美国载人航天安全要求和管理

安全问题对载人航天的成败至关重要.文章介绍了美国NASA在载人航天安全管理方面的有关标准和管理文件.文章也不排斥人的安全意识对载人航天的安全十分关键.     

Space life and biomedical sciences in support of the global exploration roadmap and societal development

The human exploration of space is pushing the boundaries of what is technically feasible. The space industry is preparing for the New Space era, the momentum for which will emanate from the commercial human spaceflight sector, and will be buttressed by international solar system exploration endeavours. With many distinctive technical challenges to be overcome, human spaceflight requires that numerous biological and physical systems be examined under exceptional circumstances for progress to be made. To effectively tackle such an undertaking significant intra- and international coordination and collaboration is required. Space life and biomedical science research and development (R & D) will support the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) by enabling humans to ‘endure’ the extreme activity that is long duration human spaceflight. In so doing the field will discover solutions to some of our most difficult human health issues, and as a consequence benefit society as a whole. This space-specific R&D will drive a significant amount of terrestrial biomedical research and as a result the international community will not only gain benefits in the form of improved healthcare in space and on Earth, but also through the growth of its science base and industry.     

Redefining safety in commercial space: Understanding debates over the safety of private human spaceflight initiatives in the United States

In 2009 President Obama proposed a budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that canceled the Constellation program and included the development of commercial crew transportation systems into low Earth orbit. This significant move to shift human spaceflight into the private sector sparked political debate, but much of the discourse has focused on impacts to “safety.” Although no one disputes the importance of keeping astronauts safe, strategies for defining safety reveal contrasting visions for the space program and opposing values regarding the privatization of U.S. space exploration. In other words, the debate over commercial control has largely become encoded in arguments over safety. Specifically, proponents of using commercial options for transporting astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) argue that commercial vehicles would be safe for astronauts, while proponents of NASA control argue that commercial vehicles would be unsafe, or at least not as safe as NASA vehicles. The cost of the spaceflight program, the technical requirements for designing a vehicle, the track record of the launch vehicle, and the experience of the launch provider are all incorporated into what defines safety in human spaceflight. This paper analyzes these contested criteria through conceptual lenses provided by fields of science and technology policy (STP) and science, technology, and society (STS). We ultimately contend that these differences in definition result not merely from ambiguous understandings of safety, but from intentional and strategic choices guided by normative positions on the commercialization of human spaceflight. The debate over safety is better considered a proxy debate for the partisan preferences embedded within the dispute over public or private spaceflight.     

一种载人航天概率风险评价数据选用与分析方法

概率风险评价(PRA)方法是一项成熟的量化风险评估技术,而可靠性相关数据不足,制约着该方法在国内载人航天领域的应用。针对这一问题,结合NASA的PRA工作经验,提出了一种适合国内载人航天PRA数据选用与分析的方法,综合运用产品的通用数据与特定数据,采用贝叶斯等数据融合方法,对产品进行量化评价。通过航天典型产品案例,与经典评估方法进行对比分析,结果表明,此方法更能反映产品的失效特性。文章提出的方法,可用于载人航天等具有小子样特征的产品PRA数据的选用与分析,为我国载人航天开展PRA工作提供参考。     

载人航天过程中人的可靠性研究

从失误分析、理论研究及可靠性预测三方面详细分析了人的可靠性研究现状 ,在此基础上 ,指出其未来主要的发展方向与手段。最后 ,认为必须从人、机、环境三个方面进行综合考虑来提高航天员的可靠性。     

Human spaceflight and an asteroid redirect mission: Why?

The planning of human spaceflight programmes is an exercise in careful rationing of a scarce and expensive resource. Current NASA plans are to develop the new capability for human-rated launch into space to replace the Space Transportation System (STS), more commonly known as the Space Shuttle, combined with a heavy lift capability, and followed by an eventual Mars mission. As an intermediate step towards Mars, NASA proposes to venture beyond Low Earth Orbit to cis-lunar space to visit a small asteroid which will be captured and moved to lunar orbit by a separate robotic mission. The rationale for this and how to garner support from the scientific community for such an asteroid mission are discussed. Key points that emerge are that a programme usually has greater legitimacy when it emerges from public debate, mostly via a Presidential Commission, a report by the National Research Council or a Decadal Review of science goals etc. Also, human spaceflight missions need to have support from a wide range of interested communities. Accordingly, an outline scientific case for a human visit to an asteroid is made. Further, it is argued here that the scientific interest in an asteroid mission needs to be included early in the planning stages, so that the appropriate capabilities (here the need for drilling cores and carrying equipment to, and returning samples from, the asteroid) can be included.     

美国载人航天商业运输的发展

研究了美国载人航天商业运输的发展现状和趋势。美国在取消星座计划之后,实施商业乘员和货物项目,将依靠商业运输器实现＂国际空间站＂的乘员和货物运输,以缩短＂后航天飞机＂时代（航天飞机退役后）运输的断档期。美国商业乘员和货物项目包括商业轨道运输服务（COTS）计划、商业再补给服务（CRS）计划和商业乘员开发（CCDev）计划...     

Mission success regulations,their effect on ELV launch success and the applicability to regulating commercial human spaceflight

As the human spaceflight industry grows the agencies charged with regulating that industry meet significant challenges. An improvement in launch success would improve the safety for the crew and passengers of a commercial human spaceflight. With respect to ELV launches, NASA's regulations over civil launches are mission success oriented while commercial launches regulated by the FAA-AST, the agency that will also be charged with human spaceflight, takes a more public safety oriented stance. A comparison of the launch success between civil and commercial launches is used to inform the decision on whether or not mission success would be an appropriate regulatory stance for the FAA-AST. The results show that there is no significant difference in launch success between civil and commercial ELV launches. Because of this and because the industry is wary of over regulation, there is indication that a mission success oriented stance might not be appropriate for regulating commercial human spaceflight.     

长期载人航天器内务管理信息系统设计

基于我国即将开展的长期载人航天任务,针对航天器上大量的内务信息,分析了建立内务管理信息系统的需求背景,提出建立统一位置编码体系的观点,并以分系统存储位置编码设计为例,详细介绍了编码的设计方法,建立内务信息数据库,探讨了内务管理信息系统的设计方法,对星上变化内务信息数据传输进行设计,并结合在轨运行过程对该系统的使用加以说明。     

失重模拟技术的发展及其比较研究

失重或称微重力环境是载人航天轨道飞行中的重要环境因素,地面上失重模拟实验是航天前的重要准备工作之一。失重模拟方法及其设备多种多样,要依其目的不同而进行选择。文章对上述问题进行了充分的比较研究,并在此基础上指出了中性浮力水槽和失重飞机是失重模拟设备中最常用和最有效的工具。建议从我国的实际情况出发,适时的加以建造。     

中国首次交会对接任务的技术成就和展望

首次交会对接任务的成功实施,使中国突破和基本掌握了航天器交会对接及其组合体的控制与管理技术,标志着中国载人航天工程二期任务取得重大突破,为空间实验室及后期空间站的建设奠定了坚实基础。文章对国内外交会对接技术进行了对比,对所取得的技术成就进行了综述,指出任务成功具有提升国家威望、产生广泛社会效益、带动基础学科发展、推动航...     

航天型号进度控制研究

针对航天型号研制生产的现状,分析了航天型号进度控制的原理,介绍了航天型号进度控制的流程和方法,深入分析了当前进度管理中存在的问题,并结合项目管理理论提出了解决这些问题的总体思路和相应的调整措施。对及时推广和应用先进型号进度控制方法,推动航天型号的持续高速发展具有重要的现实意义。     

Seeking justifications for human spaceflight

Traditionally cited benefits such as scientific and economic progress or political advantages have been widely recognized as insufficient to justify ongoing and future human spaceflight programmes in today's prevailing geopolitical and socioeconomic environment. A rationale for human spaceflight evoking visions such as exploitation of extraterrestrial resources and human exploration of space has to cope with an unavoidable dilemma: attractive as they may appear, those projects are fraught with many grave uncertainties and risks. The paper attempts to answer the question of which significance (if any) such visionary projects may assume in justifying the continuation of human spaceflight activities. We argue that, despite as yet unanswerable technological and economic questions and despite the extremely long time-frames involved, it seems reasonable and, hence, justified to keep the option alive to be able to solve — by means of humans in space — one of humankind's probable major problems in the coming century: the impending energy crisis.     

航天先进轻合金材料及成形技术研究综述

轻合金是现代航天装备轻量化首选材料,高性能轻合金构件制造能力决定了我国航天装备的功能水平与竞争力。为推动先进轻合金材料及成形技术在航天领域的应用,对高性能轻合金材料、铸造、钣金成形、增材制造等技术领域在基础理论、工艺开发、装备研制、工程应用等方面的发展现状进行了梳理,提出了高强耐热铸造镁合金材料、高性能钛铝合金材料、高性能镁合金熔模精密铸造、数字化铸造、旋压成形、超塑成形、钛/铝合金电弧熔丝增材制造等相关技术的后续发展方向。     

2010年后美国主要军事航天装备的特性

介绍了2010年后美国主要的军事航天装备的发展状况,重点介绍了2010年后的美国军事航天装备主要采用的空间对抗措施,并在此基础上,对这些军事航天装备进行了初步的分析,为未来空间系统的发展提供了参考。     

载人航天器的断裂控制

为了确保载人航天系统的可靠性和航天员的生命安全,必须对载人航天器结构部件进行断裂控制。文章介绍了有关断裂控制的一般原理和基本要求。     

United Nations Human Space Technology Initiative (HSTI)

The Human Space Technology Initiative was launched in 2010 within the framework of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications implemented by the Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations. It aims to involve more countries in activities related to human spaceflight and space exploration and to increase the benefits from the outcome of such activities through international cooperation, to make space exploration a truly international effort.     

典型航天产品工艺定型流程探索

对典型航天产品工艺定型过程进行了总结,形成了典型产品的定型流程,结合定型流程,对流程中的各环节进行了重点说明,并对定型过程中的经验进行了总结。     

Piloted operations at a near-Earth object (NEO)

In late 2006, NASA's Constellation Program sponsored a study to examine the feasibility of sending a piloted Orion spacecraft to a near-Earth object. NEOs are asteroids or comets that have perihelion distances less than or equal to 1.3 astronomical units, and can have orbits that cross that of the Earth. Therefore, the most suitable targets for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) are those NEOs in heliocentric orbits similar to Earth's (i.e. low inclination and low eccentricity). One of the significant advantages of this type of mission is that it strengthens and validates the foundational infrastructure of the United States Space Exploration Policy and is highly complementary to NASA's planned lunar sortie and outpost missions circa 2020. A human expedition to a NEO would not only underline the broad utility of the Orion CEV and Ares launch systems, but would also be the first human expedition to an interplanetary body beyond the Earth–Moon system. These deep space operations will present unique challenges not present in lunar missions for the onboard crew, spacecraft systems, and mission control team. Executing several piloted NEO missions will enable NASA to gain crucial deep space operational experience, which will be necessary prerequisites for the eventual human missions to Mars.Our NEO team will present and discuss the following:

• new mission trajectories and concepts;

• operational command and control considerations;

• expected science, operational, resource utilization, and impact mitigation returns; and

• continued exploration momentum and future Mars exploration benefits.