空间飞行器大角度机动递阶饱和控制律设计

针对以飞轮为执行机构的空间飞行器进行姿态大角度机动递阶饱和控制。在初始状念任意，反作用轮输出力矩受限、速率饱和约束条件下，提出递阶饱和的变结构机动策略，即针对飞行器的运动学模型，利用飞行器的误差四元数和角速度，通过绕瞬时欧拉轴旋转，引入误差凹元数限幅器，对姿态偏差进行逐次消除，提出了不需事先规划轨迹的绕欧拉轴逐次逼近控制算法。并且引入模糊推理规则来改进递阶饱和变结构控制设计，使得系统轨迹既能快速趋近滑动面又能降低抖振，有效减弱了一般变结构控制律中抖振问题，从而提高了变结构控制律的品质。     

非零初末角速度约束下的卫星实时姿态机动规划

针对存在初末角速度非零约束的卫星姿态机动任务,提出了一种基于旋转分解的实时解析规划算法。该方法通过将卫星三维旋转分解为多个绕固定轴的一维欧拉旋转,使非线性规划问题转换为多个一维空间上的线性规划问题,再将各个线性规划的结果通过四元数运算融合为最终的姿态机动规划结果。与过去针对此类问题经常采用的非线性规划方法相比,该规划算法可以通过解析的形式给出,因此不需要通过多次数值迭代得到可行解,运算量少,可以实时进行计算,适合实际在轨应用。     

基于欧拉旋转的在轨服务航天器姿态跟踪算法

针对在轨服务航天器对目标器交会捕获的任务要求,提出了一种基于欧拉旋转的姿态     

用户星姿态对中继终端天线跟踪的影响

用户星姿态对中继终端天线跟踪的影响主要在两个方面：姿态角误差对指向误差的影响和姿态角、姿态角速度对指向角速度的影响。文章首先引入了欧拉轴／角的姿态表示方法，然后根据欧拉轴与指向向量间的位置关系求得了姿态角误差所引起的天线理论最大指向误差，在此基础上，不考虑最大值取值条件的情况下，进一步求得姿态角速度所引起的天线理论最大指向角速度；接着，以常用中继终端天线的安装位置为例，求出了天线指向角速度与用户星姿态角、姿态角速度的数学表达式，这样便于分析各种情况下用户星姿态对天线指向角速度的影响；最后，借助于STK仿真软件进行了仿真验证，[JP2]仿真结果验证了上述结论的正确性。结论表明：天线理论最大指向误差除了与姿态角误差有关外，还受滚动姿态角的影响；天线指向角速度同时由姿态角、姿态角速度和天线指向角度确定。[JP]     

一种基于误差四元数的战术导弹垂直发射姿态调转控制器

针对战术导弹垂直发射姿态调转时的快速性要求，研究了垂直发射快速姿态调转的控制问题。首先基于误差四元数并结合垂直发射的具体特点，建立了战术导弹垂直发射的非线性数学模型；然后通过李亚普诺夫第二方法进行控制系统设计，得出了基于误差四元数反馈控制器。分析了系统的稳定性和鲁棒性。该控制器实现了绕欧拉特征轴的旋转，缩短了姿态调转的时间，最后通过仿真验证其有效性。     

基于开关算法的欠驱动刚体航天器姿态控制

针对执行机构只能产生两轴控制力矩的刚体航天器的姿态控制,根据欠驱动轴是否为惯性对称轴,利用开关算法和退步控制技术设计了实现欠驱动航天器姿态渐近稳定的控制律。先根据姿态动力学模型,通过3次姿态机动实现姿态角速度的稳定,再根据姿态运动学模型,在姿态角速度稳定的基础上,通过5次姿态机动实现姿态角的稳定。理论分析和数值仿真结果验证了该控制策略的有效性,可实现欠驱动刚体航天器姿态控制的目标。     

基于四元数的偏流角跟踪与条带拼接成像研究

根据小卫星星载相机存在后视角或安装相机摆镜导致相机实际光轴无法与星体主轴平行的状况,为避免用欧拉角时的姿态解算与转序问题,提出了一种基于四元数的卫星偏流角跟踪与条带拼接成像姿态控制方法。用四元数描述卫星姿态,根据相对轨道系目标四元数,绕相机光轴转动偏流角,以此作为成像模式目标四元数,实现绕空间轴的偏流角跟踪控制。给出了姿态规划算法:固定偏置姿态确定偏流角跟踪后的目标姿态和目标角速度,用迭代法提高偏流角控制精度,并在姿态机动过程开始即进行偏流角跟踪,保证姿态机动到位和高精度偏流角跟踪的同时实现。基于内干扰力矩前馈方法设计了姿态机动控制律。以同轨双条带拼接成像为例,给出了成像控制方法:在对日或对地定向基础上,计算偏置目标姿态和目标角速度,并调用姿态机动控制算法;姿态机动到位后,若需当轨完成多目标姿态机动,则用姿态机动控制算法保持姿态偏置飞行和偏流角跟踪控制。数学仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性和高精度。     

采用混合执行机构的卫星快速机动技术研究

研究了一种采用混合执行机构的姿态单轴快速机动的控制方法.设计了由平行构型单框架控制力矩陀螺(SGCMG)和飞轮组成的混合执行机构配置方案.综合姿态机动规划,设计了前馈和反馈相结合的姿态机动控制律,并通过执行机构动力学分析给出了操纵律.仿真结果表明:采用平行构型SGCMGs和飞轮的混合执行机构模式,可实现姿态三轴高精度稳定控制和侧摆快速机动的任务要求.     

基于PD控制的大挠性卫星输入成型姿态机动方法研究

对有快速姿态机动要求的大挠性卫星,为减小挠性振动对姿态机动时间的影响,对基于比例微分(PD)控制的输入成型姿态机动方法进行了研究,提出用输入成型方法在快速机动过程中直接对附件的挠性振动进行抑制。将动力学方程扩展到状态空间,通过求解状态矩阵的特征值解出系统的等效振动频率与阻尼比,以获得成型输入器。给出了一种简化的且能满足工程使用的输入成型频率参数确定方法。设计了输入成型的PD控制器,实现欧拉轴快速姿态机动,同时有效抑制附件的振动。对输入成型器的误差进行了分析。仿真分析了ZVD,EI,ZVDD,EI-Twohump四种输入成型器对某卫星太阳阵挠性振动的抑制效果,以及惯量和挠性参数分别在标称及拉偏状态下卫星姿态机动时的姿态误差与振动模态。结果表明:该方法可满足工程使用要求,简易地获取输入成型参数,设计绕欧拉轴近似最短路径的机动方式,能有效抑制附件的挠性振动,实现快速的姿态机动。     

卫星机动过程成像的姿态规划与控制研究

对有星载相机的卫星机动过程成像的姿态规划与控制进行了研究。为避免目标姿态的任意性产生的控制转序问题,用四元数描述偏流角跟踪控制。从用户角度出发,提出了两种适于机动过程成像的姿态规划模式:一是指定星体相对轨道系摆扫角速度,通过设定摆扫方向与卫星飞行方向成任意角度,可实现任意方向摆扫成像,另一是指定成像点经纬度条带,可实现海岸线等地面目标成像。在摆扫规划姿态的基础上,将绕相机光轴转过经迭代计算的偏流角作为最终的姿态控制基准,给出了高动态姿态机动控制算法。引入陀螺角速度信息以提高滚动姿态机动过程中的动态特性;将星体当前姿态与目标姿态偏差四元数作为姿态控制基准以实现任意姿态最短路径机动;以飞轮作为姿态控制执行机构,设计PD控制律,在机动过程中对内干扰力矩进行前馈控制。仿真结果验证了所提算法的有效性和工程可操作性,可用于对地成像小卫星机动过程成像的姿态规划与控制。     

基于最优控制/自抗扰控制的直/气复合控制系统设计研究

为提升控制系统的性能,对直/气复合控制导弹的控制系统设计进行了研究。以俯仰通道为例,用最优控制理论设计了基于状态反馈的导弹俯仰通道控制回路,用线性二次型调节器(LQR)获得控制律。给出了加权矩阵的选取方法:依次调整表征过载偏差、角加速度和角速度的权重,使求出的反馈增益系数满足要求。针对状态反馈控制律无法快速抑制直接力开启带来的干扰问题,用自抗扰控制(ADRC)理论改进了控制器,通过构建状态观测器在线实时估计外界干扰并予以补偿,快速抑制扰动。仿真结果表明:用最优控制/自抗扰控制设计的控制器跟踪速度快,动态过程平稳并具有较强的干扰抑制能力,提高了系统的鲁棒性。     

Inertia-independent generalized dynamic inversion feedback control of spacecraft attitude maneuvers

The generalized dynamic inversion control methodology is applied to the spacecraft attitude trajectory tracking problem. It is shown that the structure of the skew symmetric cross product matrix alleviates the need to include the inertia matrix in the control law. Accordingly, the proposed control law depends solely on attitude and angular velocity measurements, and it neither requires knowledge of the spacecraft's inertia parameters nor it works towards estimating these parameters. A linear time-varying attitude deviation dynamics in the multiplicative error quaternion is inverted for the control variables using the generalized inversion-based Greville formula. The resulting control law is composed of auxiliary and particular parts acting on two orthogonally complement subspaces of the three dimensional Euclidean space. The particular part drives the attitude variables to their desired trajectories. The auxiliary part is affine in a free null-control vector, and is designed by utilizing a semidefinite control Lyapunov function that exploits the geometric structure of the control law to provide closed loop stability. The generalized inversion singularity avoidance is made by augmenting the generalized inverse with an asymptotically stable fast mode that is driven by angular velocity error's norm from reference angular velocity. Asymptotic tracking is achieved for detumbling maneuvers as the stable augmented mode subdues singularity. If the steady state desired quaternion trajectories are time varying, then asymptotic tracking is lost in favor of close ultimately bounded tracking because the stable augmented mode continues to be excited during steady state phase of response. A rest-to-rest slew and a trajectory tracking maneuver examples are provided to illustrate the methodology.     

欠驱动航天器姿态控制系统的退步控制设计方法

应用退步控制设计方法研究欠驱动航天器的姿态控制问题。将系统分为运动学和动力学两个子系统分别进行控制律的设计。首先导出了一种动力学子系统的镇定控制律，以减低失控轴的角速度分量对运动学子系统的影响。在此基础上，假设这一角速度分量为小量，利用运动学中的角速度交叉耦合项对失控轴的姿态进行控制。通过推导出角速度中间控制律，实现了运动学子系统的镇定，并进一步设计了姿态退步控制律。最后进行了数值仿真，验证了所推导的控制律的有效性。     

Uncontrolled Attitude Motion of the Foton-12 Satellite and Quasi-Steady Microaccelerations onboard It

The results of determination of the uncontrolled attitude motion of the Foton-12 satellite (placed in orbit on September 9, 1999, terminated its flight on September 24, 1999) are presented. The determination was carried out by the onboard measurement data of the Earth's magnetic field strength vector. Intervals with a duration of several hours were selected from data covering almost the entire flight. On each such interval the data were processed simultaneously using the least squares method by integrating the satellite's equations of motion with respect to the center of mass. The initial conditions of motion and the parameters of the mathematical model employed were estimated in processing. The results obtained provided for a complete representation of the satellite's motion during the flight. This motion, beginning with a small angular velocity, gradually sped up. The growth of the component of the angular velocity with respect to the longitudinal axis of the satellite was particularly strong. During the first several days of the flight this component increased virtually after every passage through the orbit's perigee. As the satellite's angular velocity increased, its motion became more and more similar to the regular Euler precession of an axisymmetric rigid body. In the last several days of flight the satellite's angular velocity with respect to its longitudinal axis was about 1 deg/s and the projection of the angular velocity onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had a magnitude of approximately 0.15 deg/s. The deviation of the longitudinal axis from the normal to the orbit plane did not exceed 60°. The knowledge of the attitude motion of the satellite allowed us to determine the quasi-steady microacceleration component onboard it at the locations of the technological and scientific equipment.     

Maneuver planning of a rigid spacecraft with two skew control moment gyros

The attitude maneuver planning of a rigid spacecraft using two skew single-gimbal control moment gyros (CMGs) is investigated. First, two types of restrictions are enforced on the gimbal motions of two skew CMGs, with each restriction yielding continuous control torque along a principal axis of the spacecraft. Then, it is proved that any axis fixed to the spacecraft can be pointed along an arbitrary inertial direction by at most two sequent rotations around the two actuated axes. Given this fact, a two-step eigenaxis rotation strategy, executing by the two single-axis torques respectively, is designed to point a given body-fixed axis along a desired direction. Furthermore, a three-step eigenaxis rotation strategy is constructed to achieve an arbitrary rest-to-rest attitude maneuver. The rotation angles required for the single-axis pointing and arbitrary attitude maneuver schemes are all analytically solved. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.     

Study of the mode of angular velocity damping for a spacecraft at non-standard situation

Non-standard situation on a spacecraft (Earth’s satellite) is considered, when there are no measurements of the spacecraft’s angular velocity component relative to one of its body axes. Angular velocity measurements are used in controlling spacecraft’s attitude motion by means of flywheels. The arising problem is to study the operation of standard control algorithms in the absence of some necessary measurements. In this work this problem is solved for the algorithm ensuring the damping of spacecraft’s angular velocity. Such a damping is shown to be possible not for all initial conditions of motion. In the general case one of two possible final modes is realized, each described by stable steady-state solutions of the equations of motion. In one of them, the spacecraft’s angular velocity component relative to the axis, for which the measurements are absent, is nonzero. The estimates of the regions of attraction are obtained for these steady-state solutions by numerical calculations. A simple technique is suggested that allows one to eliminate the initial conditions of the angular velocity damping mode from the attraction region of an undesirable solution. Several realizations of this mode that have taken place are reconstructed. This reconstruction was carried out using approximations of telemetry values of the angular velocity components and the total angular momentum of flywheels, obtained at the non-standard situation, by solutions of the equations of spacecraft’s rotational motion.     

具有终端角度约束的机动再入飞行器的最优制导律

对具有终端角度约束的机动再入飞行器的最优制导律进行了研究,提出了一种角度反馈形式的最优制导律,并与已有的角速度反馈形式的最优制导律进行了比较研究,所得到的结论对机动再入飞行器制导律的选择具有参考价值。     

欠驱动航天器飞轮控制方法

针对应用任意剪刀对构型飞轮群的欠驱动刚体航天器姿态控制问题,将飞轮群与航天器看作整体系统进行建模,从整体系统可控性角度分析采用传统模型进行控制系统设计存在的局限性。随后通过对飞轮群角动量集合描述,得出航天器姿态可机动集合。由于飞轮群构型的任意性及航天器的欠驱动特性,导致具有初始角动量的整体系统难以针对系统状态方程采用Lyapunov函数方法进行状态反馈控制器设计,同时为了保证存在外扰动力矩的航天器姿态机动精度,采用非线性预测控制方法实现系统的反馈控制。所提控制算法实现了任意飞轮群剪刀对构型、飞轮群角动量非饱和条件下,任意系统初始角动量欠驱动航天器在姿态可机动集合中的机动控制。仿真结果表明,系统具有良好的控制性能及精度。     

基于输出反馈的编队卫星姿态同步和跟踪控制

研究了卫星编队无角速度测量信息且采用局部信息交互时的姿态协同控制问题.以四元数为姿态描述手段,采用超前滤波方法重构星体绝对和相对角速度信息,设计了基于输出反馈的分散姿态同步和跟踪控制器.利用Barbalat引理和代数图论等对闭环系统的全局渐近稳定性进行了理论分析和证明.以六星编队为背景的数值仿真进一步验证了算法的有效性.     

Analysis of Low-Frequency Microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11Satellite

The method and the results of investigating the low-frequency component of microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11satellite are presented. The investigation was based on the processing of data of the angular velocity measurements made by the German system QSAM, as well as the data of measurements of microaccelerations performed by the QSAM system and by the French accelerometer BETA. The processing was carried out in the following manner. A low-frequency (frequencies less than 0.01 Hz) component was selected from the data of measurements of each component of the angular velocity vector or of the microacceleration, and an approximation was constructed of the obtained vector function by a similar function that was calculated along the solutions to the differential equations of motion of the satellite with respect to its center of mass. The construction was carried out by the least squares method. The initial conditions of the satellite motion, its aerodynamic parameters, and constant biases in the measurement data were used as fitting parameters. The time intervals on which the approximation was constructed were from one to five hours long. The processing of the measurements performed with three different instruments produced sufficiently close results. It turned out to be that the rotational motion of the satellite during nearly the entire flight was close to the regular Eulerian precession of the axially symmetric rigid body. The angular velocity of the satellite with respect to its longitudinal axis was about 1 deg/s, while the projection of the angular velocity onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had an absolute value of about 0.2 deg/s. The magnitude of the quasistatic component of microaccelerations in the locations of the accelerometers QSAM and BETA did not exceed 5 × 10^–5–10^–4m/s²for the considered motion of the satellite.