Solar Variability and Climate Impact on Terrestrial Planets

Some possible factors of climate changes and of long term climate evolution are discussed with regard of the three terrestrial planets, Earth, Venus and Mars. Two positive feedback mechanisms involving liquid water, i.e., the albedo mechanism and the greenhouse effect of water vapour, are described. These feedback mechanisms respond to small external forcings, such as resulting from solar or astronomical constants variability, which might thus result in large influences on climatic changes on Earth. On Venus, reactions of the atmosphere with surface minerals play an important role in the climate system, but the involved time scales are much larger. On Mars, climate is changing through variations of the polar axis inclination over time scales of ～10⁵–10⁶ years. Growing evidence also exists that a major climatic change happened on Mars some 3.5 to 3.8 Gigayears ago, leading to the disappearance of liquid water on the planet surface by eliminating most of the CO₂ atmosphere greenhouse power. This change might be due to a large surge of the solar wind, or to atmospheric erosion by large bodies impacts. Indeed, except for their thermospheric temperature response, there is currently little evidence for an effect of long-term solar variability on the climate of Venus and Mars. This fact is possibly due to the absence of liquid water on these terrestrial planets.     

On the Response of the Climate System to Solar Forcing

The climate response to changes in radiative forcing depends crucially on climate feedback processes, with the consequence that solar and greenhouse gas forcing have both similar response patterns in the troposphere. This circumstance complicates significantly the attribution of the causes of climate change. Additionally, the climate system displays a high level of unforced intrinsic variability, and significant variations in the climate of many parts of the world are due to internal processes. Such internal modes contribute significantly to the variability of climate system on various time scales, and thus compete with external forcing in explaining the origin of past climate extremes. This highlights the need for independent observations of solar forcing including long-term consistent observational records of the total and spectrally resolved solar irradiance. The stratospheric response to solar forcing is different from its response to greenhouse gas forcing, thus suggesting that stratospheric observations could offer the best target for the identification of the specific influence of solar forcing on climate.     

超声速侧向多喷流干扰特性数值模拟

为了研究多个喷流喷管对导弹控制力的干扰影响,本文通过数值求解N-S方程来模拟超声速外流场中横向喷流的干扰流场,采用分块对接网格和"O"型网格技术,精确模拟喷口截面及弹翼形状,生成高质量的贴体计算网格。通过对多种喷管控制组合的超声速横向喷流干扰流场的数值模拟,研究和分析了喷口附近流场的涡系结构和波系结构,并将喷管几种排列组合对导弹喷流干扰力放大因子的影响进行了分析研究,得出一些多喷流干扰的结论。     

Aerial Mapping Planetary Bodies

Photographic mapping missions over planetary bodies present a number of interesting hardware, operational, data retrieval, and data analysis techniques. Broadly speaking, such a mapping mission can be conducted with present level state-of-the-art equipment. The space-craft and photographic equipment must perform over long periods of time unattended in the hostile space environment. Operations must support the mission and retrieve the photographic data. Maximum data are limited by photographic capacity, operations capacity, and analysis capacity. Data analysis techniques are under development and computer maps have been developed for RANGER analysis; these techniques can be especially suited to analysis of the video (analog or digital) signal transmitted back to Earth.     

Viscous flows and instabilities near rotating bodies

This study is a survey of experiments on the flow near rotating bodies. The bodies discussed are bodies of revolution, such as spheres, disks, cylinders and cones. The flow and the instabilities around, between and within these rotating bodies and combinations of them are investigated. Special emphasis is placed on the first onset and the further development of instabilities. Depending on the geometry and the boundary condition spiral vortices, Görtler-type vortices and counter-rotating Taylor vortices are obtained in the unstable flow regime. Their behaviour and appearance for different initial and boundary conditions are analysed in detail and the development to transition to turbulence is described. The non-uniqueness of the flow in the supercritical Reynolds number regime results in different vortex configurations depending on the flow's history. The instabilities may occur in steady and unsteady form or in a combination of both types. The experimental results are compared with available theoretical results. These are mostly obtained numerically because of difficulties with closed form solutions of the governing equations. Some of the vortices in the unstable flow regime for different geometries show similar flow patterns. It is, therefore, a main purpose of this contribution to draw attention to their common properties as well as their differences.     

Regional Response of the Climate System to Solar Forcing: The Role of the Ocean

A coupled climate model is used to explore the regional response of the climate system to solar forcing, with emphasis on the role of the ocean. It is shown that both the transient and the equilibrium response of surface temperature to changes in total solar irradiation is smaller over ocean than over land because of the ocean’s large heat capacity and the feedback involving evaporation. Furthermore, the advection of temperature anomalies and changes in ocean currents have an impact on the timing and the geographical distribution of the response. Nevertheless, at regional scales, the response to the forcing is embedded within the large internal variability of the system making the detection and analysis of the forced response difficult. Furthermore, this forced response could imply both changes in the mean state of the system as well as in its variability.     

弹性梁碰撞阻尼识别的新方法

首先将连续碰撞系统离散成包括任意个模态的状态方程,然后基于Hertz定理和能量平衡原理,证明弹性碰撞阻尼取决于碰撞冲量和最大碰撞力,提出了确定弹性梁碰撞阻尼的新方法,解决了碰撞阻尼识别中的关键问题。最后由两个弹性梁的碰撞实验检验了其正确和有效性。     

The Role of Dynamics in Solar Forcing

This paper reviews the solar influence on climate through stratospheric dynamical processes. There are two possible processes, both being a consequence of the wave-mean flow interaction in the upper stratosphere. One involves changes in the vertical propagation of planetary waves and the resultant tropospheric circulation change in the extratropics of the winter hemisphere. The other involves change in the global meridional circulation in the stratosphere and associated convective activity change in the tropics. These processes have been discussed on an 11-year solar cycle, but they are also applicable for centennial-scale solar influence on climate.     

Detection and attribution of climate change, and understanding solar influence on climate

The detection of externally-forced climate change in observations, and its attribution to specific forcings, sounds simple enough to some people, but with others it has a reputation as a complex and arcane specialism. In fact, both these impressions have some truth - in principle it is no more than regressing expected patterns of climate change (normally obtained from GCM sim-ulations forced with observed or reconstructed past forcings) against the corresponding observa-tions, with uncertainty estimates that try to be as rigorous as possible, but there are many technical complexities. This survey begins with some motivating examples, and then summarizes the principles, problems and procedure without formal mathematics, before surveying results with an emphasis on possible solar effects, and why they are particularly problematic.     

分层嵌套重叠网格自适应树结构动态组装方法

采用重叠网格可以有效地进行复杂流动的大规模数值模拟,特别是包含运动部件(如旋翼、投弹)的动态模拟。本文将树结构的自适应直角网格用于重叠网格组装过程中的切割和贡献单元的搜索,大大加快重叠网格的组装速度。通过二叉树自适应直角网格对物体外形进行离散,实现切割过程的快速定位;采用八叉树自适应直角网格对流场区域进行离散,高效地搜索贡献单元。使用基于壁面距离准则的重叠区域最小化方法和分层嵌套重叠策略,能提高重叠网格组装的效率和质量。对于具有运动部件的动态重叠网格问题,采用多个二/八叉树减少组装过程中信息更新的冗余计算,从而大幅度减少重叠网格组装的时间消耗。实际算例的重叠网格组装结果说明本文发展的重叠网格组装方法具有很高的计算效率,可以满足运动边界复杂流动问题的动态计算要求。     

Asynchronous Performance of Polyphase Slitted Rotor Reluctance Machine

The asynchronous performance of a polyphase reluctance machine with rotor provided with axial slits is investigated for the first time on the basis of conductor boundary treated as a flux line. Theoretical and experimental investigations are presented for rotors with 1) many values of pole arc/pole pitch ratio, 2) varying slot depths, 3) slots on either pole faces or slot portions or both of them, and 4) with and without terminating end rings. Their comparison with predictions leads to interesting conclusions.     

The Dynamic Stability of a Dual-Spin Satellite

The attitude stability of a dual-spin satellite containing energy disipators on both bodies is investigated. Following Mingori, a symmetrical configuration of the satellite with a mass-spring-dashpot damper on each part is considered, and some new stability results are derived by the application of the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. lt is indicated that the Routh-Hurwitz criterion gives only sufficient conditions of stability for the dual-spin satellite considered. A criterion which is believed to represent both the necessary and sufficient condition of stability is presented here and this is used to check the stability of two specific designs of the dual-spin satellite.     

Unsteady separated flows over three-dimensional slender bodies

Many review articles have been written on the topic of the aerodynamics of slender bodies at incidence, some of which are referenced in this paper. Here, we review the unsteady behavior of these flows. Our aim is to review the material that contributes to our understanding of unsteady phenomena over slender bodies at incidence. Natural unsteadiness is explored first. Unexpectedly, we found a large number of contributions in this area. We found the material disjointed, making it difficult to draw general conclusions. Forced unsteadiness is conceptually easier to follow, but the number of contributions on this topic is much smaller. We consider both experimental and numerical contributions but we do not discuss the corresponding methodologies.     

单轴双桨叶直升机“地面共振”的数值分析

对共轴双桨叶双旋翼系统及单轴双桨叶直升机在各向异性支座上的“地面共振”问题进行了数值分析。对计算结果及问题进行了讨论。     

Letter to the editor

The purpose of homeland security is to protect a nation from harm. A specific government agency called the Department of Homeland Security was established in the United States just after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The scope of this department is varied with emphasis on efforts to prevent terrorist attacks, reduce vulnerability, and maximize response capabilities. It also handles preparedness and responsiveness for natural disasters. Border security, both land and maritime, is clearly an important and interesting area of focus for homeland security.     

飞机对称着陆多体动力学建模与实测验证

基于牛顿-欧拉多体动力学建模方法,建立了三体九自由度飞机对称着陆动力学模型.以某型双腔缓冲器起落架飞机为例,通过飞行实测不同状态下的起落架着陆动态载荷,仿真计算相应的着陆重量、着陆下沉速度及着陆姿态下的着陆动态载荷.验证分析结果表明,所建飞机对称着陆多体动力模型是有效的.     

Induced Magnetic Fields in Solar System Bodies

Electromagnetic induction is a powerful technique to study the electrical conductivity of the interior of the Earth and other solar system bodies. Information about the electrical conductivity structure can provide strong constraints on the associated internal composition of planetary bodies. Here we give a review of the basic principles of the electromagnetic induction technique and discuss its application to various bodies of our solar system. We also show that the plasma environment, in which the bodies are embedded, generates in addition to the induced magnetic fields competing plasma magnetic fields. These fields need to be treated appropriately to reliably interpret magnetic field measurements in the vicinity of solar system bodies. Induction measurements are particularly important in the search for liquid water outside of Earth. Magnetic field measurements by the Galileo spacecraft provide strong evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa and Callisto. The induction technique will provide additional important constraints on the possible subsurface water, when used on future Europa and Ganymede orbiters. It can also be applied to probe Enceladus and Titan with Cassini and future spacecraft.     

Astrobiology and habitability of Titan

Largest satellite of Saturn and the only in the solar system having a dense atmosphere, Titan is one of the key planetary bodies for astrobiological studies, due to several aspects. (i) Its analogies with planet Earth, in spite of much lower temperatures, with, in particular, a methane cycle on Titan analogous to the water cycle on Earth. (ii) The presence of an active organic chemistry, involving several of the key compounds of prebiotic chemistry. The recent data obtained from the Huygens instruments show that the complex organic matter in Titan’s low atmosphere is mainly concentrated in the aerosol particles. The formation of biologically interesting compounds may also occur in the deep water ocean, from the hydrolysis of complex organic material included in the chrondritic matter accreted during the formation of Titan. (iii) The possible emergence and persistence of Life on Titan. All ingredients which seem necessary for Life to appear and even develop – liquid water, organic matter and energy – are present on Titan. Consequently, it cannot be excluded that life may have emerged on or in Titan. In spite of the extreme conditions in this environment life may have been able to adapt and to persist. Many data are still expected from the Cassini-Huygens mission and future astrobiological exploration mission of Titan are now under consideration. Nevertheless, Titan already looks like another world, with an active organic chemistry, in the absence of permanent liquid water, on the surface: a natural laboratory for prebiotic-like chemistry.     

基于适航审查的飞机实验室气候试验质量管控模型

建立并持续优化我国飞机实验室气候试验的质量管控流程和方案,可以满足局方要求和用户需求的 质量审查体系。在构建实验室气候试验质量管理制度的基础上,结合实验室气候试验项目的技术要求和特点, 通过对《航空器型号合格审定程序》相关条款内容及制造符合性检查要求的分析研究,提出一种飞机实验室气 候实验的质量管控模型。经过我国第一项重点民用飞机型号实验室气候试验10个低温科目、3个湿热科目对 试验机3大系统8类结构或分系统进行气候条件下的功能、性能考核,试验项目全寿命周期未出现质量问题, 证明该模型的有效性、充分性和符合性,为局方后续介入型号验证试验审查提供实践支撑,对我国气候实验室 科研技术发展提供质量保障。     

绕侧滑锥体,三维机翼与机身的超音速非线性全位势流计算

本文在Grossman的非守恒全位势方程的方法中,提出以固定网格为基础的头激波安装法,节省计算机时。计算结果与实验和欧拉方程解符合很好,与线化理论结果的比较,显示了线化理论的不足。