Resources of free space vs. flags and footprints on Mars

Human space exploration since Apollo appears to lack an overall context. There has been an overall context for the world's space efforts. But it is an unofficial one and it is outmoded, because it was based on a false assumption. This is the space exploration plan articulated by Von Braun in the 1950s and restated as the Integrated Space Program - 1970–1990, whose principal aim is to send humans to explore Mars. The critical underlying assumption of this plan was that Mars is a planet much like Earth, with an active biosphere. This Program has persisted nearly two decades after this underlying assumption has been shown to be false. There is a competing context re-emerging for human space exploration and development which is better fitted to the needs of human society in the post-Cold War era than the Mars program embraced by NASA and, to a large extent, the USSR during the period of US-Russian competition. The original space program uses the resources of free space and provides an economic rationale for human space activity.     

The physics,biology, and environmental ethics of making mars habitable

The considerable evidence that Mars once had a wetter, more clement, environment motivates the search for past or present life on that planet. This evidence also suggests the possibility of restoring habitable conditions on Mars. While the total amounts of the key molecules--carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen--needed for creating a biosphere on Mars are unknown, estimates suggest that there may be enough in the subsurface. Super greenhouse gases, in particular, perfluorocarbons, are currently the most effective and practical way to warm Mars and thicken its atmosphere so that liquid water is stable on the surface. This process could take approximately 100 years. If enough carbon dioxide is frozen in the South Polar Cap and absorbed in the regolith, the resulting thick and warm carbon dioxide atmosphere could support many types of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. If a planet-wide martian biosphere converted carbon dioxide into oxygen with an average efficiency equal to that for Earth's biosphere, it would take > 100,000 years to create Earth-like oxygen levels. Ethical issues associated with bringing life to Mars center on the possibility of indigenous martian life and the relative value of a planet with or without a global biosphere.     

Space ethics and protection of the space environment

The construction of the International Space Station in low Earth orbit and the formulation of plans to search for life on Mars indicate that mankind is intent on making the space environment part of its domain. Publicity surrounding space tourism, in-space ‘burials’ and the sale of lunar ‘real estate’ suggests that, some time in the 21st century, the space environment will become an extension of our current terrestrial business and domestic environment. This prompts the question of our collective attitude towards the space environment and the degree to which we should regulate its use and protect it for future generations. This article offers a pragmatic view of an ethical code for space exploration and development, as far as it relates to the protection of the space environment.     

A code of ethics for conducting business in outer space

The aim to increase commercial economic activity in space will be facilitated by the introduction of a code of ethics for the businesses involved, something that is now commonplace on Earth. A proposed such code—comprising 12 principles—is presented below. It covers areas such as environmental stewardship of space, the promotion of honest dealings, making safety an important concern, ensuring a free-market economy and disclosure of conflicts of interest or political contributions.     

The photochemical stability of carbonates on Mars

Carbonates, predominately MgCO3, have been spectroscopically identified at a level of 2-5% in martian dust. However, in spite of this observation, and a large number of climate studies that suggest 1 to several bars of CO2 should be sequestered in carbonate rocks, no outcrop-scale exposures of carbonate have been detected anywhere on Mars to date. To address one hypothesis for this long-standing puzzle, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on the stability of calcium carbonate in a simulated martian atmosphere was experimentally investigated. Using 13C-labeled calcite, we found no experimental evidence of the UV photodecomposition of calcium carbonate in a simulated martian atmosphere. Extrapolating the lower limit of detection of our experimental system to an upper limit of carbonate decomposition on Mars yields a quantum efficiency of 3.5 x 10(-8) molecules/photon over the wavelength interval of 190-390 nm and a maximum UV photodecomposition rate of 1.2 x 10(-13) kg m(-2) s(-1) from a calcite surface. The maximum loss of bulk calcite due to this process would be 2.5 nm year(-1) (Mars year). However, calcite is expected to be thermodynamically stable on the surface of Mars, and potential UV photodecomposition reaction mechanisms indicate that, though calcium carbonate may decompose under vacuum, it would be stable in a CO2 atmosphere. Given the expected stability of carbonate on Mars and our inability to detect carbonate decomposition, we conclude that it is unlikely that the apparent absence of extensive carbonate deposits on the martian surface is due to UV photodecomposition in the current environment.     

河北省产业集群研究

基于菱形模型来分析河北省目前产业集群的现状和存在的问题,在政府职能定位、创新、特色产业集群等角度试图探求集群升级的策略.     

The influence of pressure on combustion intensity

The influence of pressure in the range of 3–15 kgf/cm² on combustion intensity is studied experimentally in a medium-sized rig. The apparatus is described and temperature measurements by different thermocouple techniques are discussed; gas composition was monitored by gas chromatography. The experiments were performed at different cross sections allowing to map temperatures and gas concentrations. The results show that temperature and carbon dioxide concentration increase more rapidly as the pressure is raised. Carbon monoxide appears as an intermediate and is concentrated near the combustion axis. The combustion zone becomes shorter with increasing pressure and the combustion intensity increases correspondingly.     

网络化工艺系统安全性的研究

随着网络的发展,CAPP系统网络化是发展的趋势,网络应用的根本是安全,通过CA+SSL的安全方案,构建一个跨区域的CAPP系统,阐述了CAPP系统网络应用中安全问题解决方法。     

纳米材料在航天器上的应用前景

文章综述了国内外纳米材料(如碳纳米管,SiO2,TiO2)在航天器上的潜在应用。首先介绍了在航天器领域具有应用潜力的纳米材料及其复合材料,然后从结构和功能材料等方面对在航天光学遥感器上的应用前景做了分析。     

基于CPLD的循环冗余校验码的实现

本文介绍了利用VHDL语言,在MAXPLUSⅡ平台上,使用CPLD 实现串行、并行两种信源方式的CRC码的设计及其模型验证结果.无论是串行,还是并行的信源要想实现CRC码设计必须建立校验、纠错两个模块,完成数据传输中的差错控制.同时在用硬件实现CRC码传输的过程中,比较了串、并两种方式的优缺点.     

工艺文件协调性探讨

论述了工艺文件以产品为对象进行编制的概念及在工艺文件中体现的工序间的协调关系,阐述了主制工艺文件与引出工艺文件（子工艺文件）在工艺文件之间应如何协调的观点。     

河北省产业集群研究

基于菱形模型来分析河北省目前产业集群的现状和存在的问题,在政府职能定位、创新、特色产业集群等角度试图探求集群升级的策略。     

基于CPLD的循环冗余校验码的实现

本文介绍了利用VHDL语言，在MAXPLUSⅡ平台上，使用CPLD实现串行、并行两种信源方式的CRC码的设计及其模型验证结果。无论是串行，还是并行的信源要想实现CRC码设计必须建立校验、纠错两个模块，完成数据传输中的差错控制。同时在用硬件实现CRC码传输的过程中，比较了串、并两种方式的优缺点。     

基于FPGA高效实现FIR滤波器的研究

文章对FPGA中FIR滤波器的高效实现进行了研究。介绍了流水线技术的原理和应用,比较了整数的CSD表示和根据FPGA结构加以改进的最优表示,提出了FIR滤波器高效实现的措施。最后以具体实例说明了这些措施的可行性和有效性。     

基于FPGA的FIR滤波器设计

本文详细介绍了基于Altera公司FPGA的DSP开发技术,通过实例FIR滤波器,阐述了基于DSP Builder的开发流程,并用ModelSim进行了仿真。     

激光通信调制方式的研究

在分析OOK、M—PPM、MPPM、DPPM、OPPM调制结构的基础上,详细分析了各调制方式在传信率、发射功率、传输带宽、抗干扰性能等方面性能,并给出了相应的仿真分析结果。该仿真结果为未来激光通信调制方式的选择提供进一步的理论支持。     

挠性框架对陀螺飞轮性能影响分析

挠性框架是实现陀螺飞轮输出三轴控制力矩、测量外界角速度的关键部件。通过数值计算分析了挠性框架平衡环的惯量特性、内/外弹性元件的摆动刚度,以及倾侧角度对陀螺飞轮整机性能指标的影响。分析结果表明:降低挠性框架剩余刚度系数可以提高陀螺飞轮转子摆角控制精度,降低控制力矩。     

The effect of simulated microgravity on hybridoma cells

The effect of clinostat-simulated microgravity on SP-2/0 and 1D6 hybridoma cells was studied. Clinorotation during 4-5 days at 1.5 rounds per minute decreased dramatically their proliferating capacity: the rotated cells divided less than once while control cells performed 4-5 divisions. They decreased the non-specific adhesion to tissue culture plastic, but increased the number of cell-to-cell contacts. Such phenomenological changes were accompanied with the alterations in pericellular glycosaminoglycans: decreased accumulation of hyaluronic acid and increased accumulation of chondroitin/dermatan-sulfate, as well as with the increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. Clinorotation resulted in hybridoma nicotinic receptor desensitization but not down-regulation. In contrast, both the quantity and quality (molecular isoforms, affinity and specificity) of the antibody produced by 1D6 hybridoma cells were not altered by clinorotation. It is concluded that simulated microgravity affected the proliferating and adhesive, but not biosynthetic properties of hybridoma cells.     

基于VERICUT虚拟加工的应用

VERICUT是美国CGTECH公司开发的世界上先进的数控加工仿真软件.本文以VERICUT 6.1.2软件为平台,构建了VMC10数控加工仿真系统.通过一个典型实例展现了仿真、优化的全过程,这将为构建其它数控加工仿真系统提供参考.     

箭载电子仪器的密封设计

本文是一篇关于箭载电子仪器结构密封设计的文章,是多年来结构设计和实践经验的总结.文中对密封原理、密封装置的设计要点、密封圈和固紧螺钉的选择、壳体受压变形情况诸方面进行了论述.