HD 190918: Arbiter between models for Wolf-Rayet stars

New orbital elements for the 112.4 day WN4.5+O9.5Ia spectroscopic binary HD 190918 are presented. Solutions consistent with the O star being a main sequence star or a supergiant are obtained wheni=25° or 20°, respectively. We predict the X-ray flux to be expected from this system and note how an observation of the X-ray flux from HD 190918 would help one to choose the most probable value of the inclination.     

Magnetic activity in cool stars

Aspects of magnetic activity of late-type stars are reviewed: first, results obtained through the comparison of emissions from various temperature regimes in the outer atmospheres of cool stars, then results from stellar soft X-ray spectroscopy. Spectra obtained with different instruments (Imaging Proportional Counter and Solid State Spectrometer onboard the EINSTEIN Satellite, and the Objective Grating Instruments onboard EINSTEIN and EXOSAT) are interpreted through fits with model spectra consisting of one or two temperature components. Particular attention is given to the analysis of EXOSAT spectra of Procyon, Capella, and ² CrB. Finally various relations between rotation and different measures of activity are compared. The effective X-ray temperature, derived from single-temperature fits to soft X-ray IPC spectra, is shown to play a part in the relation between activity and rotation.     

Review of energetic (> 20 ke V) bremsstrahlung X-ray measurements from satellites

Worldwide maps of electron precipitation into the atmosphere can be obtained remotely with a unique separation of spatial and temporal variations by sensing from a satellite the bremsstrahlung X-rays produced in the atmosphere by the incident electrons. From X-ray measurements electron fluxes and energy spectra can be derived over a broad range of energies under both daytime and nighttime conditions. The technique was first demonstrated in 1972 and has now been used sucessfully in several programs. The most continuous and widespread coverage can clearly be achieved from high altitudes, but even at only a few hundred kilometers it has been possible to obtain mappings over a wide area since bremsstrahlung X-ray fluxes are often rather steady in time during the few minute duration of a low altitude satellite pass over the polar region. The satellite bremsstrahlung data already acquired have provided information on the long term morphology of the total fluxes and energy spectra of bremsstrahlung X-rays emitted from a large area and have shown that pronounced longitude structure commonly occurs in the X-ray emissions. The data have tended to be complementary in nature to that obtained by the more well established technique of measuring bremsstrahlung X-rays from balloons, whereby time variations can be studied in detail with more limited geographic coverage. From balloons it is known that the X-rays show a variety of time variations, but many of the faster microburst type phenomena have yet to be observed from satellites. The present status of satellite bremsstrahlung X-ray measurements is reviewed here, some of the key results summarized and suggestions made for future improvements in instrumentation. The review is limited to X-rays > 20 ke V and therefore to the associated precipitation of only the more energetic electrons.     

CLF-1钢X数字射线照相等效系数的确定

针对聚变堆结构材料拟采用的新材料CLF-1(low-activated ferritic/martensitic steel)钢在进行射线检测过程中没有特定标准参考的问题,采用等效法在相同透照条件开展了不同厚度CLF-1钢和Q235钢的X数字射线等效透照实验研究。基于相同成像条件下两种材料对应的X射线图像具有相同灰度即透照系数相同,通过对比拥有相同图像灰度值的两种材料的厚度,得出CLF-1钢对应于Q235钢的等效透照系数。试验设计了4~20 mm,递增0.5 mm的阶梯厚度的CLF-1钢和Q235钢在100~400 kV(递增50 kV)管电压条件下进行了透照实验,获得了对应电压下CLF-1钢相对于Q235钢的X射线透照等效系数为1.10~1.13。该研究结果对CLF-1钢在进行X射线检测时的检测技术参数的确定具有指导意义。     

The periodic X-ray transient A0538-66 and its optical counterpart

The long term light curve of the optical counterpart of A0538-66 is discussed, and a revised estimate for the period obtained. Observations of the optical spectrum during outburst and preliminary results from Einstein observations of two recent X-ray flares are presented.     

Galaxy Clusters as Probes for Matter in the Universe

Galaxy clusters are ideal tracers of the large-scale structure and evolution of the universe. They are thus good probes for the matter content of the universe, the existence of dark matter, and for the statistics of the large-scale structure of the matter distribution. X-ray observations provide a very effective tool to characterize individual galaxy clusters as well as the cluster population. With the detailed analysis of X-ray observations of galaxy clusters the matter composition of clusters is obtained which can be taken as representative of the matter composition of the universe. Based on galaxy cluster surveys in X-rays a census of the galaxy cluster population and statistical measures of the spatial distribution of clusters is obtained. Comparison of the results with predictions from cosmological models yields interesting cosmological model constraints and in particular favours a low density universe.     

热障涂层喷涂质量微焦点CT检测

采用微焦点X射线源对热障涂层样品进行了高分辨率X射线成像研究,采用多尺度对比度增强算法提高了热障涂层与基体之间的对比度.X射线图像显示热障涂层各处厚度差异较大,热障涂层内部可能存在大量孔隙.通过微焦点计算机层析成像(CT)对样品进行了高分辨率CT扫描与重建,得到了样品的CT重建图像.从热障涂层CT图像观察到热障涂层内部存在大量孔隙,且不同层孔隙尺寸、数量不同.结合3个坐标方向的切片图像分析了热障涂层深度方向的热障涂层厚度,得到了热障涂层厚度的二维分布,测量得到热障涂层平均厚度约为40μm.对沿热障涂层深度方向850~1131层切片图像,利用可视化软件VGstudio MAX得到了热障涂层内部孔隙三维分布.研究结果表明:微焦点CT可用于热障涂层制备工艺质量检测.      

LHG 83: Another outstanding X-ray binary in the LMC

The strongest X-ray point source, LHG 83, discovered in the EINSTEIN survey of the LMC and not being associated with a nearby coronal type stellar emitter or background AGN is identified with a faint blue variable object. Spectrophotometry reveals low mass X-ray binary characteristics at a mean velocity consistent with LMC membership. The He II 4686 emission exhibits a unique blue shifted component suggesting outflow velocities of several thousand km/s. Optical brightness changes by 0.3 mag in less than one hour are likely to be intrinsic to the source rather than induced by orbital motion. The low X-ray to optical flux ratio is probably due to the fact that the central X-ray source is blocked from direct view by the accretion disk.Based on observations obtained at ESO, La Silla, Chile     

X-ray emission from isolated hot white dwarfs

Hot white dwarfs are objects that copiously emit in the Extreme Ultraviolet and soft X-ray range. They are the brightest sources seen in the Low Energy Telescope of EXOSAT, with countrates up to 25 cnts/s. in contrast to their optical and UV spectrum the total flux and spectral distribution at soft X-ray energies are highly sensitive to the effective temperature, structure and elemental composition of the dwarf's atmosphere. The imaging soft X-ray experiments onboard EXOSAT cover with large sensitivity the spectral region where the peak of emission of hot white dwarfs is expected to occur.I here review some of the (preliminary) results obtained so far with broadband X-ray photometry on a dozen or so white dwarfs, and some of the high-resolution spectra obtained for three white dwarfs with the grating spectrometers.     

飞机结构X射线裂纹图像智能评定

飞机结构X 射线图像评定过程存在复杂背景下裂纹分割不准、检出难等问题。基于高效层聚合网络提出一种飞机结构X 射线裂纹图像智能评定模型（ELAN-Seg）,将ELAN-Seg 模型和DeepLabv3+模型的射线图像裂纹分割能力进行对比,结合图像处理技术对模型分割的裂纹长度进行评估,利用飞机强度试验及外场维护过程采集的X 射线图像对模型进行验证。结果表明：分割的最小裂纹长度约为3 mm,ELAN-Seg 模型对复杂背景射线图像裂纹分割更加准确,裂纹漏检率小于3.8%,该模型具有工程适用性。     

An IR,optical and X-ray study of the two state behaviour of GX 339-4

We review results of correlated IR, optical and X-ray observations of GX 339-4 made from March 1981 through May 1984. In the soft X-ray state, the object does not show outstanding optical and X-ray variability. Night-to-night smooth optical variations of 0.3 magnitudes were however present during one observing run. In contrast, the hard X-ray state is characterised by strong erratic optical and X-ray fluctuations on time scales from 20 milliseconds to seconds, as well as 7 to 20 second quasi-periodic oscillations. The optical counterpart appears much redder in the IR during the hard state. Particular attention is drawn to the hard to soft X-ray transition which occured in June 1981. The shape of the IR to X-ray energy distribution is discussed. The unusual features of this black hole candidate are examined in the framework of the current theories of accretion.Based partly on observations obtained at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.     

Magnetic energy release near accreting black holes

The observed non-thermal emission from accreting compact objects is often understood in terms of the expected magnetic activity of accretion disks. This review discusses the constraints on this view point that can be obtained from, principally, the X-ray spectra and the X-ray variability of black hole candidates.Furthermore, the traditional view of an accretion disk corona, put forward as the source of the non-thermal emission, analogous to the solar corona is shown to be wrong on a few important points. Firstly, the density in the equilibrium accretion disk corona is extremely low. A reasonable plasma density is retained by pair production processes similar to those existing in the pulsar magnetosphere. Secondly, the dominant resistivity in the accretion the disk on the current carrying electrons.     

Soft X-ray observations of helmet structures from SXT/Yohkoh

We present soft X-ray observations of helmet structures in solar active regions obtained from SXT/Yohkoh. These helmet structures are observed to form in the flare decay phase and to be associated with active region loop interactions. Their morphology is similar to the much larger scale helmet streamers that appear in the outer corona as shown in optical images of solar eclipse. The observed X-ray helmet structures appear to be in quasi-equilibrium with lifetimes greater than the MHD time scale. Using the filter ratio method for the X-ray observations, we find that the cusp region has lower temperature and higher density than that in the stalk region above it. The plasma pressure in the cusp region is about the same or slightly higher than that in the stalk region.     

EXOSAT observations of M dwarfs

We give a progress report of our EXOSAT observations of active M dwarfs. The possibilities of filter spectroscopy of coronal X-ray sources using the available CMA filters are discussed, and we confirm that M dwarfs are rather hot coronal sources with X-ray temperatures in excess of 10⁷ K, a result previously obtained with the Einstein Observatory.     

X 射线衍射全谱拟合定量分析方法研究

利用X射线衍射仪对不同配比的Si和TiO2样品进行分析,通过三种定量分析方法(峰高法、积分强度法、全谱结构拟合法)进行计算,并进行误差分析。结果表明:三种定量分析方法中,全谱结构拟合法最优,相对误差为±2%(n=3),误差最小。X射线衍射全谱拟合法是一种精确,快速的定量方法。     

Ultraviolet and optical observations of HDE 245770/ A 0535+26 system during an X-ray flare

We present high and low dispersion UV spectra of HDE 245770, which is the optical counterpart of the recurrent transient X-ray pulsar A 0535+26,during a decay of an X-ray flare. UBV photometric measurements and medium dispersion optical spectra were simultaneously obtained.The energy distribution of the star in the 12 – 10 micron range is compared with the models of Kurucz and Poeckert and Marlborough.In this phase, HDE 245770 does not show evaluable variations with respect to the quiescent X-ray phase.     

CCD photometry of low mass X-ray binaries: LMCX-2, 1556-60 and 1957+11

We present preliminary results from V-band CCD photometric observations of several low-mass X-ray binaries with faint optical counterparts obtained at ESO and CFHT from February to September 1984. LMCX-2 exhibits large (0.3–0.5 magnitude) variations consistent with a possible 6.4 hour period. 1556-605 shows 0.2–0.5 magnitude variations suggesting that the orbital period is longer than 7 hours. 1957+115 shows short time scale (1 hour) variations of 0.1 magnitude.Based on observations obtained at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile and with the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope, Mauna Kea, HI.     

The crab-like supernova remnants

About twenty galactic supernova remnants contain, or are suspected to contain, internal neutron stars. These are observed as pulsing sources or through radiation from surrounding synchrotron nebulae. The Crab Nebula is the most famous example. Similar, but less luminous, nebulae have been identified through radio and X-ray morphology and spectra. This review emphasizes the X-ray observations and is based on images obtained with the Einstein Observatory. These images are illustrated for most remnants and some have not been published previously.There is a great variety of observed characteristics. A typical SNR in this class appears as a patchy shell of hot gas with a contribution from an energetic pulsar at the center. Both the luminosity of the shell and the luminosity powered by the pulsar can vary over a wide range. Remnants reviewed range from the Crab, in which the pulsar-powered component is overwhelming, to RCW 103, in which a central object is marginally observed through a bright shell.     

酚醛树脂固化度的X射线衍射分析

发展使用Ｘ射线衍技术对酚醛树脂固化度进行研究，确定了酚醛树脂固化度与Ｘ射线散射最大值的 关系，得出了利用２θ角来标定树脂固化度的公式。该方法具有快速、无损、灵敏度主同的优点，并可适用于各种不同的酚醛树脂。