有关地磁暴的若干问题

问：地磁暴是什么原因引起的？答：太阳正处于11年活动周期的高峰期。这就意味着太阳表面活跃着相当数量的可见黑子。太阳黑子看起来像太阳的雀斑。实际上是太阳表面强烈的磁场活动的区域。这些黑子群能成为耀斑爆发和日冕物质抛射的来源。其中日冕物质抛射即太阳日冕中的带电粒子瞬时向外喷射的现象。     

太阳宇宙线的传播效应(Ⅱ)——峰值谱的传播改正

根据太阳宇宙线传播方程的量纲分析解, 讨论了传播对宇宙线事件峰值谱的影响, 着重指出对其进行传播改正的重要性。太阳风对流是低能谱变坦的可能原因之一, 在一定条件下, 幂律型发射谱可以变成指数型观测谱, 动能幂律谱也可以变成刚度幂律谱。能谱的幂指数随源耀斑的磁方位角而增加, 分布有明显的东西不对称性。进一步对第20周的相对论性太阳质子事件进行传播改正, 求出发射谱, 其中有些可表达成统一指数的幂律谱, 有些仍有低能段趋坦现象。      

影响地球环境的太阳质子事件的时间过程

利用1966年以来的大量太阳耀斑以及相应质子事件的资料,分析研究了质子事件到达时间和极大时间同耀斑经度位置的统计关系.结果表明当耀斑位置处于经过地球的行星际大尺度场磁力线足点位置附近时,上述两种时间过程最短.这个结果支持了太阳耀斑粒子经日冕传播再向行星际空间传播的二阶段传播模型.      

太阳微波射电快速精细结构亚类型的观测分析

通过分析"云南天文台4波段太阳射电快速同步观测系统"1990-01-1994－01取得的103个射电爆发,发现其中29个存在不同类型的快速精细结构（FFS）.尤其是发现了几个少见的亚类FFS现象.本文仅介绍两个亚类型:窄带变周期脉动和宽带慢漂移长周期脉动.这些现象表明太阳射电FFS的多样性,它们发生在射电爆发的不同阶段（耀斑不同相）,从而说明在耀斑演化中日冕非热电子的加速或注入可能贯穿于整个耀斑发展过程.由于耀斑后相FFS的发生,可验证耀斑后相存在磁重联和似环结构（耀斑后环）的重新形成.由于不同的亚类FFS反映日冕中存奇特别的环境条件,从而推测日冕中可能存在更复杂的多重类型的磁结构.      

典型电离层多普勒记录及其讨论

由于地面电离层多普勒频率偏移测量具有时间连续、设备相对简便等固有特征，它特别适合于扰监测。本文在整理北京大学电离层高频多普勒台站观测资料的基础上，给出了一些典型电离层多普勒效应观测现象，这些现象反映了多普勒的细致分析对电离层形态学研究有其特殊意义。利用IRI模型，对多普勒频移的太阳耀斑效应及电离层不规则结构对多普勒频移的影响进行了模拟计算，理论结果与观测基本一致，从而大体上解释了这些响应的物理机制。论文最后对观测到的一种特殊的记录类型－－S型描迹的具体成因作了详细的分析和讨论，指出在一定条件下，以一定相位速度水平传播的声重波可以产生这类记录，给出了相位速度和振幅等声重波参数与记录描迹形状的关系，这对从多普勒频移记录推演电离层中的波动特征有一定的帮助。     

一种短波SID监测记录及其在太阳X射线耀斑观测中的应用

本文介绍了北京大学目前进行的电离层观测中的一种SID地面连续监测设备;着重讨论它在太阳耀斑观测方面的应用.通过对1982-1983年资料的分析表明,此方法对太阳耀斑活动十分敏感.所记录到的SID现象与世界上其他主要台站的报告基本上一致.文中介绍的几个实例说明有可能利用SID形态研究耀斑时的X射线强度的时间演变.统计结果还表明1-8A谱段的X射线峰值流量与SID扰动强度之间满足一个较简单的关系式,可据此对较大的太阳X射线耀斑的峰值流量做出估计.      

太阳质子事件与太阳耀斑的关系

通过对0°W-39°W,40°W-70°W,71°W-90°W经度范围内太阳质子事件与太阳耀斑的相关性计算分析,发现太阳质子事件与太阳耀斑的相关系数依赖于经度.太阳耀斑积分与地球磁链接区域（40°W-70°W）太阳质子事件强度的相关系数最大.相关系数的这种特点与耀斑加速粒子的最大流量只出现在磁链接区域的特征相吻合.计算结果表明,太阳耀斑对太阳质子事件具有贡献,即耀斑对E ≥ 10MeV的质子加速有贡献.耀斑和CME在磁链接区域对太阳质子事件的贡献相同,这说明太阳质子事件是混合型事件.      

AR5395活动区演化的周期性

观测资料分析表明,AR5395活动区演化具有周期性的特征,软X射线峰值流量F变化周期为24.3小时,X射线耀斑出现率N_x,具有12.2小时的周期性,活动区黑子群面积S_x的变化呈现24.4小时的周期。这3个周期变化量的相位关系表明:(1)X级耀斑往往发生在黑子面积减小的位相;(2)在1个周期内,黑子群面积达到最大值约需16小时,恢复到大耀斑前水平约需8小时;(3)在X级大耀斑前约12小时,小级别耀斑出现率达到峰值。分析显示,AR5395活动区似乎工作于大耀斑能量储存—释放—储存周期性循环的极限状态之中。      

SDO揭示太阳磁笼阻止太阳喷发机制

正NASA网站近日报道,利用太阳动力学天文台(SDO)的观测数据,法国研究人员发现太阳表面形成的磁笼能阻止耀斑的喷发,相关论文发表在Nature上。SDO任务在2014年10月期间记录了太阳表面木星大小的太阳黑子群事件。这一区域太阳活动十分活跃,但始终未发生大规模的日冕物质抛射,仅出现了一次X级的耀斑。针对这一奇怪的现象,法国天     

基于太阳10.7 cm射电流量的全日面耀斑预报方法

太阳耀斑是一种重要的太阳爆发活动现象,表现为近乎全波段的电磁辐射增强。统计表明,太阳活动水平越高,太阳爆发越频繁,耀斑爆发的概率越大。利用1975-2007年10.7 cm流量与耀斑爆发的统计关系,建立了一种可行的全日面爆发耀斑概率的预报方法,能够实现C,M,X三种级别的耀斑在全日面爆发的概率预报。通过2008-2016年的观测数据,对模型进行了预报性能的评估,得到模型对C,M,X级耀斑发生概率的预报误差均较小,Brier评分误差分别为0.113,0.087,0.012;模型的预报性能均比平均模型有提高,对C,M,X级耀斑发生概率预报的Brier技巧评分分别为0.250,0.106,0.012。在2008-2016年未来1天耀斑预报的模型实测中,模型的预报效果与中国科学院空间环境预报中心的预报效果相当,这说明该模型在实际的空间环境预报中切实可行。     

对VLF相位周期丢失的分析

本文分析了在新乡、兰州两地接收Omega导航系统G台的信号。结果表明,测出的相让周期丢失是VLP远距离传播所具有的传播现象。同时,结合在兰州的测试结果,进一步分析了产生这种传播现象的原因。      

Simultaneous observations of some unusual whistlers and VLF hiss emission at a low L-value (L = 1.17)

The purpose of this paper is to describe some unusual whistlers (doublets and triplets) and VLF hiss emission recorded simultaneously on February 18, 1998 during nighttime at a low latitude Indian ground station Jammu (geomag. lat., 22° 26′ N; L = 1.17), and to make some discussions about their origin. The detailed structures of the observed VLF hiss emission clearly show that these emissions confined to a narrow continuous frequency band. Some times the frequency of hiss band oscillates and subsequently touches the upper edge of the first whistler component of the doublet. Detailed structures of the dynamic spectra of whistler and VLF hiss emission are briefly presented. From the dispersion analysis of the whistler doublets and triplets, it is found that the individual whistlers of the doublets and triplets simultaneously observed on the same day are one-hop whistlers having propagation path along higher and closely spaced L-values. Our result also shows that VLF hiss has been generated in the equatorial region of higher L-values. Generation and propagation mechanisms are briefly discussed.     

Sensing the Earth’s low ionosphere during solar flares using VLF signals and goes solar X-ray data

An analysis of D-region electron density height profile variations, induced by four isolated solar X-ray flares during period from September 2005 to December 2006, based on the amplitude and the phase delay perturbation of 22.1 kHz signal trace from Skelton (54.72 N, 2.88 W) to Belgrade (44.85 N, 20.38 E), coded GQD, was carried out. Solar flare data were taken from NOAA GOES12 satellite one-minute listings. For VLF data acquisition and recordings at the Institute of Physics, Belgrade, Serbia, the AbsPAL system was used. Starting from LWPCv21 code (Ferguson, 1998), the variations of the Earth-ionosphere waveguide characteristic parameters, sharpness and reflection height, were estimated during the flare conditions. It was found that solar flare events affected the VLF wave propagation in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide by changing the lower ionosphere electron density height profile, in a different way, for different solar flare events.     

VLF波从大气层到低电离层的传输特性分析

基于传播矩阵法计算了均匀半空间电离层的反透射系数, 同时解Booker复系数四次方程得到电离层的复折射指数, 分别研究了电离层反射透射系数及折射指数随VLF频段入射电波频率、入射角和地磁倾角、电离层电子浓度及碰撞频率的变化规律. 计算结果表明, 在VLF频段, 垂直电偶极子辐射的横磁(Traverse Magnetic)波更易透射进入电离层, 而水平电偶极子辐射的横电(Traverse Electric) 波易被限制在地-电离层波导内来回反射. 电离层电子密度较低时 (如夜间), 在高纬度地区, 观测到地震电离层VLF异常的概率更大. 当考虑地磁场 的影响时, 电离层将允许地震辐射的超低频(Ultra Low Frequency ,ULF)/甚低频 (Very Low Frequency, VLF)部分的电磁波透射进入电离层, 这一点已有很多卫星观测事实为证, 但其进一步的物理机制尚需深入研究.      

Ionospheric precursors of earthquakes recorded by VLF receiver at Tashkent IHY station

Tashkent International Heliophysical Year (IHY) station is a member of Atmospheric Weather Electromagnetic System for Observation, Modeling and Education (AWESOME) network being operated globally to study the ionosphere and the magnetosphere with the help of electromagnetic waves in Very Low Frequency (VLF) band. Regular monitoring of the D- and F-layers of ionosphere over Central Asia territory is being performed on the permanent basis starting year 2008. We have studied VLF amplitude anomalies related to the EQs occurred in 2008–2009 years with magnitude more than 5 on the path way from the VLF transmitters to the Tashkent station assuming that propagation of VLF ground-based transmitters signals can be perturbed by EQ preparation detectable from the ground-based measurements in the VLF bands. For analyzing narrowband data we have used the nighttime fluctuation (NF) method paying attention to the data obtained during the local nighttime (20:00 LT–04:00 LT) in Tashkent where the VLF receiver is operating. The mean nighttime amplitude (or trend) and nighttime fluctuation are found to increase significantly before the EQ occurred on the path way from the transmitters to the receiver. The obtained results have revealed an agreement with VLF amplitude anomalies observed in Tashkent VLF station during the strong EQs occurred on the path way from the transmitters to the receiver. Some results are presented to show the probing potentiality of VLF waves to predict short term EQs with high magnitude.     

Satellite launch vehicle effect on the Earth’s lower ionosphere: A case study

The effect of the rocket exhaust products on the D-region of the ionosphere is investigated with the help of Very low frequency (VLF) electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics within the Earth-ionosphere waveguide. The changes in the electron density profile are computed from the observed VLF signal amplitude perturbations about 3 dB during the rocket launch. We find a localized electron depletion in the lower ionosphere at an altitude of around 58 km, that is thought to be originated by the attachment of ionospheric ion and molecular hydrogen along with water molecule in the exhaust product of first stage burn of Geosynchronous Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket at the time of GSLV launched from Sriharikota, India, on 27 August 2015 at 11:22 UT (16:52 IST). The ionospheric depletion perturbed the navigational VLF signal (VTX = 17 kHz) 134 s after the launch of the GSLV rocket.     

Study of long path VLF signal propagation characteristics as observed from Indian Antarctic station,Maitri

To examine the quality and propagation characteristics of the Very Low Frequency (VLF) radio waves in a very long propagation path, Indian Centre for Space Physics, Kolkata, participated in the 27th Indian scientific expedition to Antarctica during 2007–2008. One Stanford University made AWESOME VLF receiving system was installed at the Indian Antarctic station Maitri and about five weeks of data were recorded successfully from the Indian transmitter VTX and several other transmitting stations worldwide. The quality of the signal from the VTX transmitter was found to be very good, consistent and highly stable in day and night. The signal shows the evidences of the presence of the 24 h solar radiation in the Antarctic region during local summer. Here we report the both narrow band and broadband VLF observations from this site. The diurnal variations of VTX signal (18.2 kHz) are presented systematically for Antarctica path and also compared the same with the variations for a short propagation path (VTX-Kolkata). We compute the spatial distribution of the VTX signal along the VTX-Antarctica path using the most well-known LWPC model for an all-day and all-night propagation conditions. The calculated signal amplitudes corresponding to those conditions relatively corroborate the observations. We also present the attenuation rate of the dominant waveguide modes corresponding to those propagation conditions where the effects of the Antarctic polar ice on the attenuation of different propagating waveguide modes are visible.     

背景条件对低电离层预加热幅度调制的影响

基于电离层连续性方程和能量方程,建立了预加热模式下低电离层幅度调制加热理论模型,研究预加热阶段电离层电子密度和调制阶段电流随预加热时间的变化,探讨不同背景条件对幅度调制产生的极低频/甚低频（ELF/VLF）电磁波强度的影响.结果表明,预加热调制在90~100km高度效果较好,在夜间进行预加热调制激发的ELF/VLF强度增幅不明显,各季节中在春季调制强度增幅最大,太阳高年预加热调制比太阳低年的效果好,低纬地区强度增幅远大于中纬地区强度增幅.在一定加热条件下（有效辐射功率200MW,频率1kHz）,不同背景条件（除夜间外）下的预加热幅度调制模式在考虑能耗情况下,均在预加热10s时效果最好.      

Electron density models for the lower ionosphere

Probably the only reliable method of checking an electron density model below 70 km is to calculate from it what would be obtained by VLF or LF propagation over certain paths, and to compare the results with actual observations. This has been done for the IRI at various frequencies from 16 to 70 kHz; the results agree in places but differ substantially elsewhere. Previous models described by the author give satisfactory results and it is suggested that certain features of them might be incorporated with advantage in the IRI. In particular, it is impossible to get agreement with VLF propagation in all seasons by means of a model varying only with solar zenith angle, such as the IRI from 50–90 km.     

VLF Emissions observed at the low latitude Indian station Varanasi

VLF emissions such as hiss, chorus, pulsing hiss, triggered emissions observed at Varanasi (geom. lat. = 14° 55′ N, long. = 153° 55′ E) are reported. An attempt has been made to explain the dynamic spectra in terms of the generation mechanism and propagation through the inhomogeneous magnetoplasma. It is noted that the reported events have propagated along different L-values in the magnetosphere, although they have been recorded at the same station. The ULF waves propagating along geomagnetic field lines modulate the growth rate of VLF waves, which results in the pulsation of VLF hiss intensity. The pulsating growth rate has been computed.