管制员注意行为分析及应用

一、引言简而言之，空中交通管制工作的目的就是防相撞，再而言之，空中交通管制工作的实质就是不断发现飞行冲突、解决飞行冲突。任何表面的或潜在的飞行冲突，只有被发现、被察觉，才会有认识解决的机会。纵观近年来空中交通管制工作中出现的各类差错，有相当一部分是由于管制员精力分配不当，未能发现或及时发现飞行冲突而造成的。发生这类问题的根源往往被归结为“麻痹大意”——这也是我们常常为此类问题备好的“标签”——如果不去探究其背后的隐旨，“标签”本身有什么意义呢？它是解决问题的“灵丹妙药”吗？     

如何在管制环境改变时及时构建新的冲突模式

空中交通管制服务的任务是防止航空器与航空器相撞及航空器与障碍物相撞,维护和加快空中交通的有序流动。在空中交通管制工作中表现为：解决飞行冲突并确保有序。可见,在空管工作中最重要的就是调配冲突,也就是说管制员总是处于某种冲突模式中,随着管制环境的改变,冲突模式也不断地转换。本文所讲的冲突模式是指在管制工作中,管制员针对于特定的管制环境所建立起来的某种解决冲突的理论体系,它往往是根据管制员的技能、知识和经验等形成的。     

传感器故障下的航天器状态监测与故障识别

针对航天器上传感器故障可能导致状态估计错误的问题,提出了一种基于证据理论的多传感器融合与故障识别方法。该方法采用证据距离与冲突质量的乘积来度量证据间的冲突大小。在证据的融合中先根据冲突大小计算每个证据的可信度,并根据可信度大小修正证据,再用D\|S规则进行融合。该冲突度量方法综合了证据间目标一致性与整体差异性的影响,在具有较强的不确定性和不可靠性的情况下,比仅采用证据距离或冲突质量来度量证据间冲突的大小更加准确。将其应用于微小卫星电源系统的状态监测,实验结果表明该方法可以有效地监测系统状态并正确地识别故障传感器,准确度优于其它方法。     

飞行冲突解决机制研究

民航飞机飞行中,保证飞机间的安全间隔始终是首要解决的问题.文章根据实际飞行状况对飞行冲突进行了较详细的理论分析并推导出了冲突数学模型,飞行冲突的检测算法可以提供详细的参考信息.以冲突模型为基础,给出了二维飞行状况下的冲突解决算法,该算法可为飞行人员和管制员提供决策参考.     

飞行冲突计算机模拟分析与评估系统的设计与实现

预防飞行冲突的发生是空中交通管制单位的首要任务，对己发生的飞行冲突事件进行准确及时的分析评估，找到冲突事件发生的原因、评估确定事件的性质及危害程度，对于防止飞行冲突能起非常重要的作用。     

论商标权与著作权的权利冲突及其解决

知识产权法的分散立法模式使各权利之间的的冲突和碰撞频繁发生,商标权与著作权的冲突就是其中之一。对于这两种权利的冲突尤其是无瑕疵的商标权与著作权之间的冲突在理论界尚未受到应有的重视。本文在分析冲突构成要件的基础上,对商标权与著作权的冲突类型进行了梳理,并对不同类型冲突的解决突出了基本的思路和应当遵循的原则。     

论商标权与著作权的权利冲突及其解决

知识产权法的分散立法模式使各权利之间的的冲突和碰撞频繁发生,商标权与著作权的冲突就是其中之一.对于这两种权利的冲突尤其是无瑕疵的商标权与著作权之间的冲突在理论界尚未受到应有的重视.本文在分析冲突构成要件的基础上,对商标权与著作权的冲突类型进行了梳理,并对不同类型冲突的解决突出了基本的思路和应当遵循的原则.     

基于DSP的中断冲突避免机制的研究与实现*

针对基于DSP芯片TMS320C6701的嵌入式软件系统设计过程中常见的中断冲突问题,提出相应的解决方法和简单有效的避免机制。通过将周期性中断改为主循环查询模式、将DSP系统计时由定时器中断改为FPGA同步计时等方式,使系统中多个中断设计简化为一个中断,避免中断间的冲突。针对中断和主程序间的访问冲突,通过在主程序中关中断等方式,避免共享资源访问冲突。针对DSP系统和外部总线的访问冲突,通过约定接口的通信协议,避免时序冲突。通过静态分析和动态长周期测试验证,方法有效避免了中断冲突,实现简单;针对不同冲突机制,措施灵活。设计已应用于星载相关设备,也可推广至其他嵌入式软件系统使用。     

从习惯、协作、精力入手严防管制工作“错、忘、漏”

分析近几年空管原因发生的飞行冲突事件，原因多是管制员“错、忘、漏”问题，管制员“错、忘、漏”问题的原因是多方面的：从心理学上讲，人是会犯错误的；其次，航班量的持续增长和管制员数量相对较少之间的矛盾日益突出，在相当多的地区，真正的“双岗制”还很难实现；第三，民航可使用空域的限制以及大量军航活动增加了调配飞行冲突的难度和管制员的工作负荷。     

航空器防相撞技术体系研究

近年来,随着我国航空运输业的高速发展．航空运输的飞行量快速增长,使航空器空中相撞事故征候不断增多,飞行协调的难度不断加大,飞行冲突矛盾非常突出。在目前我国防相撞技术体系尚未完善的情况下．这些飞行冲突基本上只能靠协调和协商来解决。不仅影响了空域和航线的有效利用,也极大地制约了我国航空运输业的发展。     

GEOS and its US and European components: Challenges and impact

The Centre Français sur les Etats Unis (CFE) held a day-long workshop on GEOSS, GMES and IEOS on 17 January 2006. Sponsored by Arianespace, the invitation-only roundtable drew some 50 participants from European and US administration, industry and academia. The programme and the presentations are on the CFE web site: www.cfe-ifri.net. This report summarizes the proceedings.     

偶氮呋咱和氧化偶氮呋咱的合成及表征

介绍了高能材料二氨基偶氮呋咱(DAAF)、二氨基氧化偶氮呋咱(DAOAF)及二硝基氧化偶氮呋咱(DNOAF)的合成。其中,采用新型氧化剂制备DAAF,得率提高至65.60%。通过DSC-TG、元素分析、IR、1H NMR和MS等方法,对其结构进行了鉴定,并进行了常规的感度测试。感度数据表明,无氢炸药DNOAF的摩擦感度较大,与C-12相当,而DAAF和DAOAF为低感度炸药。     

汽车检测与维护专业建设的回顾与总结

汽车检测与维护专业是我校重点建设的广西区区级示范专业,经过五年的建设已经形成了一定的规模。文章主要从实验实训中心建设、课程建设、教材建设、师资队伍建设、教学改革等方面对该专业的建设历程进行了回顾和总结。     

Atlas II and IIA analyses and environments validation

General Dynamics has now flown all four versions of the Atlas commercial launch vehicle, which cover a payload weight capability to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) in the range of 5000–8000 lb. The key analyses to set design and environmental test parameters for the vehicle modifications and the ground and flight test data that validated them were prepared in paper IAF-91-170 for the first version, Atlas I.

This paper presents similar data for the next two versions, Atlas II and IIA. The Atlas II has propellant tanks lengthened by 12 ft and is boosted by MA-5A rocket engines uprated to 474,000 lb liftoff thrust. GTO payload capability is 6225 lb with the 11-ft fairing. The Atlas IIA is an Atlas II with uprated RL10A-4 engines on the lengthened Centaur II upper stage. The two 20,800 lb thrust, 449 s specific impulse engines with an optional extendible nozzle increase payload capability to GTO to 6635 lb. The paper describes design parameters and validated test results for many other improvements that have generally provided greater capability at less cost, weight and complexity and better reliability. Those described include: moving the MA-5A start system to the ground, replacing the vernier engines with a simple 50 lb thrust on-off hydrazine roll control system, addition of a POGO suppressor, replacement of Centaur jettisonable insulation panels with fixed foam, a new inertial navigation unit (INU) that combines in one package a ring-laser gyro based strapdown guidance system with two MIL-STD-1750A processors, redundant MIL-STD-1553 data bus interfaces, robust Ada-based software and a new Al-Li payload adapter. Payload environment is shown to be essentially unchanged from previous Atlas vehicles. Validation of load, stability, control and pressurization requirements for the larger vehicle is discussed.

All flights to date (five Atlas II, one Atlas IIA) have been successful in launching satellites for EUTELSAT, the U.S. Air Force and INTELSAT. Significant design parameters validated by these flights are presented. Particularly noteworthy has been the performance of the INU, which has provided average GTO insertion errors of only 10 miles apogee, 0.2 miles perigee and 0.004 degrees inclination. It is concluded that Atlas II/IIA have successfully demonstrated probably the largest number of current state-of-the-art components of any expendable launch vehicle flying today.     

Launch and early operations of Herschel and Planck

On 14 May 2009 the European Space Agency launched 2 space observatories: Herschel (with a 3.5 m mirror it is the largest space telescope ever) will collect long-wavelength infrared radiation and will be the only space observatory to cover the spectral range from far-infrared to sub-millimetre wavelengths, and Planck will look back at the dawn of time, close to the Big Bang, and will examine the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation to a sensitivity, angular resolution and frequency range never achieved before. This paper will present the Flight Dynamics, mission analysis challenges and flight results from the first 3 months of these missions.Both satellites were launched on the same Ariane 5 and travelled to the L2 Lagrange point of the sun–earth system 1.5 million km from the earth in the opposite direction of the sun. There they were injected to a quasi-halo orbit (Herschel) with the dimension of typically 750,000 km×450,000 km, and a Lissajous orbit (Planck) of 300,000 km×300,000 km.In order to reach these Lissajous orbits it is mandatory to perform large trajectory correction manoeuvres during the first days of the mission. Herschel had its main manoeuvres on the first day. Planck had to be navigated on the first day and by a mid-course correction manoeuvre, the L2 orbit insertion manoeuvre was planned on day 50. If these slots were missed, fuel penalties would rapidly increase.This posed a heavy load on the operations teams because both spacecrafts have to be thoroughly checked out and put into the correct modes of their attitude control systems during the first hours after launch.The sequence of events will be presented and explained and the orbit determination results as well as the manoeuvre planning will be emphasised.     

英汉词语空缺与跨文化差异及翻译策略探究

语言是文化的载体,文化上的差异导致了英汉语言中的词汇空缺现象,词汇空缺现象反映了语言的民族性。在跨文化交际中,词汇空缺会给交际带来障碍,造成语用失误,甚至导致交际失败,论文就词语的空缺现象与跨文化差异中的翻译策略进行了一些探讨。     

月球测绘学分类及应用展望

根据月球测绘的研究现状及发展趋势,对月球测绘学的概念进行了溯源与拓展。在分析月球测绘学与地球测绘学主要差异基础上,从传统测绘学科分类角度出发,综合考虑月球测绘学特殊性,重新梳理出月球测绘学主要学科专业分类,并详细介绍了每个学科专业的定义及国内外研究现状,给出了月球测绘学的五个主要应用领域及其应用展望。我国应尽早开展月球测绘理论与技术研究,形成完整的月球测绘学科体系,能够有力地促进我国空间科学技术的发展,保障后续探月工程的顺利实施。     

SMOS与Aquarius卫星海表盐度测量方法及数据的对比分析

国际上发射的海表盐度遥感卫星主要有2颗:欧洲的SMOS和美国的Aquarius卫星,为给后续海表盐度遥感提供参考借鉴,对比分析了这2颗卫星的遥感器载荷、数据处理算法和盐度数据。遥感器载荷方面,SMOS采用L波段二维综合孔径辐射计,而Aquarius采用L波段实孔径辐射计加散射计;数据处理算法方面,分析了二者在介电常数模型、海面粗糙度校正以及反演算法方面的差异;盐度数据方面,分析了SMOS与Aquarius盐度数据之间的相关程度,并分别与ISAS(In Situ Analysis System)浮标盐度数据作对比,分析了2颗卫星的盐度数据精度。将2颗卫星的盐度遥感数据与ISAS浮标盐度数据对比发现,在全球范围内,Aquarius盐度测量精度优于SMOS;但在开阔海域,SMOS盐度测量精度优于Aquarius;而在近海岸区域,均出现较大的误差,且SMOS数据误差更大。     

凝胶推进剂及其模拟剂的制备和特性表征

高能凝胶推进剂的选择、制备、实验及特性表征是凝胶推进剂研究的关键环节.燃料凝胶化包括有机和无机两种胶凝剂.氧化剂的凝胶化使用了无机胶凝剂.此外选择和配制了凝胶推进剂的模拟剂,它具有与实际燃料和氧化剂相匹配的流变特性.制备了在流变学上相匹配的凝胶燃料和凝胶氧化剂、惰性凝胶模拟剂与凝胶推进剂,并对其流变学特性进行了分类.     

Biochemical and hemodynamic changes in normal subjects during acute and rigorous bed rest and ambulation

Rigorous bed rest (RBR) induces significant biochemical and circulatory changes. However, little is known about acute rigorous bed rest (ARBR). Measuring biochemical and circulatory variables during ARBR and RBR the aim of this study was to establish the significance of ARBR effect. Studies were done during 3 days of a pre-bed rest (BR) period and during 7 days of ARBR and RBR period. Thirty normal male individuals aged, 24.1 +/- 6.3 years were chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into three groups: 10 subjects placed under active control conditions served as unrestricted ambulatory control subjects (UACS), 10 subjects submitted to an acute rigorous bed rest served as acute rigorous bed rested subjects (ARBRS) and 10 subjects submitted to a rigorous bed rest served as rigorous bed rested subjects (RBRS). The UACS were maintained under an average running distance of 9.7 km day-1. For the ARBR effect simulation, ARBRS were submitted abruptly to BR for 7 days. They did not have any prior knowledge of the exact date and time when they would be asked to confine to RBR. For the RBR effect simulation, RBRS were subjected to BR for 7 days on a predetermined date and time known to them right away from the start of the study. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma cortisol (PC), plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma and urinary sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and arterial blood pressure (ABP) increased significantly, and urinary aldosterone (UA), stroke volume (SV) and plasma volume (PV) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in ARBRS and RBRS as compared with their pre-BR values and the values in UACS. Electrolyte, hormonal and hemodynamic responses were significantly (p<0.05) greater and occurred significantly faster (p<0.05) during ARBR than RBR. Parameters change insignificantly (p>0.05) in UACS compared with pre-BR control values. It was concluded that, the more abruptly muscular activity is restricted in experimental subjects while they are very active, the greater hemodynamic and biochemical change there is and probably in individuals whose muscular activity is abruptly terminated after an accident or sudden illness.