变幅载荷对高温合金裂纹萌生及扩展寿命的影响

为了更好地分析航空发动机用高温合金裂纹萌生阶段的变幅载荷对高温材料的低周疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展寿命的影响,将低周疲劳的裂纹萌生过程视作损伤累积过程,基于连续损伤力学建立了低周疲劳损伤累积模型.结合室温下GQGH4169合金的裂纹扩展试验数据,通过有限元建模计算和数值分析方法确定了模型中具体的损伤参数数值,并对裂纹萌生寿命进行了预测.结果表明:该方法不但能准确地预测变幅加载下CT试样的裂纹萌生寿命,而且能很好地反映萌生阶段变幅载荷对裂纹扩展寿命的影响,而且降低了试验成本.     

A cost driven predictive maintenance policy for structural airframe maintenance

Airframe maintenance is traditionally performed at scheduled maintenance stops.The decision to repair a fuselage panel is based on a fixed crack size threshold,which allows to ensure the aircraft safety until the next scheduled maintenance stop.With progress in sensor technology and data processing techniques,structural health monitoring (SHM) systems are increasingly being considered in the aviation industry.SHM systems track the aircraft health state continuously,lead ing to the possibility of planning maintenance based on an actual state of aircraft rather than on a fixed schedule.This paper builds upon a model-based prognostics framework that the authors developed in their previous work,which couples the Extended Kalman filter (EKF) with a first order perturbation (FOP) method.By using the information given by this prognostics method,a novel cost driven predictive maintenance (CDPM) policy is proposed,which ensures the aircraft safety while minimizing the maintenance cost.The proposed policy is formally derived based on the trade-off between probabilities of occurrence of scheduled and unscheduled maintenance.A numerical case study simulating the maintenance process of an entire fleet of aircrafts is imple mented.Under the condition of assuring the same safety level,the CDPM is compared in terms of cost with two other maintenance policies:scheduled maintenance and threshold based SHM maintenance.The comparison results show CDPM could lead to significant cost savings.     

涡轮盘榫槽的损伤力学研究

本文运用损伤力学方法对涡轮盘试件榫槽在蠕变和疲劳交互作用下的裂纹起始寿命与裂纹扩展寿命进行了分析研究。榫槽的非线性损伤累积模型是由修正的Ｃｈａｂｏｃｈｅ′ｓ低循环疲劳损伤模型和改进的Ｋａｃｈａｎｏｖ′ｓ蠕变损伤模型综合形成的。在此基础上建立了疲劳和蠕变交互作用下裂纹扩展计算模型。从理论分析计算与试验结果的一致性,说明所建模型的正确性。采用损伤有限元素法,以有限元网格尺寸模拟损伤裂纹长度。从试件榫槽的裂纹扩展计算分析中,提出裂纹起始方向和裂纹扩展方向判断准则,并通过计算检验了此准则的正确性。文中所建立的基本理论,计算方法及结果分析在工程实际中具有一定使用价值。     

预估金属构件疲劳全寿命的损伤力学-有限元法

 引用损伤力学方法研究金属构件疲劳问题,建立了应力场-损伤场耦合基本方程与有限元素-附加载荷解法,并以损伤划分步长推导了构件疲劳裂纹形成与扩展寿命的预估公式。本文用以上方法预估2024与7075两种材料、多种几何参数含缺口板试件全寿命。结果表明,理论S-N曲线与实验S-N曲线吻合良好。本方法所需机时较少,可能用于工程实际。     

基于晶体塑性的涡轮盘短裂纹扩展模拟方法

针对低周疲劳载荷下发动机涡轮盘早期短裂纹扩展行为,提出适用于工程结构的耦合晶体塑性（CP）理论和扩展有限元方法（XFEM）的多晶短裂纹模拟方法。该方法采用晶体内总累积分解切应变作为裂纹扩展判据并使裂纹沿最活跃滑移系对应的滑移平面传播。框架采用子模型技术/分区域网格细化以及宏-介观本构结合的方法解决真实工程结构和微观模型尺度不匹配的问题,在可接受的计算代价下预测了涡轮盘危险截面处的短裂纹扩展路径及速率。结果表明该结构内早期裂纹生长路径及速率受到晶体取向的影响而出现较大分散性,同时验证了基于CP-XFEM的框架在预测工程结构短裂纹扩展寿命及分散性上的可行性。      

轴对称构件疲劳寿命预测的损伤力学-附加载荷-有限元法

 提出了一种实用有效的弹塑性损伤应力 -应变本构方程与损伤演化方程。针对中高周疲劳问题,发展了轴对称疲劳寿命预测的损伤力学 -附加载荷 -有限元法计算格式。通过引入塑性附加载荷,考虑了构件应力集中区域塑性变形对构件疲劳寿命的影响。预估了30 Cr Mn Si Ni2A材料含沟槽轴对称试件的疲劳裂纹形成寿命,并分析了疲劳裂纹的扩展情况。疲劳寿命理论预测结果与实验结果吻合良好。     

Probabilistic inference of fatigue damage propagation with limited and partial information

A general method of probabilistic fatigue damage prognostics using limited and partial information is developed.Limited and partial information refers to measurable data that are not enough or cannot directly be used to statistically identify model parameter using traditional regression analysis.In the proposed method, the prior probability distribution of model parameters is derived based on the principle of maximum entropy(Max Ent) using the limited and partial information as constraints.The posterior distribution is formulated using the principle of maximum relative entropy(MRE) to perform probability updating when new information is available and reduces uncertainty in prognosis results.It is shown that the posterior distribution is equivalent to a Bayesian posterior when the new information used for updating is point measurements.A numerical quadrature interpolating method is used to calculate the asymptotic approximation for the prior distribution.Once the prior is obtained, subsequent measurement data are used to perform updating using Markov chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) simulations.Fatigue crack prognosis problems with experimental data are presented for demonstration and validation.     

A new method to predict fatigue crack growth rate of materials based on average cyclic plasticity strain damage accumulation

By introducing a fatigue blunting factor, the cyclic elasto-plastic Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren (HRR) field near the crack tip under the cyclic loading is modified. And, an average damage per loading-cycle in the cyclic plastic deformation region is defined due to Manson-Coffin law. Then, according to the linear damage accumulation theory-Miner law, a new model for predicting the fatigue crack growth (FCG) of the opening mode crack based on the low cycle fatigue (LCF) damage is set up. The step length of crack propagation is assumed to be the size of cyclic plastic zone. It is clear that every parameter of the new model has clearly physical meaning which does not need any human debugging. Based on the LCF test data, the FCG predictions given by the new model are consistent with the FCG test results of Cr2Ni2MoV and X12CrMoWVNbN 10-1-1. What’s more, referring to the relative researches, the good predictability of the new model is also proved on six kinds of materials.     

一种直升机尾传动轴抗弹击损伤容限分析方法

为保障直升机被弹击后仍具备充足时间供直升机安全降落,亟需对弹击后传动轴进行损伤容限设计,确保其被击中后仍拥有足够的剩余疲劳寿命.本文提出了一种直升机尾传动轴抗弹击损伤容限分析方法,可有效预测弹击损伤后的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命.采用该方法对尾传动轴进行弹击动力学仿真分析;其次,发展一种非标准断裂韧度测试方法以获取尾传动轴的断裂...     

铁磁构件残余寿命评估方法

 为研究磁记忆检测技术评估铁磁材料早期损伤的可行性,以磁记忆检测技术为手段,对40Cr钢三点弯曲SE(B)试样进行了常温疲劳裂纹扩展试验,分别测量了试样在相同载荷条件下不同循环周次N时的磁场数据。定义了一种新的磁记忆特征参量,分析并探讨了疲劳裂纹扩展过程中该特征参量的阶段性特征,结果表明该特征参量较传统的磁记忆特征参量变化明显。通过分析磁记忆信号与裂纹扩展寿命、累积疲劳损伤之间的关系,建立了基于磁记忆信号的损伤参量模型,利用该模型可以很好地评估材料的残余寿命,可为磁记忆检测技术在铁磁性材料早期损伤以及残余寿命评估方面的应用提供借鉴作用。     

基于光纤光栅变形光谱的疲劳裂纹扩展监测方法

为研究金属疲劳裂纹扩展的在线监测技术,基于改进传输矩阵的光谱模拟方法,建立反映光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）光谱变形机理的裂纹扩展在线监测方法。研制了疲劳裂纹扩展在线监测系统平台,提出基于平移不变量小波法的试验光谱去噪方法,解决试验光谱信号中非连续与快速变化点难以平滑的问题;提出仅与裂纹扩展状态相关的FBG光谱面积参数,克服了光谱中心波长、光谱带宽等传统特征参数仅适用于恒定外载与恒定温度或对裂纹不敏感的局限性,给出基于光谱面积曲线拐点的裂纹扩展状态判定依据。     

Quadratic extended Kalman filter approach for GPS/INS integration

GPS/INS integration system has been widely applied for navigation due to their complementary characteristics. And the tightly coupled integration approach has the advantage over the loosely coupled approach by using the raw GPS measurements, but hence introduces the nonlinearity into the measurement equation of the Kalman filter. So the typical method for navigation using measurements of range or pseudorange is by linearizing the measurements in an extended Kalman filter (EKF). However, the modeling errors of the EKF will cause the bias and divergence problems especially under the situation that the low quality inertial devices are included. To solve this problem, a quadratic EKF approach by adding the second-order derivative information to retain some nonlinearities is proposed in this paper. Simulation results indicate that the nonlinear terms included in the filtering process have the great influence on the performance of integration, especially in the case that the low quality INS is used in the integrated system. Furthermore, a two-stage cascaded estimation method is used, which circumvents the difficulty of solving nonlinear equations and greatly decreases the computational complexity of the proposed approach, so the quadratic EKF approach proposed in this paper is of great value in practice.     

随机谱下裂纹扩展统计模型

结合断裂力学及概率随机过程理论,应用概率断裂力学方法研究随机谱下裂纹扩展的随机性。提出一种裂纹扩展统计模型预测裂纹随机扩展的统计分布特性。预测结果与大子样随机谱下裂纹扩展试验结果吻合良好。     

考虑应力比的疲劳裂纹扩展概率模型

考虑到应力比对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响及裂纹扩展的分散性,在Paris公式基础上,提出了一种考虑应力比的疲劳裂纹扩展概率模型;运用非线性函数线性化原理给出概率模型参数的求解方法;通过该概率模型和曲面,可从宏观上把握应力比对裂纹扩展的影响规律及得到任意应力比下的概率疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线;对30CrMnSiNi2A钢试验数据的处理及分析验证了该模型的有效性和实用性.      

复合材料单搭胶接接头静力与疲劳裂纹扩展研究

胶层裂纹是复合材料胶接接头的常见损伤形式之一,严重影响复合材料结构的完整性。以胶接结构中常见的复合材料单搭胶接接头为研究对象,建立其三维数值模型,采用双线性内聚力本构关系表征静态裂纹扩展,并将静态模型扩展至疲劳裂纹扩展模型;结合静力与疲劳试验,对单搭胶接接头的应力应变分布规律、裂纹扩展与破坏机理展开研究。结果表明：单搭胶接接头在静力和疲劳载荷下,由于偏心拉伸应变呈非线性变化,搭接区域两端由于应力集中首先出现裂纹,由两端向中央区域扩展并迅速贯穿整个搭接区域,静力失效模式为内聚破坏,疲劳断面为界面脱胶。     

组织类型对钛合金损伤容限性能的影响及电镜原位观察

采用扫描电镜(SEM)原位拉伸、原位疲劳方法研究TA15钛合金三种类型组织的裂纹尖端形状和疲劳裂纹扩展速率及扩展过程,并与宏观力学性能对比.结果表明,片状组织由于裂尖钝化、裂纹扩展路径曲折及分枝,损伤容限性能比等轴、双态组织好,即断裂韧性最高,疲劳裂纹扩展速率最低.     

复合加载下加劲板疲劳裂纹扩展研究

本文以含倾斜裂纹平板和加劲板为实验模型,进行了平板和加劲板Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹疲劳扩展实验。本文提出了复合型加劲板应力强度因子的工程算法,并利用S法和应变准则进行寿命估算,对扩展路径以及线切割预制和疲劳预制裂纹的异同进行了讨论。 实验与计算的结果表明,本文提出的复合型加劲板应力强度因子算法是一种较好的工程算法,应变准则应用于疲劳问题以估算寿命,其结果相当令人满意。     

某机平尾大轴断裂损伤容限评定分析

根据某机平尾大轴在做疲劳试验时突然发生完全断裂,究其原因进行了损伤容限评定分析,并得出了分析结论:由于管壁腐蚀穿透裂纹已大于疲劳载荷谱工作应力所对应的临界裂纹长度,因此裂纹产生了不稳定扩展,换句话说,也就是疲劳载荷谱工作应力已大于腐蚀裂纹长度所对应的剩余强度要求值,因此导致了该大轴突然发生快速断裂。     

基于多传感器的裂纹扩展监测研究

疲劳裂纹扩展是结构健康监测的主要问题之一，为了保证金属结构的可靠和安全运行，实时监测结构的疲劳裂纹扩展过程十分必要。针对结构裂纹扩展的问题，采用压电传感器（PZT）和电阻应变片两种传感器，提出结合能够连续监测结构损伤的被动监测方法以及对微小损伤敏感的主动监测方法对裂纹扩展进行综合监测，以提高裂纹扩展的监测水平。采用随机森林算法对裂纹长度进行识别，并使用D-S证据理论对两种传感器的识别结果进行数据融合，得到比单一传感器更准确、可靠的裂纹扩展识别结果。进行了基于应变和主动Lamb波的裂纹扩展监测实验研究，验证了该方法对提高裂纹扩展监测识别准确率的有效性和实用性。     

In-situ observation and finite element analysis of fretting fatigue crack propagation behavior in 1045 steel

In this paper fretting fatigue crack behavior in 1045 steel is studied by in-situ observation and finite element analysis. in-situ fretting fatigue experiments are conducted to capture real-time fretting fatigue crack formation and propagation process. The fretting fatigue tests under different load conditions are carried out, then the lifetime and fracture surface are obtained. The crack propagation rates under different loading conditions are measured by in-situ observations. With in-situ observation, crack initiation location and direction are analyzed. Finite element model is used to calculate J-integral which then is applied to fitting with experimental crack growth rate, and establishing crack growth rate model. From fitted S-N curve, it turns out that smaller load ratio leads to higher lifetime. Crack initiates slightly below the point equivalent to line contact of the contact surface in different test conditions, and crack direction shows no obvious relationship with load parameters. The established crack growth rate model well agrees with the test results.