Numerical investigation on flow nonuniformity-induced hysteresis in scramjet isolator

Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were conducted to study the hysteresis inside scramjet isolator during the reciprocating process of back pressure variation. It is revealed that only a regular reflection is theoretically possible for two leading shocks when the inflow Mach number is greater than 2.0, and no hysteresis can occur in the transition between shock reflection types. Nevertheless, wall suction, gas injection, and background waves cause non-uniformity of the incoming flow and would make hysteresis possible. Besides the classical hysteresis in the transition between shock reflection, new kinds of hysteresis were found in both the deflection angle of separated boundary layer and the location of the shock train. Moreover, the occurrence of hysteresis in the deflection angle of the separated boundary layer is accompanied with the shock reflection hysteresis. In the case with background waves or gas injection, hysteresis in the starting position of leading shock was observed too. As back pressure decreases, the leading shock does not follow the same path as that as the back pressure increases, and it is anchored at the location where the background shock or the injection interacts with the leading shock. It is inferred that, if two strong adverse pressure gradient regions move towards and interact with each other, hysteresis will take place when they start to separate.     

激波边界层的相互作用对扰动波传播的影响

利用线性稳定性理论和直接数值模拟研究了带有入射斜激波的、来流马赫数Ma=4．5条件下的平板边界层的失稳特性。重点考察了在由于激波边界层相互干扰,平板边界层上形成分离区,又进而产生激波、膨胀波和旋涡等复杂流动现象的流场上游,引入小扰动的TS波后,扰动波传播通过带有这些复杂流动现象的流场时,扰动波的发展变化特点。通过对流场中扰动波（包括基本波和衍生波）演化特征的分析,研究分离和激波等复杂流动现象对平板边界层稳定性的影响特点。数值模拟发现,激波的出现不同于一般的压缩波,在亚声速区与超声速区对扰动波演化的影响是不同的,此外,分离对扰动有稳定作用。     

双弯曲入射激波的可控中心体内收缩基准流场设计

采用有旋特征线法设计了一种双弯曲入射激波的可控中心体内收缩基准流场,两道入射激波交于中心体起始点,入射激波和反射激波通过给定激波径向总压恢复系数分布进行反设计,壁面通过给定轴向马赫数分布规律进行反设计.该基准流场分为“三波四区”且压缩效率较高.基于该基准流场设计了圆形进口内收缩进气道并进行了黏性修正,数值计算结果表明:内收缩进气道设计点核心区的流场特征和激波形状与基准流场基本一致;在来流马赫数为4.0~7.0时进气道具有较高的压缩效率和良好的流量捕获能力,设计点喉道截面增压比和总压恢复系数分别为17.7和0.729;来流马赫数为5.0~7.0时内部总阻力系数变化平缓,从0.23下降为0.22.      

动态间断装配法模拟斜激波壁面反射

基于非结构动网格技术和边界装配思想提出了动态间断装配法,该方法能够应用于求解含有间断的流动问题。无论入射激波还是反射激波都是作为边界进行处理,激波运动速度由兰金-许贡纽(Rankine-Hugoniot)关系确定。激波作为动网格的一部分,其运动由动网格技术实现。采用该方法模拟了超声速二维流场中激波与壁面相交问题,并且与捕捉法进行比较,二者的流场结构符合良好,但是在细节上还是存在明显差异。通过对流动结构的分析,得出采用装配方法得到的流场要优于捕捉方法的结论。激波壁面反射的问题模拟,也说明了边界激波装配方法对于复杂的激波相交问题是具有处理能力的。     

非等强度多道冲击波作用下空泡溃灭机制分析

航空航天、生物医学等领域均存在冲击波与空泡作用问题,冲击波尤其是多道冲击波作用下空泡溃灭包含着复杂的多相瞬变行为与物理现象。基于自主搭建的可压缩多相流并行数值平台,对液体中单一/多道冲击波与空泡的作用过程进行了数值模拟。通过对冲击波作用下空泡内波系性质,以及多道冲击波与空泡作用后的系列反射波系在液体中的相互作用过程进行详细解析,分析了不同冲击波作用下空泡的形变演化过程,探究了空泡的溃灭机制与特性。研究发现,相较于单一冲击波的作用,多道冲击波作用下空泡内部及周围液体流场中的波系结构更为复杂,然而无论是单一冲击波或是多道冲击波工况,其最终诱发的空泡溃灭形态均十分相似。而且,当空泡发生溃灭前所受到多道冲击波的总强度与单一冲击波强度相等时,空泡的溃灭波强度也十分相近,为多道冲击波与空泡作用效果的定量化评估提供了理论基础和依据。     

在核爆炸冲击波环境中飞行飞机的结构动力响应分析

着重分析在核爆炸冲击波环境中飞机结构动力响应有关问题,推导了动力学基本方程,介绍了飞机在核爆炸冲击波中非定常气动载荷计算方法,给出了结构动力响应分析的思路和计算过程,提出了飞行飞机在核爆炸冲击波作用下总体结构安全边界值的估算方法,并对存在的问题进行了讨论。     

Quasi-parallel collisionless shocks

The magnetic field and plasma data from the ISEE 1, 2, and 3 spacecraft have greatly increased our knowledge of the quasi-parallel collisionless shock in space. Hybrid-code simulations have provided us with valuable insights into the physics of the quasi-parallel shock. Unfortunately, theoretical understanding of the nonlinear physics of the quasi-parallel shock is still in a qualitative stage of development. Generation of large-amplitude whistler waves and hydromagnetic waves observed in the quasi-parallel shock has been discussed either in terms of linear instabilities or qualitative nonlinear arguments. It appears that the ion reflection, ion heating, and leakage of the shock-heated downstream ions at the quasi-parallel shock can all be explained in terms of nonadiabatic scatterings of ions by the large-amplitude whistler-magnetosonic waves with frequencies near the ion gyrofrequency and wavelength near the ion inertial length. The nonadiabatic scattering is defined by the non-conservation of the magnetic moment. Future study of the quasi-parallel shock should focus on developing quantitative theoretical models for the nonlinear physical processes fundamental to the quasi-parallel shock.     

进口斜激波、膨胀波干扰下等直隔离段内的激波串特性

 超燃冲压发动机的隔离段在实际工作中会受到进气道唇罩激波及肩部膨胀扇的显著干扰,本文针对这一特定问题进行了专门研究。提出了唇罩入射激波及肩部膨胀扇的模拟方法,并利用德国Achen的风洞试验对其进行了检验,而后以此研究了入射激波及肩部膨胀扇干扰下隔离段内激波串的基本形态,并分析了出口反压和激波入射位置的影响。仿真结果表明：当激波串在隔离段内不断前移时,受唇罩入射激波及其反射激波的干扰,其高速核心区交替地偏向上下壁面;与无激波入射的情况相比,此时激波串的耐反压能力显著降低,且入射点位置越高,降低幅度越大,管道内的沿程静压分布规律与Waltrup经验公式偏离程度也越来越大。该文结果可为进气道/隔离段的一体化设计提供依据。     

Influence of shock attenuation on tailored operation in free piston shock tunnels

The free piston shock tunnel is a type of shock tunnel with high performance. For this type of tunnel, the influence mechanism of shock wave attenuation on tailored operation is explored by numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. By introducing the normalized velocity, the simple constraint equation for shock wave under the tailored operation is deduced. Moreover, the real gas effect is also taken into account in this equation. Based on the equation, the tailored operation of shock tunnels can be predicted with very few calculations. The present study shows that the change rate of the thermodynamic state of the gas behind the shock wave is inconsistent with the attenuation rate of the shock wave, which is the fundamental reason why the wind tunnel achieves tailored operation at a lower Mach number of shock waves. This lower Mach number of shock waves differs from the corresponding ideal value by a factor, which is about the square root of shock attenuation rate.     

Upstream Ion Cyclotron Waves at Venus and Mars

The occurrence of waves generated by pick-up of planetary neutrals by the solar wind around unmagnetized planets is an important indicator for the composition and evolution of planetary atmospheres. For Venus and Mars, long-term observations of the upstream magnetic field are now available and proton cyclotron waves have been reported by several spacecraft. Observations of these left-hand polarized waves at the local proton cyclotron frequency in the spacecraft frame are reviewed for their specific properties, generation mechanisms and consequences for the planetary exosphere. Comparison of the reported observations leads to a similar general wave occurrence at both planets, at comparable locations with respect to the planet. However, the waves at Mars are observed more frequently and for long durations of several hours; the cyclotron wave properties are more pronounced, with larger amplitudes, stronger left-hand polarization and higher coherence than at Venus. The geometrical configuration of the interplanetary magnetic field with respect to the solar wind velocity and the relative density of upstream pick-up protons to the background plasma are important parameters for wave generation. At Venus, where the relative exospheric pick-up ion density is low, wave generation was found to mainly take place under stable and quasi-parallel conditions of the magnetic field and the solar wind velocity. This is in agreement with theory, which predicts fast wave growth from the ion/ion beam instability under quasi-parallel conditions already for low relative pick-up ion density. At Mars, where the relative exospheric pick-up ion density is higher, upstream wave generation may also take place under stable conditions when the solar wind velocity and magnetic field are quasi-perpendicular. At both planets, the altitudes where upstream proton cyclotron waves were observed (8 Venus and 11 Mars radii) are comparable in terms of the bow shock nose distance of the planet, i.e. in terms of the size of the solar wind-planetary atmosphere interaction region. In summary, the upstream proton cyclotron wave observations demonstrate the strong similarity in the interaction of the outer exosphere of these unmagnetized planets with the solar wind upstream of the planetary bow shock.     

圆柱形谐振管气动谐振加热现象的理论分析

为了分析谐振管中气体温度在射流的长时间作用下能升高至某定值但不能无限升高的原因,针对由声速喷嘴和圆柱形谐振管组成的系统,利用激波理论对圆柱形谐振管中周期性运动的激波与膨胀波对气体的作用进行分析,认为激波使管中气体温度升高、膨胀波使气体温度降低,它们的周期性作用使管中气体温度能够累积升高,随着气体温度的升高,激波的加热作用减弱,并最终消失,管中气体温度达到某定值。     

基于Busemann压升规律的可控消波内转基准流场设计

通过将经典Busemann设计方法和特征线反设计方法相结合,实现了对基准Busemann流场的气动截短,构建了一种具有基准Busemann流场截短压升规律的可控消波内转基准流场.通过数值模拟对可控消波内转基准流场及其追踪得到的“糖勺”型进气道进行了无黏验证分析.结果表明:特征线和CFD计算结果相吻合,可控消波内转基准流场设计合理可行.该基准流场继承了Busemann设计方法的高效压缩特性,且反射激波得到有效控制,基本实现消波,性能优于传统的截短Busemann流场.在设计点马赫数为7条件下,喉部截面参数均匀,增压比为18.32,总压恢复系数为0.878,压缩效率为0.936,隔离段内几乎无损失,出口气流匀直,气流角均在±0.4°以内.流线追踪得到的“糖勺”型进气道出口形状更加饱满,流动特征与可控消波内转基准流场基本一致.      

高超声速数值激波失稳的网格依赖性

高超声速强激波的稳定捕捉仍极具挑战性。目前工程计算中普遍应用的数值格式在模拟多维强激波时通常会遭遇明显的激波不稳定现象,且数值格式的激波稳定性对计算网格表现出严重的依赖性。基于矩阵稳定性分析法,对比了具有不同耗散性质的数值格式稳定捕捉激波的能力,分析了空间二阶精度格式的激波稳定性及限制器对激波稳定性的影响。在此基础上,重点探究了计算网格对激波稳定性的影响规律,研究了网格长宽比和畸变角度对激波稳定性的影响。结果显示,在激波附近通过增大网格长宽比或改变网格畸变角度可有效改善激波捕捉的稳定性;相比于增大网格长宽比,改变网格畸变角度提升激波捕捉稳定性的效果更加明显。在此基础上,结合数值耗散分析对高马赫数下数值激波失稳现象的网格依赖性机制进行了探讨。     

关于平面激波在凹两段楔面上的传播

众所周知,当一平面激波同任意形状的障碍物相互作用时,将产生十分复杂的波系,其中激波在曲面壁上的绕射和反射,将产生非定常波系。关于平面激波在凹圆柱壁面上的传播,我们可以用一连串、长度为无限小的楔面所构成的多边形来近似和代替凹圆柱面,因此分析和研究激波在两段楔面上反射和绕射的目的在于得出激波在圆柱壁面以及其它较复杂形状壁面上的传播规律。本文采用马赫-曾德干涉仪在激波管上进行光测模型实验。根据所拍摄的流场干涉图像,以分析其波系的演变过程及传播规律,得到有关流场的密度分布和压力分布,更为重要的是给出流场参数的定量结果。     

一种基于聚类分析的二维激波模式识别算法

在激波捕捉求解器计算的可压缩无黏流场基础上,提出了一种探测并识别二维激波干扰模式的新算法,从3个层面详细介绍了该算法的实施流程。首先,采用基于当地流场参数设计的传统激波探测方法,辨识出激波附近的一系列网格单元;其次,通过经典的K-means聚类算法将这些激波单元划分成许多簇,并根据簇的相邻信息定义每个簇的类别;最后,设定相关准则对某些紧邻的簇进行合并,进而确定各个激波干扰点的位置,记录各条激波分支所对应的簇,采用Bézier曲线拟合算法分别对其聚类中心进行拟合以获取更加光滑的激波线。数值试验表明,该算法不受网格类型的限制,不仅可以保证最终拟合的激波线具有较高的位置精度,还可以清晰地识别出流场中多激波干扰的模式,同时对分析非定常流场中激波的运动与演化过程也提供了一种有效的可视化手段。     

惰性块式平面波发生器形成平面波的数值模拟分析

探讨了惰性块式平面波发生器的相关原理,在费马原理的基础上设计了平面波发生器的物理模型,用非线性有限元方法对平面波形成过程进行了数值模拟,得到了不同时刻的波形图像,数值模拟结果与实际过程在物理宏观特征上基本一致。     

Minimizing Effects of Reflected Shocks in Ballistic Ranges

Shock waves originating from hypersonic projectiles flown in ballistic ranges and subsequently reflected from the range walls have been found to produce undesirable effects on the measurements of projectile wakes. This paper reports on the mechanisms through which reflected shock waves perturb the wake, the design, and installation of full-scale fiberglas wedge shock attenuation treatments, the design of equipment for minimum shock reflection, and the results of measurements of the performance of the treatment.     

环形射流初始压力对激波聚焦起爆的影响分析

为了研究射流入射压力对环形激波聚焦爆震起爆的影响,以氢气和空气混合物为例,对不同射流入射压力下环形激波聚焦爆震起爆过程进行了数值模拟,结果表明,当环形射流入射强度足够大时,其形成的激波聚焦能够形成高温、高压区域,从而直接起爆爆震波;爆震管推力壁对激波具有反射加强作用,有助于爆震波的形成;环形射流入射压力存在一个临界值,低于此值时,则不能起爆爆震波.      

Interplanetary shock waves: Ulysses observations in and out of the ecliptic plane

Between its launch in October 1990 and the end of 1993, approximately 160 fast collisionless shock waves were observed in the solar wind by the Ulysses space probe. During the in-ecliptic part of the mission, to February 1992, the observed shock waves were first caused mainly by solar transient events following the solar maximum and the reorganisation of the large scale coronal fields. With the decay in solar activity, relatively stable Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) were observed betwen 3 and 5.4 AU, each associated with at least one forwardreverse shock pair. During the out-of-ecliptic phase of the orbit, from February 1992 onwards, CIRs and shock pairs associated with them continued to dominate the observations. From July 1992, Ulysses encountered the fast solar wind flow from the newly developed southern polar coronal hole, and from May 1993 remained in the unipolar magnetic region associated with this coronal hole. At latitudes beyond 30°, CIRs were associated almost exclusively with reverse shocks only. A comprehensive list of shock waves identified in the magnetic field and solar wind plasma data from Ulysses is given in Table 1. The principal characteristics were determined mainly from the magnetic field data. General considerations concerning the determination of shock characteristics are outlined in the Introduction.     

膨胀效应对激波/湍流边界层干扰的影响

采用直接数值模拟方法对来流马赫数2.9,30°激波角的入射激波与膨胀角湍流边界层干扰问题进行了数值研究。入射激波在壁面上的名义入射点固定在膨胀角角点,膨胀角角度分别取为0°、2°、5°和10°。通过改变膨胀角角度,考察了膨胀效应对干扰区内复杂流动现象的影响规律和作用机制,如分离泡、物面压力脉动特性、膨胀区湍流边界层和物面剪切应力脉动场等。研究发现,膨胀角角度的增大使得分离区流向长度和法向高度急剧降低,尤其是在强膨胀效应下分离泡形态呈现整体往下游偏移的双峰结构。物面压力脉动功率谱结果表明,膨胀角为2°和5°时,分离激波的非定常运动仍表征为大尺度低频振荡,而膨胀角为10°,强膨胀效应极大地抑制了分离激波的低频振荡,加速了下游再附边界层物面压力脉动的恢复过程。膨胀区湍流边界层雷诺剪切应力各象限事件贡献和出现概率呈现逐步恢复到上游湍流边界层的趋势,Görtler-like流向涡结构展向和法向尺度变化剧烈,同时在近壁区将诱导生成大量小尺度流向涡。此外,物面剪切应力脉动场的本征正交分解分析指出,膨胀效应的影响体现在低阶模态能量的急剧降低从而使得高阶模态的总体贡献相对升高。