电动力绳系周期解求解及稳定性控制

电动力绳系姿态摆动动力学方程具有非线性特点,且姿态摆动状态直接影响着空间任务能否正常进行。首先,基于哑铃模型及偶极子地磁场模型假设,推导了在倾斜圆轨道上运行的电动力绳系姿态动力学方程。其次,给出了利用摄动法和不动点迭代法相互配合的数值方法求解该非线性方程周期解的过程及解的稳定性判断准则,并针对不稳定周期解提出了相应的稳定性控制策略。最后,通过数值仿真分析,得到了姿态摆动运动的周期解图像,验证了周期解求解算法的有效性,并对不稳定周期解实现了稳定性控制。     

The proportional navigation dilemma-pure or true?

Two generic classes of proportional navigation (PN) laws are compared in detail. One class consists of pursuer-velocity-referenced systems, which include pure proportional navigation (PPN) and its variants; the second category consists of line-of-sight- (LOS-) referenced systems such as true proportional navigation (TPN), generalized true proportional navigation (GTPN), and generalized guidance laws. The existing closed-form solutions are discussed in detail, and the classical linear and quasilinear analytical solutions are summarized. A critical comparison is then made with regard to the definition, implementation, and analytical aspects of the guidance laws, including the method, the nature of solution, and an appraisal of the behavior of the pursuer motion resulting from the laws. It is established that, in spite of some restricted advantages in the solvability of the equations of motion, the LOS-referenced PN schemes suffer from serious limitations in terms of implementation and trajectory behavior. Among the major drawbacks are forward velocity variation requirement, relatively large control effort requirement, restrictions on initial engagement conditions to ensure intercept, lack of robustness, and possibility of unbounded acceleration. It is concluded that PPN is a better guidance law in a practical sense than TPN and its generalizations     

On the exact solutions of pseudorange equations

Three formulations of exact solution algorithms to the system of determined pseudorange equations are derived. It is demonstrated that pseudorange equations are hyperbolic in nature and may have two solutions, even when the emitter configuration is nonsingular. Conditions for uniqueness and for the existence of multiple solutions are derived in terms of the Lorentz inner product. The bifurcation parameter for systems of pseudorange equations is also expressed in term of the Lorentz functional. The solution is expressed as a product of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) matrix, representing the linear part of the solution, and a vector of nonlinear term. Using this formulation stability of solutions is discussed     

Application of sliding-mode control to air-air interception problem

A sliding-mode control (SMC) law is applied to a nonlinear system representing an air-air missile-target interception process. Promising results are obtained for a simple switching surface based on proportional navigation (PN). Partial robustness of the controller is demonstrated, i.e. the control is robust only with respect to uncertainties present in the control dynamics. This is illustrated by a breakdown in the control actuator for which SMC was found to be superior to PN     

Geometric Approach in Solving Inverse Kinematics of PUMA Robots

A geometric approach for deriving a consistent joint solution of a six-point PUMA1 robot is presented. The approach calls for the definition of various possible arm configurations based on the link coordinate systems and human arm geometry. These arm configurations are then expressed in an exact mathematical way to allow the construction of arm configuration indicators and their corresponding decision equations. The arm configuration indicators are prespecified by a user for finding the joint solution. These indicators enable one to find a solution from the possible four solutions for the first three joints, a solution from the possible two solutions for the last three joints. The solution is calculated in two stages. First a position vector pointing from the shoulder to the wrist is derived. This is used to derive the solution of the first three joints by looking at the projection of the position vector onto the xi-1-yi-1(i = 1,2,3) plane. The last three joints are solved using the calculated joint solution from the first three joints, the orientation matrices, and the projection of the link coordinate frames onto the xi-1-yi-1 (i = 4,5,6) plane. From the geometry, one can easily find the arm solution consistently. A computer simulation study conducted on a VAX-11/780 computer demonstrated the validity of the arm solution.     

一种着陆视觉导航P3P问题的解法

P3P问题是机器视觉领域的经典问题,其多解的排除与唯一解的确定是研究热点。针对飞行器着陆过程中机载视觉设备跑道成像的特点,提出了一种着陆视觉导航P3P问题唯一解的求解方法。该方法首先通过机场跑道的3条边线计算相对姿态,再根据直线方程求解相对位置,最终完成飞行器与跑道之间6个自由度参数的唯一确定。     

扩频应答机码跟踪环的一种实现方法

讨论了一种伪随机码跟踪环的特性，分析了码相关间隔、预检积分时间、环路带宽及信噪比等参数对码跟踪性能的影响。该方案不仅能够对PN码相位的变化作出调整，同时对PN码多普勒进行跟踪，较适合于测控应答机中PN码跟踪环的应用。     

Three-dimensional cooperative guidance laws against stationary and maneuvering targets

This paper presents the cooperative strategies for salvo attack of multiple missiles based on the classical proportional navigation(PN) algorithm.The three-dimensional(3-D) guidance laws are developed in a quite simple formulation that consists of a PN component for target capture and a coordination component for simultaneous arrival.The centralized algorithms come into effect when the global information of time-to-go estimation is obtained, whereas the decentralized algorithms have better performance when each missile can only collect information from neighbors.Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed coordination algorithms are feasible to perform the cooperative engagement of multiple missiles against both stationary and maneuvering targets.The effectiveness of the 3-D guidance laws is also discussed.     

TVD格式计算一维Euler方程间断解存在的几个理论问题

本文讨论了TVD格式按本文第二节A段意义推广到拟线性方程组的几个理论问题。指出:1.对于Riemann间断分解,Euler方程的解和Riemann不变量都没有TVD性质,因此不能将TVD格式自然推广;2.TVD格式是提高分辨率的一种途径,它不能保证得到物理解,能得到物理解的TVD格式一定是耗散守恒格式,因此将TVD格式推广时,必须保证格式是耗散的,否则仍会得到非物理解。并给出了一阶迎风格式,TVD2,UNO2得到的若干非物理解算例;3.非物理解现象只是发生在具有剧烈膨胀的单波区的计算上,而某些TVD格式若会得到非物理解,则一定发生在特征值变号的单波区的计算上。     

基于控制理论的Euler方程翼型减阻优化设计

在Jameson的控制论气动优化设计思想下，应用Euler方程研究了翼型的反设计和减阻问题。设计过程中的梯度是通过求解一个伴随偏微分方程而得到的，每个设计迭代只需求解一次Euler方程和一次伴随方,一与设计变量数无关。在具体数值执行中：①利用分部积分将目标函数变分的计算转化成了类似于计算Euler方程残值的形式，节省了机器时间；②根据控制理论的要求，将减阻问题转化成了相应地修改伴随方程的物面边界条件和目标函数的变分表达，使问题得到了简化；③利用特征不变量分析法，处理了伴承方程的物面和远场边界条件。设计算例证明了本文方法可靠性好、收敛快、大大节约设计时间。     

Numerical Simulations of Stellar Winds

We discuss steady-state transonic outflows obtained by direct numerical solution of the hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic equations. We make use of the Versatile Advection Code, a software package for solving systems of (hyperbolic) partial differential equations. We model thermally and magneto-centrifugally driven stellar outflows as generalizations of the well-known Parker and Weber-Davis wind solutions. To obtain steady-state solutions efficiently, we exploit fully implicit time stepping. Wind solutions containing both a 'wind' and a 'dead' zone are presented. We emphasize the boundary conditions imposed at the stellar surface. For axisymmetric wind solutions, we use the knowledge of the flux functions to verify the numerical solutions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

二维折角管道内超声速流动的多重网格计算

本文应用Euler模型和隐式TVD格式计算了二维折角管道内的超声速流动问题,为了有效地模拟激波和膨胀波系的相互干扰及壁面的反射,本文试将多重网格法和TVD格式结合起来进行数值求解。考虑到目前绝大部分文章采用V-循环多重网格法,我们对多重网格法中的几种多层次循环形式(V-循环、W-循环)进行了比较性的数值计算,旨在从中发现合适的多层次循环求解的形式,以期充分发挥多重网格法在Euler方程求解过程中的效益。同时,本文也是对多重网格法和TVD格式结合求解的一次初步尝试。     

两类n阶非线性方程的两点边值问题

已有人利用上下解方法讨论过非线性n阶常微分方程两点边值问题解的存在性，而边值问题是否存在上下解是很难判别的，在文中，用初等方法讨论了两类n阶非线性方程满足两点边界条件的边值问题解的存在性、唯一性，并对解的存在性唯一性区间进行了估计。     

矢通量分裂-TVD杂交新格式及其应用

在贴体曲线坐标系中,本文提出了一个高分辨率的新格式,它是Steger-Warming的矢通量分裂与Harten的TVD(Total Variation Diminishing)格式的杂交,用于计算跨音速定常流动和捕获激波。典型的跨音速内流和叶栅流的算例表明:在60×15网格下捕获的激波过渡区不超过两个网格,证明其分辨率较高;分析激波附近的数值结果,没出现“低亏、过跳”、伪振荡现象;与实验结果的比较表明,对定常流在无人为附加耗散项的条件下它能给出较高质量无数值波动的激波流场解。     

二维可压粘流N—S方程的边界元解法

本文给出了一种求解二维可压Navier-Stokes(简称N-S)方程的边界元法。使用线化技术把控制方程变成变系数的线性偏微分方程,其基本解由组合代数的方法构造,从而给出了N-S方程的积分表达式。本文计算了几例低R_e数的跨声速翼型绕流,结果表明边界元法可以应用到可压粘流中。     

Accurate solution of proportional navigation for maneuveringtargets

An accurate solution is presented of the nonlinear differential equations describing motion under proportional navigation when the target is laterally maneuvering. A quasilinearization (QL) approach is used, followed by a perturbation technique to obtain closed-form solutions for trajectory parameters. An explicit expression for the pursuer lateral acceleration is derived and shown to contain contributions due to initial heading error and target maneuver, with a coupling between the two effects. The solution is shown to be a substantial and consistent generalization or an earlier accurate solution for nonmaneuvering targets and also of classical linear solutions for maneuvering targets. The generalized QL solution presented provides very accurate estimates of pursuer lateral acceleration over a much broader range of engagement geometries and target maneuvers than presently available closed-form solutions     

三维可压缩 Navier-Stokes 方程的间断Galerkin 有限元方法研究

拓展了二维间断 Galerkin(DG)有限元方法研究,将该数值方法用于三维可压缩欧拉方程和 Navier-Stokes方程的求解。基于六面体网格单元,采用插值方法将物面的四边形面网格单元构造为弯曲面网格单元,更好地表述了真实物面特征;物面边界相邻体网格单元相应构造为高阶体网格单元,其余体网格单元采用八节点六面体单元,以较小的计算代价使网格满足 DG 方法计算需求。通过对三维带 bump 管道内流、圆球绕流以及旋转流线体绕流进行的数值求解,验证了边界弯曲方法的可行性及 DG 方法的高精度特性。此外,由于采用了隐式计算方法,仅需较少的时间步就能迭代收敛。     

基于全欧拉方程的二维平行剪切层声波产生和辐射的数值模拟

本文基于全欧拉方程对二维平行剪切层声波的产生和辐射进行了计算气动声学数值模拟。空间离散采用了频散相关保持有限差分格式,时间积分采用了低频散低耗散的龙格库塔法。数值模拟结果表明,当声源强度较小时,基于全欧拉方程的计算结果与解析解及基于线化欧拉方程的计算结果均符合得很好,当声源强度较大时(约140dB),线化欧拉与全欧拉的计算结果有较大的偏差,这说明此时非线性的影响不可忽略,线化方程不再适用。      

Moving target localization in distributed MIMO radar with transmitter and receiver location uncertainties

In this paper, the problem of moving target localization from Bistatic Range(BR) and Bistatic Range Rate(BRR) measurements in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output(MIMO) radar system having widely separated antennas is investigated. We consider a practically motivated scenario,where the accurate knowledge of transmitter and receiver locations is not known and only the nominal values are available for processing. With the transmitter and receiver location uncertainties,which are usually neglected in MIMO radar systems by prior studies, taken into account in the measurement model, we develop a novel algebraic solution to reduce the estimation error for moving target localization. The proposed algorithm is based on the pseudolinear set of equations and two-step weighted least squares estimation. The Cramer-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB) is derived in the presence of transmitter and receiver location uncertainties. Theoretical accuracy analysis demonstrates that the proposed solution attains the CRLB, and numerical examples show that the proposed solution achieves significant performance improvement over the existing algorithms.     

Boundary discontinuous Fourier analysis of thick beams with clamped and simply supported edges via CUF

This paper presents an analytical solution for static analysis of thick rectangular beams with different boundary conditions.Carrera's Unified Formulation (CUF) is used in order to consider shear deformation theories of arbitrary order.The novelty of the present work is that a boundary discontinuous Fourier approach is used to consider clamped boundary conditions in the analytical solution,unlike Navier-type solutions which are restricted to simply supported beams.Governing equations are obtained by employing the principle of virtual work.The numerical accuracy of results is ascertained by studying the convergence of the solution and comparing the results to those of a 3D finite element solution.Beams subjected to bending due to a uniform pressure load and subjected to torsion due to opposite linear forces are considered.Overall,accurate results close to those of 3D finite element solutions are obtained,which can be used to validate finite element results or other approximate methods.