Direct-Ranging Loran Model Identification and Performance Predictions

With the availability of modern data processing techniques and lowcost stable time references, the use of Loran in a direct-ranging mode offers certain potential advantages. In order to generate reliable direct-ranging Loran (DRL) performance projections and system designs, however, accurate system error models are required. This paper first describes the processing of airborne flight data from a DRL receiver to identify models for significant DRL system errors. These models are then used in a Kalman filter covariance simulation to generate performance predictions for an optimally integrated DRL system. Comparisons with conventional hyperbolic Loran are also given. DRL is shown to be capable of substantially improved position accuracy over that of conventional hyperbolic Loran, especially in regions of poor geometry. A stationary ground-align technique for improving DRL performance is also discussed.     

Adaptive Radar Beacon Forming

Propagation errors along paths between an array radar and a distribution of targets cause degradations in angle measurements and detection range. The overall objective of the research described in this paper was to analyze and demonstrate the use of conjugate reflections for compensating adverse effects of path errors. The effect of reflecting the conjugate of an incident wave is described mathematically and is demonstrated by computer simulation. Repeated conjugate reflections are shown to result in the formation of a single beam usually focussed on a target highlight. Echoes from this spatial reference, or "beacon" are shown to provide the means by which aperture phase errors may be effectively compensated. Results of radar simulations include two-way patterns computed for an example involving a distribution of three-point targets and half-wave-length Gaussian aperture errors. Without compensation a gain loss of 12 dB is computed; with error correction, based on echoes from an adaptively focussed beam, the two-way pattern is within a small fraction of a dB of the ideal pattern. The effect of noise on adaptive beacon forming was considered for a case involving one target. Repeated conjugate reflections improve signal-to-noise ratio as long as the effect of noise is less than the effect of aperture dephasing on the power reflected back to the target. An example is presented in which signal-to-noise ratio at the output of the receiver combining network is increased from 4 to 11.8 dB.     

The Effect of Multipath Reflections on Spaceborne Interferometer Accuracy

This paper presents a discussion of multipath disturbance of a satellite interferometer. A mathematical expression is developed, in which an upper bound of the error of the measured angle difference and position locations owing to multipath is expressed in terms of geometrical system parameters and the amplitude and phase of the multipath signal. Because diffuse reflection from a rough surface is predominant, the spectrum of multipath reflections is calculated. Multipath rejection by filtering is discussed, and curves for the position errors are presented.     

Reduction of Positional Estimate Errors in HF Hyperbolic Position-Fixing Systems

A simple ionospheric prediction model is employed to determine the reduction in the positional estimate errors in HF hyperbolic position-fixing systems provided by the use of the model. Quantitative results of positional estimate errors before and after the application of the model to experimental time-delay data are compared.     

Accuracy Limitations of Hyperbolic Multilateration Systems

A recently developed procedure [1] for assessing the accuracy of hyperbolic multilateration systems makes it easy to determine basic limitations on accuracy. This paper illustrates how such bounds can be derived. The results include bounds for a variety of geometries that are representative of practical ground-based and satellite-based hyperbolic systems. The results are applicable whenever the ranging errors can be treated as uncorrelated zeromean random variables. In some cases the bounds quantify general knowledge (e. g., the directional dependence of errors). In other cases the bounds represent entirely new limitations (e. g., optimum accuracies for sector-restricted and cone-restricted transmitter/receiver configurations).     

Prediction of Differential Time-e-Delay Errors in HF Hyperbolic Position-Fixing Systems

Differential time-delay errors in HF hyperbolic position-fixing systems arising from ionospheric propagation time delays are estimated by employing a propagation prediction model for several path-pairs. A comparison of the prediction model results with experimental observations indicates that the differential time-delay errors can be reduced significantly by the use of the prediction model.     

Bias compensation and tracking with monopulse radars in the presence of multi path

The problem of tracking targets in the presence of reflections from sea or ground is addressed. Both types of reflections (specular and diffuse) are considered. Specular reflection causes large peak errors followed by an approximately constant bias in the monopulse ratio, while diffuse reflection has random variations which on the average generate a bias in the monopulse ratio. Expressions for the average error (bias) in the monopulse ratio due to specular and diffuse reflections and the corresponding variance in the presence of noise in the radar channels are derived. A maximum maneuver-based filter and a multiple model estimator are used for tracking. Simulation results for five scenarios, typical of sea skimmers, with Swerling III fluctuating radar cross sections (RCSs) indicate the significance and efficiency of the technique developed in this paper-a 65% reduction of the rms error in the target height estimate.     

A New Approach to Geometry of Range Difference Location

Loran, as an example of a ?hyperbolic? range difference location system, provides hyperbolic lines of position on which the target must lie. It is shown in this paper that lines of position need not be hyperbolic, i.e., an exact straight line of position on the plane or the surface of a sphere (where the solution is a great circle) is derived and computer-generated error maps are given.     

Trigonometric Approximations for Bessel Functions

Bessel functions, used extensively in mathematical physics, electromagnetics, and communication-system theory, must often be approximated by appropriate formulas. The functions J?(x) and I?(x) for integer values of p are well approximated by the sum of a small number of circular and hyperbolic sines or cosines, respectively, when x is not too large, e.g., less than 10, and convenient expressions are obtained for their errors. These approximations are especially convenient for use on personal computers (PCs) and pocket calculators and in analytically evaluating integrals.     

SNR-based multipath error correction for GPS differential phase

Carrier phase multipath is currently the limiting error source for high precision Global Positioning System (GPS) applications such as attitude determination and short baseline surveying. Multipath is the corruption of the direct GPS signal by one or more signals reflected from the local surroundings. Multipath reflections affect both the carrier phase measured by the receiver and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A technique is described which uses the SNR information to correct multipath errors in differential phase observations. The potential of the technique to reduce multipath to almost the level of receiver noise was demonstrated in simulations. The effectiveness on real data was demonstrated with controlled static experiments. Small errors remained, predominantly from high frequency multipath. The low frequency multipath was virtually eliminated. The remaining high frequency receiver noise can be easily removed by smoothing or Kalman filtering     

Multipath Fluctuation Effects in Track-While-Scan Radar

A theoretical model of diffuse multipath reflections from rough surfaces is applied to the prediction of multipath power distribu tions in radar coordinates: elevation angle, time delay, and Dop pler frequency. These distributions are used to predict radar tracking errors in elevation angle, for both monopulse and scan ning antenna systems, and typical results are presented. These show a small increase in tracking error for scanning systems, on radially approaching targets, caused by sensitivity of these trackers to amplitude scintillation of the composite direct-plus multipath signal. Effects of knife-edge diffraction and of vegetation ion are briefly considered.     

一个基于通量分裂的高精度MmB差分格式

本文研究双曲型守恒律的高精度差分方法.在新的算法中,首先将计算区间划分为互不相交的小区间,再根据精度要求等分小区间;其次,根据流动方向进行通量分裂,重构小区间交界面上的正、负数值通量,并进行校正;然后,采用高阶Runge-Kutta TVD方法进行时间离散,构造了一维非线性双曲型守恒律方程的一个高精度、高分辨率的守恒型差分格式.推广到二维双曲型守恒律方程,证明了格式的MmB特性.进而推广到二维守恒型方程组情形.最后对二维Burgers方程及Euler方程进行了数值试验,数值结果令人满意.     

一种新的用于MHD方程逆风格式的Jacobian矩阵分裂方法

针对理想MHD方程,提出了一种新的基于MacCormack算法的雅可比矩阵分裂方法,克服了原有方法稳定性差的问题,并成功地应用于理想MHD方程的求解.控制方程在非结构混合网格上进行空间离散,其中对流项采用本文发展的逆风向量分裂格式,并引入了双曲型磁场散度清除技术,时间推进为显式5步龙格-库塔方法.对MHD激波管流动和带均匀磁场干扰的二维高超声速钝头体绕流流场进行了数值模拟,得到了与参考文献相吻合的数值结果,表明本文发展的数值分裂方法可以有效地捕捉MHD流场的流动特征,并且具有比MacCormack方法更高的稳定性和计算精度.     

补燃循环发动机强迫起动过程

以补燃循环液氧煤油发动机系统为研究对象,对其强迫起动特性进行了研究.建立了描述补燃循环发动机瞬变过程的数学模型,提出了求解推进剂供应管路瞬变流控制方程的Chebyshev伪谱方法.采用新的面向对象仿真语言Modelica,建立了可扩展的发动机仿真模型库,在MWorks平台上,利用模型库搭建了补燃循环液氧煤油发动机仿真模型.对发动机强迫起动过程进行了仿真计算,计算结果与试车数据基本相符,其中稳态相对误差小于4%,动态相对误差小于10%,初步验证了模型的正确性.进一步分析了火药起动器工作时间、阀门打开时序等因素对发动机起动过程的影响.结果表明,为保证该发动机可靠起动,发生器点火应在氧化剂头腔充填完成后,火药起动器工作时间应持续到发生器点火.      

基于星间激光测距的三星时差定位系统标校方法

利用精确的星间激光测距信息,提出了基于星间测距的三星时差定位系统标校方法。该方法消除了副星相对位置系统误差对定位精度的影响,同时提出了副星相对位置系统误差的解析解法,建立了模型误差和对副星相对位置系统误差进行估算的误差的定量关系,并证实了基于星间激光测距的标校方法可以在较大范围内提高定位精度。     

Strapdown inertial measurement units for motion compensation forsynthetic aperture radars

It is shown that synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) motion can be compensated by using an antenna-mounted strapdown inertial measurement unit (IMU) as the motion sensing system, but sensor and system errors affect SAR image quality. A strapdown IMU consists of three accelerator channels and three gyro channels. Strapdown IMU errors include gyro-scale and accelerometer-scale factor and bias errors, velocity error, platform tilt, and errors induced by limited inertial sensor bandwidth. The effects of these errors on the SAR image quality are presented in terms of the SAR impulse response. IMU errors that cause low-frequency phase errors (less than one cycle per array time) are categorized in terms of quadratic and cubic phase errors. IMU errors that cause high-frequency phase errors (greater than one cycle per array time) are categorized in terms of the integrated sidelobe ratio and peak sidelobe ratio. A motion compensation system conceptualization is described wherein a strapdown IMU is attached to an antenna and transfer-aligns to the aircraft's master navigator     

智能航迹推算系统的研究

提出了一种新模糊滤波法用于补偿磁罗盘测量值中的低频干扰。在此基础上 ,进一步提出了一种新的滤波方法 :模糊 -补偿滤波法 ,以消除磁罗盘测量值中各种干扰的影响。仿真表明 :在较长的时间内 ,采用模糊 -补偿滤波法的航迹推算系统的航向估值误差和位置误差均较小。     

基于参考站误差估计的GNSS区域增强技术

研究了应用于民航航路、铁路、内河水运等领域的分布式卫星导航区域增强系统的定位方法,分析了参考站误差、单参考站电离层和对流层误差,提出了一种基于参考站误差估计的多站差分GNSS区域增强技术。仿真结果表明,该方法可减小参考站误差对多站差分的影响,解决现有技术中单差分系统用户与地面站的距离增加定位误差增大的问题,并增加了定位精度,同时提高了系统的可靠性和覆盖效率。     

Filtering of discontinuous processes arising in marine integratednavigation systems

A refined stochastic model for the errors of the Loran-C radio navigation aid is described, and it is shown how this model can be used to improve the performance of integrated navigation systems. In addition to the usual propagation errors, Loran-C time of arrival measurements are occasionally plagued with sudden intermittent errors of a particular magnitude and caused by receiver cycle selection errors. These result in sudden large jumps in the calculated position solution. The Loran-C error has been modeled as the sum of a diffusion process, representing the normal propagating errors, and a pure jump process of Poisson type, representing the cycle selection errors. A simple integrated navigation system is then described, based on the Loran-C model and the standard dead reckoning (heading and speed) system model. Assuming that the observed process is governed by a linear stochastic difference equation, a recursive linear unbiased minimum variance filter is developed, from which the Loran-C and dead reckoning errors, and hence position and velocity, can be estimated     

北斗／罗兰-C组合定位技术

“北斗一号”是我国的卫星导航系统,其有源定位模式使其很难得到广泛应用。为此,提出了一种北斗／罗兰-C组合定位方案以实现无源定位。该方案利用“北斗一号”两颗卫星和地面罗兰-C台站获得的距离差信息实现双曲线相交定位。仿真结果表明,该方案的精度可以满足一般定位要求,具有较强的实用性。