The sensitivity of the search coil is adapted to the phenomena theo be studied: the values 3 × 10^-3 nT Hz^-1/2 and 3 × 10^-5 nT Hz^-1/2 are achieved respectively at 1 Hz and 100 Hz. The dynamic range of the STAFF instruments is about 96 dB in both waveform and spectral power, so as to allow the study of waves near plasma boundaries. Scientific objectives of the STAFF investigations, particularly those requiring four point measurements, are discussed. Methods by which the wave data will be characterised are described with emphasis on those specific to four-point measurements, including the use of the Field Energy Distribution function.     

新型碳基复合吸波材料的制备及性能研究

在聚丙烯腈(PAN)聚合液中分别加入Fe,nano-Fe和FeC2O4.2H2O,经热处理后制备了三种新型的电磁损耗型碳基复合吸波材料.通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)对复合材料分别进行物相分析,三种复合材料中,Fe元素主要以Fe3O4的形式存在.根据所测得的介电常数和磁导率比较分析了三种碳基复合材料和纯碳材料的吸波性能,结果表明加入Fe和nano-Fe制备的碳基复合材料有效改善了纯碳材料的输入波阻抗匹配程度,提高了微波吸收性能.结果表明,加入Fe和nano-Fe制备的碳基复合材料,涂层厚度分别为1.9和2.2mm时,在12.7～ 18GHz频段内,反射损失值都小于- 10dB,有效吸收带宽为5.3GHz.涂层厚度均增至2.5mm,最小反射损失值分别达到- 46和- 29.8dB,有效改善了纯碳基体输入波阻抗匹配程度,提高了微波吸收性能.     

自适应消噪与轴承故障诊断

本文采用自适应消噪技术来提高轴承振动信号的信噪比,在常用的 LMS (widrow)算法的基础上,讨论收敛快而计算量增加又较少的 VS (Variable Step)算法,分析表明 VS算法较LMS算法更适于自适应消噪在机械故障诊断中的应用。对故障轴承的振动信号进行同态自适应消噪处理和异态自适应消噪处理,都有助于发现轴承的故障。      

A Matched-Filter Pulse-Compression System Using a Nonlinear FM Waveform

The realization of a rectangular pulse-compression waveform having low time sidelobes and zero mismatch loss due to spectral weighting is discussed. The theoretical aspects of the design of such a waveform are presented with particular reference to frequency modulated, rectangular pulses. The design and performance of a matched-filter pulse-compression system having essentially zero mismatch loss are presented. The system discussed has a time-bandwidth product of 22 and time sidelobes suppressed at least 27 dB; the measured mismatch loss is 0.1 dB. The difficulty of achieving the required nonlinear time delay dispersion is overcome by synthesizing the dispersive network as a cascade of all-pass networks.     

Solar Variability Over the Past Several Millennia

The Sun is the most important energy source for the Earth. Since the incoming solar radiation is not equally distributed and peaks at low latitudes the climate system is continuously transporting energy towards the polar regions. Any variability in the Sun-Earth system may ultimately cause a climate change. There are two main variability components that are related to the Sun. The first is due to changes in the orbital parameters of the Earth induced by the other planets. Their gravitational perturbations induce changes with characteristic time scales in the eccentricity (～100,000 years), the obliquity (angle between the equator and the orbital plane) (～40,000 years) and the precession of the Earth’s axis (～20,000 years). The second component is due to variability within the Sun. A variety of observational proxies reflecting different aspects of solar activity show similar features regarding periodic variability, trends and periods of very low solar activity (so-called grand minima) which seem to be positively correlated with the total and the spectral solar irradiance. The length of these records ranges from 25 years (solar irradiance) to 400 years (sunspots). In order to establish a quantitative relationship between solar variability and solar forcing it is necessary to extend the records of solar variability much further back in time and to identify the physical processes linking solar activity and total and spectral solar irradiance. The first step, the extension of solar variability, can be achieved by using cosmogenic radionuclides such as ¹⁰Be in ice cores. After removing the effect of the changing geomagnetic field, a 9000-year long record of solar modulation was obtained. Comparison with paleoclimatic data provides strong evidence for a causal relationship between solar variability and climate change. It will be the subject of the next step to investigate the underlying physical processes that link solar variability with the total and spectral solar irradiance.     

Gram-Schmidt forward-backward generalized sidelobe canceller

Addressed here is the the discrete-time and the continuous-time recursive least-squares (RLS) modified Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization (MGSO) algorithms for forward-backward (FB) generalized sidelobe cancelling (GSC) adaptive beamformers. The FB-GSC requires processing each input data twice, forward and conjugated backward, and hence its adaptation would require a rank-two update each time. This paper first derives a discrete-time rank-two-update RLS MGSO algorithm for this purpose. Then, by imposing the conjugate symmetry constraints, the backward data processing can be removed without any loss and the complex-valued algorithm can be further transformed into an equivalent real-valued algorithm Therefore, significant computation savings can be achieved. Also described here is the continuous-time RLS MGSO algorithms for the FB-GSC and the conjugate symmetric FB-GSC. Computer simulations of the FB-GSC and the forward-only GSC are presented     

直升机旋翼涂敷吸波材料减缩RCS试验研究

翼面类部件的RCS减缩始终是飞行器隐身研究的重要课题,在微波暗室对某直升机旋翼金属模型和涂敷吸波材料模型进行测试研究。在金属旋翼模型表面涂敷1 mm厚吸波材料,可以在8~18 GHz、HH极化下,将其RCS的峰值减缩5~8 dB,360°周向算术均值减缩约5 dB,充分利用了所用吸波材料平板试件法向减缩量8~11 dB...     

Cavity element for resonant micro optical gyroscope

Significant strides have been made towards a feasible resonant micro optic gyro (RMOG). Uniquely crucial components have been developed. Experimental measurements, when coupled with theoretical analysis predicts that 1 degree/hour performance can be achieved. Three critical elements required for the successful development have been demonstrated. A high quality trench waveguide has been designed, fabricated and demonstrated to have losses as little as 0.1 dB/cm. The waveguide has been demonstrated to have gain in the 4.0 dB/cm range. Finally, a waveguide laser has been fabricated and has shown nearly enough power to adequately drive an RMOG. Analysis of the measured performance predicts that a 1 degree/hour RMOG can be constructed. The small size and projected ruggedness of the RMOG will be advantageous in high G applications. Other applications, such as man portable guidance systems, where weight and size are critical, may also benefit from RMOG technology     

Impulsive Coupling Between the Atmosphere and Ionosphere/Magnetosphere

This review covers various aspects of the impulsive coupling in the ULF frequency range between atmospheric discharge processes and upper ionosphere. Characteristic feature of the upper ionosphere is the occurrence of the ionospheric Alfven resonator (IAR) and MHD waveguide, which can trap the electromagnetic wave energy in the range from fractions of Hz to few Hz. Induction magnetometer observations at mid-latitude stations are considered as an example of a transient ULF response to the regional and global lightning activity. For many events, besides the main impulse produced by a lightning discharge, a secondary impulse delayed about 1 sec was observed. These secondary echo-impulses are probably caused by the partial reflection of wave energy of the initial lightning pulse from the upper IAR boundary in the topside ionosphere. The multi-band spectral resonant structure (SRS) can be formed owing to the occurrence of paired pulses in analyzed time series. The statistical superposed epoch method indeed has revealed a dominance of two-pulse structure in the magnetic field background during the periods of the SRS occurrence. The numerical modeling shows that during the lightning discharge a coupled wave system comprising IAR and MHD waveguide is excited. In the lightning proximity (about few hundred km) the amplitudes of radial component is 1–2 orders less than those of the azimuthal component, and only the lowest IAR harmonics are revealed in the radial magnetic component. At distances ～10³?km the spectral power densities of both components are comparable, and the SRS is more pronounced. The problems and further prospects of the study of the impulsive magnetosphere–ionosphere–atmosphere coupling via transient processes during thunderstorms are discussed.     

An adaptive high power vector network analyzer for the tuning ofNDB transmitter antennas

Reliable impedance measurements of installed HF air navigation antennas are possible with an automatically adjusted high power analyzer using levels above 30 dBm to overcome external interference signals coupled from the environment. Even a bad mismatch of an unknown device cannot cause unpredictable results or test equipment failures if this straightforward method is applied. The proposed adaptive network analyzer covers frequencies between 100 kHz-50 MHz and regulates the test port power down to 10 dBm according to the return loss and, thus, reduces the risk of damage and, at the same time, improves resolution at the other end of the return loss scale above 25 dB. The rejection of the misleading effects of unwanted signals can be further improved by the built-in modulation     

不同插值方法对残缺环阵声源定位的影响

研究了利用不完整麦克风阵列进行声源定位的算法，通过修正傅里叶插值、B样条插值和三次样条插值对残缺麦克风阵列的交叉互谱矩阵的插值补偿，获得了声源定位算法。通过数值模拟对声源定位算法进行了验证，发现在波束形成的声源强度上，傅里叶插值模拟结果最大偏差达到5.21 dB,B样条插值为1.17 dB，三次样条插值为0.80 dB；在声源位置偏差上，傅里叶插值为0.04 m,B样条插值为0.01 m，三次样条插值为0.01 m。结果表明傅里叶插值计算得到的声源定位的强度、位置精度和动态性能最差，三次样条插值最优，B样条插值表现一般。实验验证也得出类似的结论，因此利用三次样条插值计算不完整麦克风阵列的交叉互谱矩阵最佳。     

Spectra and time variability of GX 5-1

From a short observation of GX 5-1 with EXOSAT we have derived information on spectral and temporal behaviour in the energy range 1–20 keV. The source was found to be variable on time scales from 10 s to 1 h. Describing the spectrum one is forced to assume at least two spectral components. The best fit is reached using a spectrum composed of two blackbody functions with typical temperatures 1 keV and 2 keV, corresponding to apparent blackbody radii of 43 km and 11 km, respectively (for a distance of 10 kpc). With respect to the hot component there is evidence for variability in temperature as well as in apparent blackbody radius. No periodic variability has been found over the period range 0.25 s to 2000 s. There is no evidence for an iron emission line.     

Measurements of L-band inland-water surface-clutter Doppler spectra

Although radar surface-clutter reflectivities from terrain are generally much greater than those from water, strong Bragg resonances at low but non-zero Doppler frequencies in backscatter from small inland bodies of water might potentially cause false alarms for moving target indicator (MTI) or other Doppler signal-processing techniques designed for target detection in ground clutter. To provide data for investigating this concern, measurements of L-band radar backscatter were recorded from the surface of a small inland freshwater reservoir in central Massachusetts. These measurements were of unusually high system stability and spectral purity so as to provide up to 80 dB of available spectral dynamic range. Strong Bragg spikes occurred in the clutter Doppler spectra from the reservoir at low (3 to 4 Hz) but non-zero Doppler frequencies. This strong Bragg resonance was persistent in time and space throughout the measurements. Spectral results are presented for all four combinations of linear polarization. Comparison with tree clutter spectral results indicates that, when an occasional water body comes under surveillance at vertical polarization in otherwise generally forested terrain, water clutter spectral density is expected to exceed surrounding-terrain tree clutter spectral densities in the Bragg-offset Doppler vicinity by large amounts     

UVCS/SOHO Observations of Spectral Line Profiles in Polar Coronal Holes

Ultraviolet emission line profiles have been measured on 15-29 September 1997 for H I 1216 Å, O VI 1032, 1037 Å and Mg X 625 Å in a polar coronal hole, at heliographic heights ? (in solar radii) between 1.34 and 2.0. Observations of H I 1216 Å and the O VI doublet from January 1997 for ? = 1.5 to 3.0 are provided for comparison. Mg X 625 Å is observed to have a narrow component at ? = 1.34 which accounts for only a small fraction of the observed spectral radiance, and a broad component that exists at all observed heights. The widths of O VI broad components are only slightly larger than those for H I at ? = 1.34, but are significantly larger at ? = 1.5 and much larger for ? > 1.75. In contrast, the Mg X values are less than those of H I up to 1.75 and then increase rapidly up to at least ? = 2.0, but never reach the values of O VI.     

基于周期FRFT的多分量LFMCW雷达信号分离

 多分量线性调频连续波(LFMCW)信号的截获和特征提取是雷达情报侦察的难点,为了实现对多分量LFMCW信号的快速检测和有效分离,提出了一种基于周期分数阶Fourier变换(PFRFT)的多分量LFMCW雷达信号分离新方法。首先介绍了PFRFT,分析了PFRFT和FRFT之间的关系,讨论了LFMCW信号的PFRFT特征。然后给出了一种离散PFRFT的计算方法,结合周期分数阶Fourier域(PFRFD)的窄带滤波和CLEAN算法实现了多分量LFMCW信号的分离。仿真结果表明:①PFRFT的计算效率较周期Wigner-Hough变换(PWHT)具有明显优势;②LFMCW信号分量在特定PFRFD中具有能量峰值,分离后能较好保留时频特征;③当两个LFMCW信号分量的功率相差较大时,适合在PFRFD分离,反之适合在时域分离;④当信噪比(SNR)为0 dB时,两个具有相同功率的LFMCW信号分量分离后,与初始信号分量的相关系数都达到了0.9以上。     

THE DIGITAL WAVE-PROCESSING EXPERIMENT ON CLUSTER

The wide variety of geophysical plasmas that will be investigated by the Cluster mission contain waves with a frequency range from DC to over 100 kHz with both magnetic and electric components. The characteristic duration of these waves extends from a few milliseconds to minutes and a dynamic range of over 90 dB is desired. All of these factors make it essential that the on-board control system for the Wave-Experiment Consortium (WEC) instruments be flexible so as to make effective use of the limited spacecraft resources of power and telemetry-information bandwidth. The Digital Wave Processing Experiment, (DWP), will be flown on Cluster satellites as a component of the WEC. DWP will coordinate WEC measurements as well as perform particle correlations in order to permit the direct study of wave/particle interactions. The DWP instrument employs a novel architecture based on the use of transputers with parallel processing and re-allocatable tasks to provide a high-reliability system. Members of the DWP team are also providing sophisticated electrical ground support equipment, for use during development and testing by the WEC. This is described further in Pedersen et al. (this issue).