壁面温度控制对平板边界层影响的数值研究

通过对零压力梯度的平板边界层流动施加温度控制,展开壁面温度控制对平板层流边界层和湍流边界层影响的研究,探索温度控制对平板转捩雷诺数和壁面摩擦阻力的影响规律。采用带有转捩模式的三方程湍流模型对平板边界层流动进行数值模拟,重点考察了壁面摩阻系数、平板转捩雷诺数、湍流边界层流动随壁面温度变化的规律。计算结果表明在壁面温度从288 K 增大到432 K 时,边界层转捩雷诺数增大约36%,表面摩擦阻力减少约9.6%。研究分析表明：加热控制使层流区域温度边界层内粘性作用增强,雷诺切应力和湍动能减小,流动更加稳定;而湍流区域边界层内粘性底层中速度梯度和粘性切应力减小,导致壁面处摩擦切应力减小。因此壁面加热控制可以延迟边界层转捩,减小湍流区摩阻系数,并减小平板摩擦阻力。     

吹吸扰动对壁湍流边界层摩擦阻力的影响

对风洞中平板湍流边界层施加局部周期性吹吸扰动,并用IFA-300热线风速仪测量了其近壁区域不同法向位置瞬时速度的时间序列信号.利用湍流边界层对数律平均速度剖面,计算湍流的壁面摩擦阻力.对平板湍流脉动速度信号用子波分析进行多尺度分解,通过条件采样以及相位平均的方法获得不同尺度下的相干结构波形和能量分布,来研究吹吸扰动对平板湍流边界层的摩擦阻力的影响.结果表明,扰动使得窄缝附近流动阻力增加,而下游区域流动阻力减小.      

基于狭缝合成射流的湍流边界层流动控制实验研究

湍流边界层主动流动控制减阻是当下一个热门的研究领域。为了探究狭缝合成射流对平板湍流边界 层流动控制的减阻效果,分别在有无合成射流干扰的条件下利用恒温式热线风速仪测量湍流边界层的流向速 度,根据测量结果得到时均速度型、脉动速度型、偏斜因子、平坦因子,并进行对比分析;选取不同频率和强度组 合的典型合成射流激励条件,研究激励条件带来的减阻效果沿流向的变化。结果表明:受控湍流边界层减阻效 果、施加的合成射流特性和当地站位到狭缝的距离均有关;合成射流在靠近狭缝位置引起湍流边界层表面摩擦 阻力增加;远离狭缝,合成射流产生减阻效果,随流向距离增加,减阻效果先增强后减弱;高频合成射流比低频 合成射流减阻效果更强;脉动速度的功率谱密度和自相关性分析表明合成射流的作用效果沿流向逐渐减弱。     

湍流减阻新概念的实验探索

本文对当今湍流表面摩擦减阻新概念进行了初步的风洞实验探索。将垂直于流动方向的小尺寸肋条按一定的间隔距离固定在平板上,利用自制的悬挂式天平测量了不同风速时的阻力,获得了约１０．２％的减阻效果。实验中分别考察了肋条参数对减阻的影响,使用Ｘ型热线风速仪研究了雷诺应力的型态。从湍流边界层涡结构的观点出发,提出了边界层底部“微型空气轴承（ＭＡＢＳ）”减阻新概念以及涡结构干扰对减阻的影响,并认为平均速度型态的     

凹腔前缘角对超声速燃烧室性能的影响

针对带有不同前缘角的凹腔内流动和燃烧过程,分别在冷态和燃烧条件下探讨了前缘角对凹腔内流动损失及阻力特性的影响.研究表明:在壁面垂直喷射的喷口上游和凹腔内部均会形成低速、高温回流区,有利于点火及火焰稳定,燃烧反压通过边界层的亚声速区域上传,形成激波/边界层干扰结构.减小前缘角,可使剪切层分离位置提前,更偏向凹腔内部,导致凹腔后壁面再附激波增强,进而增大了总压损失,降低了总压恢复系数;亦可导致凹腔前、后壁面压差阻力增大,阻力系数上升.进一步认识了凹腔内部流场及稳焰增混机理,进而为优化凹腔结构设计提供依据.      

沟槽表面边界层湍动能分布规律

 通过对不同风速下不同尺寸V型沟槽表面及光洁平板表面边界层内湍动能的测试,对比分析了沟槽表面边界层湍动能的分布规律。试验在一小型专用风洞中开展,流场测试中使用恒温式IFA300智能型流动分析仪,测试模型则采用有机玻璃材质的矩形平板结构;而在沟槽表面理论零点及壁面摩擦速度的计算中,采用基于湍流边界层Spalding壁面律公式同时计算壁面理论零点和壁面摩擦速度的改进方法。最终研究结果表明,沟槽结构主要影响边界层流场的近壁区,沟槽的存在提高了边界层中黏性底层内湍流脉动所具有的动能,有效降低了边界层中过渡区内的湍动能,最大相对降幅超过10%,较好地验证了基于“二次涡”的沟槽表面减阻理论。     

超临界层流机翼边界层及气动特性分析

高空长航时无人机设计巡航状态的雷诺数较小,黏性边界层对气动特性的影响较大。详细分析了雷诺数对机翼边界层和气动力的影响,用数值方法对超临界层流机翼三维层流-转捩-湍流混合边界层特性进行了研究,分析比较了高空小雷诺数和中空大雷诺数情况下机翼三维边界层的特性,尤其是边界层转捩点位置、表面摩阻和气动特性的雷诺数效应。研究表明雷诺数对于高空无人机机翼边界层厚度、摩擦阻力和升阻比影响较大;对层流机翼的转捩点位置和升力系数影响较小;自然层流机翼技术可以应用于高空无人机设计。     

旋涡运动与湍流模型

本文力图将熟知的湍流大涡运动现象与湍流模型理论联系起来以减少模型理论中的经验关系。 在剪切流中以球的流体动力系数,分析确定了涡球的运动,并以此确定剪切流中的湍流剪应力。由此得到了一个二方程模型,方程中仅包含球的流体动力系数。 平板湍流边界层的实例计算表明,计算的速度剖面在整个边界层中都能很好地与实验符合。     

微吹气对湍流平板边界层流动特性的影响及其减阻机理

微吹气技术能够改变平板湍流流场结构,减小平板表面的摩擦阻力。采用直接数值模拟方法,计算了来流马赫数0.7条件下,流场流过光滑平板和NASA-PN2多孔平板表面两种情况,通过对比这两个算例的相关流场特征,验证了微吹气控制减阻的有效性,局部最大减阻率达到了45%,并且由于微吹气控制的"记忆"功能,减阻效果在微吹气流域下游仍会持续一段距离,增加了减阻区域的流向面积。壁湍流摩擦减阻的原因在于近壁区域出现了一个低速的"湍流斑",黏性底层厚度增加,速度型曲线被抬升。但与此同时,边界层内湍流速度脉动也得到了增强。进一步对流向脉动涡演化规律分析,发现微吹气对流向脉动涡发挥着多重作用。在增加流向脉动涡强度的同时,还使得流向涡团向远离壁面抬升,这样减小了流向涡与壁面之间直接作用。此外,微吹射流产生的冲击作用会在流向涡表面留下凹痕,使得流向涡分散成相对小的涡团结构。     

竖直平板Blasius流层流边界层流动与传热耦合解

对考虑辐射传热、流体黏度随温度变化、有和无滑移边界条件下的可渗透竖直平板Blasius流层流边界层的无量纲速度场与温度场进行了深入研究.经相似变换将描述速度场与温度场耦合的偏微分方程组转换成非线性常微分方程组,用Runge-Kutta法对常微分方程组进行了数值求解.研究了无量纲参数对无量纲速度场及温度场的影响,着重分析了滑移边界条件下速度和温度随无量纲参数的变化规律.结果表明:吸入时边界层变薄,喷注时边界层加厚;对比于无滑移边界条件,滑移边界条件下速度、温度边界层变薄;随着变黏度参数a或喷注与吸入参数的增大,壁面摩擦因数、局部努塞尔数Nu增大,速度和温度边界层变薄;随着普朗特数Pr、热辐射参数R的增加,或毕渥数Bi,布林克曼数Br的减小, 温度边界层变薄.      

隔离段内超声速流动摩擦阻力分析

以超燃冲压发动机等截面隔离段内部流动阻力特性为研究背景,以数值模拟和实验测量为研究手段,研究马赫数2.5来流条件下,平板流动和带激波反射流动条件下的壁面摩擦阻力.实验测量得到了超声速流动下的壁面摩擦阻力.研究发现,当激波反射形成局部微小分离时,激波和边界层的相互作用使得分离区下游的壁面剪切应力恢复为比分离区上游稍高水平.存在激波反射时,壁面总的摩擦阻力略大于无激波时的平板流动.     

基于湍流边界层时均速度分布的脊状表面减阻规律研究

通过对试验测得的脊状表面湍流边界层时均速度分布的分析,获得了脊状表面的减阻范围和基本规律.脊状表面理论零点及壁面摩擦速度的计算采用基于湍流边界层Spalding壁面律公式的最小二乘拟合方法;模型板摩擦阻力计算采用基于边界层动量积分方程的方法.研究表明:脊状结构使得湍流边界层粘性底层增厚,近壁面法向速度梯度降低,过渡层与对数律区上移;V型脊状结构的无量纲宽度s+介于6至18时具有减阻效果;当s+≈12时,减阻量最大,最大值约7.7%.      

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

Minimizing airfoil drag at low angles of attack with DBD-based turbulent drag reduction methods

Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) based turbulent drag reduction methods are used to reduce the total drag on a NACA 0012 airfoil at low angels of attack. The interaction of DBD with turbulent boundary layer was investigated, based on which the drag reduction experiments were conducted. The results show that unidirectional steady discharge is more effective than oscillating discharge in terms of drag reduction, while steady impinging discharge fails to finish the mission (i.e. drag increase). In the best scenario, a maximum relative drag reduction as high as 64 % is achieved at the freestream velocity of 5 m/s, and a drag reduction of 13.7 % keeps existing at the freestream velocity of 20 m/s. For unidirectional discharge, the jet velocity ratio and the dimensionless actuator spacing are the two key parameters affecting the effectiveness. The drag reduction magnitude varies inversely with the dimensionless spacing, and a threshold value of the dimensionless actuator spacing of 540 (approximately five times of the low-speed streak spacing) exists, above which the drag increases. When the jet velocity ratio smaller than 0.05, marginal drag variation is observed. In contrast, when the jet velocity ratio larger than 0.05, the experimental data bifurcates, one into the drag increase zone and the other into the drag reduction zone, depending on the value of dimensionless actuator spacing. In both zones, the drag variation magnitude increases with the jet velocity ratio. The total drag reduction can be divided into the reduction in pressure drag and turbulent friction drag, as well as the increase in friction drag brought by transition promotion. The reduction in turbulent friction drag plays an important role in the total drag reduction.     

Laminar flow control research at TsAGI: Past and present

This paper presents a brief review of activities in laminar flow control being performed at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (TsAGI). These efforts are focused on the improvement of the existing laminar flow control methods and on the development of new ones. The investigations have demonstrated the effectiveness of aircraft surface laminarization applications with the aim of friction drag reduction. The opportunity of considerable delaying of laminar-turbulent transition due to special wing profile geometry and using boundary layer suction and surface cooling has been verified at sub- and supersonic speeds through various wind tunnel testing at TsAGI and during flying laboratory experiments at the Flight Research Institute (LII). The investigations on using hybrid laminar flow control systems for friction drag reduction were also carried out. New techniques of laminar flow control were proposed, in particular, the method of local heating of the wing leading edge, boundary layer laminarization by means of receptivity control, and electrohydrodynamic methods of boundary layer stability control.     

Effect of drag reducing riblet surface on coherent structure in turbulent boundary layer

The characteristics of turbulent boundary layer over streamwise aligned drag reducing riblet surface under zero-pressure gradient are investigated using particle image velocimetry. The formation and distribution of large-scale coherent structures and their effect on momentum partition are analyzed using two-point correlation and probability density function. Compared with smooth surface, the streamwise riblets reduce the friction velocity and Reynolds stress in the turbulent boundary layer, indicating the drag reduction effect. Strong correlation has been found between the occurrence of hairpin vortices and the momentum distribution. The number and streamwise length scale of hairpin vortices decrease over streamwise riblet surface. The correlation between number of uniform momentum zones and Reynolds number remains the same as smooth surface.     

计算压气机特性的基元叶片法

本文介绍一种轴流压气机非设计性能的预测方法。该法特点是 ,在流线曲率法解径向平衡方程基础上 ,引入环壁附面层损失的计算 ,考虑叶型存在对气流熵增和总焓变化的影响 ,并计入二次流 /径向间隙流引起的损失 ,激波、尾迹损失等。结果与试验数据对比符合工程要求。     

Large-eddy simulation of shock-wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction with and without SparkJet control

The efficiency and mechanism of an active control device ‘‘Spark Jet" and its application in shock-induced separation control are studied using large-eddy simulation in this paper.The base flow is the interaction of an oblique shock-wave generated by 8° wedge and a spatially-developing Ma = 2.3 turbulent boundary layer.The Reynolds number based on the incoming flow property and the boundary layer displacement thickness at the impinging point without shock-wave is20000.The detailed numerical approaches were presented.The inflow turbulence was generated using the digital filter method to avoid artificial temporal or streamwise periodicity.The numerical results including velocity profile,Reynolds stress profile,skin friction,and wall pressure were systematically validated against the available wind tunnel particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurements of the same flow condition.Further study on the control of flow separation due to the strong shock-viscous interaction using an active control actuator ‘‘Spark Jet" was conducted.The single-pulsed characteristic of the device was obtained and compared with the experiment.Both instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields have shown that the jet flow issuing from the actuator cavity enhances the flow mixing inside the boundary layer,making the boundary layer more resistant to flow separation.Skin friction coefficient distribution shows that the separation bubble length is reduced by about 35% with control exerted.     

Drag increment induced by a small-scale forward-facing step in Mach number 5 turbulent boundary layer flows

Small-scale roughness elements or imperfections are inevitable over the surface of a flight vehicle. The aerodynamics of these small-scale structures is difficult to predict but may play an important role in the design of a flight vehicle at high speed. The forward-facing step is a typical type of roughness element. Many experiments have been conducted to study the aerodynamics of supersonic forward-facing step, especially with a step height larger than boundary layer thickness. However, few studies focus on small steps. To improve the understanding of small-scale forward-facing step flow, we perform a series of simulations to analyze its aerodynamic influence on a Mach number 5 turbulent boundary layer. The general flow structures are analyzed and discussed. Several shock waves can be induced by the step even if the step height is much smaller than the boundary layer thickness. Two significant shocks are the separation shock and the reattachment shock. The influenced area by the step is limited. With the increase of the step height, the non-dimensional influence area decreases and gradually converges when the step height reaches the boundary layer thickness. There are two normalized distributions of the skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient associated with step height. By using the normalized parameters, a power-law relationship between the step height and the drag increment coefficient is revealed and fits the simulation results well. It is further illustrated that this relationship still holds when changing the inlet angle of attack, but needs slight modification with the angle of attack.     

Analysis of friction and heat flux on a sphere in the turbulent supersonic flow

The results of calculating the heat flux and local friction coefficient at the supersonic velocities of a flow past an impermeable spherical surface are presented for the case when the viscosity-temperature dependence is determined according to the Sutherland law. The mathematical model of a turbulent boundary layer for compressible gas [1, 2] is used. The heat flux and local friction coefficient are analyzed assuming that the turbulence regime starts from a critical point. Use is made of Dorodnitsyn’s method of generalized integral relations [3]. The results of computational experiments are compared with the data of [1, 4].