Variable Speed Wind Energy Conversion Using Synchronous Machine

A power generation scheme using a synchronous generator with an excitation control system driven by a variable-speed wind turbine is described. The proposed scheme has been analyzed over a wide speed range and under wind gusting conditions. Performance characteristics show that it is feasible to use variable-speed fixed-pitch wind turbines to generate electric power.     

Output Power Controller for a Wind-Driven Induction Generator

A constant stator power output controller for a wind-driven grid-connected induction generator is described. The load torque of the generator is controlled by varying the rotor resistance electronically. A dynamic model for the wind energy conversion system is proposed for both controlled and uncontrolled operation.The model is then used to predict the changes in shaft speed,turbine torque, and stator power output in response to change in wind speed. Data pertaining to a 60 kW commercial wind turbine generator is used in this investigation. Results based on analog computer simulation demonstrate the feasibility of the controller for scheduling a desired power output from the induction generator.Results of the tests on a laboratory induction generator driven by amicrocomputer-controlled dc motor drive simulating the characteristics of the wind turbine are included.     

教与学优化算法在风力机变桨自抗扰控制中的应用

随着风力机的发展越来越智能化,除了要求风力机的运行可靠性,还要求其有稳定的输出功率。为了使风力机变桨控制器在运行过程中具有优良的动态品质,提出了一种自抗扰控制(ADRC)的变桨距控制方案,但ADRC也存在参数多、整定难度大这一明显缺点。为此,将教与学算法应用到ADRC的整定过程中,实现了参数的自动整定。仿真结果验证了通过教与学算法自动整定ADRC参数的可行性,与传统PID控制器相比,整定后的ADRC能较好地满足风力机变桨距控制要求,有效维持了风力机输出功率的稳定性。     

风速缺失情况下风电场功率调度分析

为了得到最优风电场功率调度方案,必须掌握任意时刻各风机风速输入值,进而得出各风机出力大小。当风速测量仪出现故障而不能正常工作时,风电机组风速数据将出现错误或缺失。建立线性回归方程,找出每台机组间输入风速的联系便可得到缺失的风速值。当风场发生“空转弃风”时,电网管理部门下达限电指令,风电场输出指定规模的有功、无功功率。将风场内所有双馈异步发电机损耗最低为目标函数,确定有功、无功调度方案。运用MATLAB软件建立风场模型,仿真结果验证了调度模型的可行性。     

一种改进的虚拟永磁风力发电系统模拟平台

提出了一种包含风剪塔影效应的风力发电系统的改进型模拟方案。以背靠背三相变流器平台为基础,建立了考虑包含风剪塔影效应的虚拟永磁直驱风力发电系统的数学模型,进而搭建其控制系统;针对简化叶尖速比与转矩系数拟合的问题,提出了一种基于Kalman滤波的分段线性拟合的方法来简化拟合方程;利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真软件搭建虚拟风力发电系统模拟平台,对负载变化时的模拟平台输出以及有无风剪塔影效应时风力机的机械转矩变化进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,该平台能够较好地模拟出风力机发电机组地运行特性。     

反推滑模控制在电磁耦合调速型风电机组中的应用研究

针对电磁耦合调速型风电机组的风能跟踪中存在的跟踪效果较差的问题,提出了一种基于反推滑模控制的最大风能跟踪控制算法。依据风力机运行特性和电磁耦合器的工作原理建立了电磁耦合调速型调速型风电机组的数学模型,阐述了在该风电机组中最优转矩控制的具体应用方法,并获得参考转矩。最后依据反推滑模控制原理设计分别应用于最大风能跟踪区恒转速区的转矩滑模反推控制器和转速滑模反推控制器,验证了系统的稳定性。与转矩反推控制和传统最优转矩控制相比,该方法能够快速准确地跟踪风速的变化,以最佳叶尖速比运行,更好地实现最大风能跟踪的目标。     

Dynamics of Wind Generators on Electric Utility Networks

Dynamic interaction of wind-turbine-driven generators on electric utility networks was studied by computer simulation. Nonlinear representations of wind-turbine and various drive train elements and Park equation representations of synchronous and induction generators were implemented. An infinite capacity network was assumed. Time history responses for various system configurations were computed using as the input function severe wind gust data added to cyclical torque variations occurring at turbine blade frequency. Results indicated that severe transient mechanical and electrical stresses can be induced for certain system configurations. Best results were obtained by interposing rate or damped compliant couplings between the wind turbine and a synchronous generator. The induction generator did not appear to require such means. Blade pitch control (or equivalent) was required to limit output above rated wind velocities for wind turbines configured to produce maximum mum specific power. The blade pitch control loop must exhibit high performance to limit transient overshoots. An aerodynamically limited turbine driving an induction generator exhibited good response without the need for blade pitch control, but at the cost of increased turbine rotor diameter. Further work is indicated, taking into account wind-turbine aeroelastic effects, finite capacity networks, and other factors.     

航空发动机陆用改型设计与分析

本文针对航空发动机开展陆用改型研究,首先分析了由简单到复杂的几种技术方案,然后对某型涡扇发动机进行总体热力学计算分析,在此基础上采用内外涵混合气流后直接加装动力涡轮的方案进行准三维气动设计,动力涡轮的全三维流场校核效果良好,达到了方案设计要求.此外还对其它几种典型的航空发动机进行了陆改方案设计.计算结果表明:退役发动机...     

风力发电机输出功率条件子集区间估计方法

根据风力发电机的风速和输出功率历史数据,对风机输出功率均值与风速的关系进行最小二乘参数辨识,以此为基础求出风机输出功率偏差与风速的关系。采用Python概率分析确定风机输出功率偏差各子集的概率分布类型,估计其特征参数,以求出其概率密度函数,进而对风机输出功率偏差进行概率置信区间预测。基于风机输出功率均值与风速的关系和风机输出功率偏差子集的置信区间估计模型,实现了根据风速预报值对风机输出功率的置信区间进行预测。用实际风机的历史纪录对所提方法进行了测试和验证。结果表明:基于风速将风机输出功率偏差划分成多个子集,可提高风机输出功率概率置信区间预测的精准度。     

Starter/generator employing resonant-converter-fed induction machine. I. Analysis

A new procedure to start a jet engine (JE) and to generate power by means of a single induction machine (IM) directly coupled to the turbine is presented. The JE is brought to an initial speed by the motoring operation of the IM. Later, the IM is taken into generating mode and the turbine is applied to its excitation. The turbine catches up and starts to drive the induction generator (IG). The generated power is converted to a three-phase, 400 Hz voltage-regulated bus via a double stage power conversion utilizing a 20 kHz parallel resonant high frequency AC link and pulse density modulated converter technology. Independent of the engine speed, a constant amplitude and constant frequency three-phase voltage-regulated AC bus is formed and maintained by the proper control of the power converters. The feasibility of operation of such a system has been demonstrated in software where the JE turbine is modeled and replaced by a DC machine. An introduction, background, operation principles of the overall system, and the related software simulations are presented and discussed.     

High power factor AC/DC/AC converter with random PWM

A three-phase AC/DC/AC converter is presented with a power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side and a pseudorandom noise generator to reduce the emitted acoustic noise and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive. The space vector modulation with hysteresis current control for a voltage source rectifier is adopted to simplify the hardware circuit. A control scheme is presented to drive the supply current following the reference current. The amplitude of reference current for the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) rectifier is derived from the DC bus voltage regulator and the estimated output power. Random switching frequency technique for a three-phase PWM inverter system to reduce the annoying tonal noise and resonant vibration from an induction motor is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous PWM switching frequency from one cycle to the next, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range. The major advantage for using such a strategy is the nonrepetitive output spectral characteristic that results in reduction of torque pulsations in motor drive systems. The nearly unity power factor at the three-phase rectifier and the absence of acoustic noise concentrated at the specific tones which is usually present with conventional sinusoidal modulation are verified by the experimental tests     

可调桨距冲压空气涡轮气动特性实验与数值分析

冲压空气涡轮风洞实验主要目的是采用相似准则,模拟空中加油工作状态,测量涡轮输出功率,分析涡轮气动特性。实验分别使用励磁发电机和加油泵作为测功器,通过调桨变距并测量最大输出功率。气动特性实验表明在风洞气流速度比加油机最小飞行速度低16%的条件下,冲压涡轮输出功率即可满足加油需要。论文还采用高数值稳定性代数Baldwin-Lomax湍流模型模拟冲压涡轮全三维混合型流场,分析流场主要气动特性,讨论桨叶表面载荷的分布。数值模拟结果显示在冲压空气涡轮桨叶近轮毂区域需要进一步优化。      

A New Hybrid Control Scheme for an Integrated Helicopter and Engine System

A new hybrid control scheme is presented with a robust multiple model fusion control(RMMFC) law for a UH-60 helicopter and an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) controller for its engines.This scheme is a control design method with every subsystem designed separately but fully considering the couplings between them.With three subspaces with respect to forward flight velocity,a RMMFC is proposed to devise a four-loop reference signal tracing control for the helicopter,which escapes the closed-loop system from unstable state due to the extreme complexity of this integrated nonlinear system.The engines are controlled by the proposed ADRC decoupling controller,which fully takes advantage of a good compensation ability for unmodeled dynamics and extra disturbances,so as to compensate torque disturbance in power turbine speed loop.By simulating a forward acceleration flight task,the RMMFC for the helicopter is validated.It is apparent that the integrated helicopter and engine system(IHES) has much better dynamic performance under the new control scheme.Especially in the switching process,the large transient is significantly weakened,and smooth transition among candidate controllers is achieved.Over the entire simulation task,the droop of power turbine speed with the proposed ADRC controller is significantly slighter than with the conventional PID controller,and the response time of the former is much faster than the latter.By simulating a rapid climb and descent flight task,the results also show the feasibility for the application of the proposed multiple model fusion control.Although there is aggressive power demand in this maneuver,the droop of power turbine speed with an ADRC controller is smaller than using a PID controller.The control performance for helicopter and engine is enhanced by adopting this hybrid control scheme,and simulation results in other envelope state give proofs of robustness for this new scheme.     

Implementation of nondeterministic pulsewidth modulation forinverter drives

A single-phase power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side of an ac/dc/ac converter and a random pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to reduce the emitted noise energy and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive is proposed. The hysteresis current control (HCC) technique for a voltage source switching mode rectifier (SMR) is adopted. A control scheme is presented such that the line current is driven to follow the reference current which is derived from the dc bus voltage regulator and the output power estimator. A random pulse position technique for a three-phase voltage source inverter system to reduce the noise energy and resonant vibration from ac machine drive is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous pulse position in each switching frequency, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range which results in reduction of torque pulsations in the ac motor drive systems. To investigate the proposed control scheme, experimental tests based on a laboratory prototype were implemented to show the nearly unity power factor at the SMR and reduce the noise energy concentrated at the specific tones     

某微型发动机轴流涡轮与向心涡轮的气动性能及尺寸对比分析

为确定厘米级微型涡轮发动机在相对较大功率、流量需求时的涡轮形式,基于某直径为12 cm的微型发动机样机开展研究.估算了该样机整机环境下单级轴流涡轮的做功能力,并按参数优选规律设计了一台微型轴流涡轮,将之与该样机采用的微型向心涡轮对比,分析了两种叶轮在功率、效率及尺寸质量方面的差别.研究表明:在先进微型发动机压比提高(＞...     

基于可变减载率超速控制的双馈异步风机参与微电网调频研究

为了使双馈异步风机(DFIG)能够更好地参与微电网频率调节并减少有功控制成本,综合考虑风机向微电网输送有功功率和提供备用容量参与系统调频两方面因素,提出了变减载率超速控制法。计及风速出现概率,采用概率加权求和法,考虑减载成本、调频效益和调频恢复成本求解超速控制成本(COC),得到变减载率曲线。通过对一个含DFIG的微电网系统进行仿真分析,验证所提方法可有效改善微电网频率动态特性,减少风机有功控制成本,有利于微电网的稳定运行。     

基于在线滚动序列核极限学习机的涡轴发动机非线性模型预测控制

针对涡轴发动机控制系统设计,提出了1种基于在线滚动序列核极限学习机的非线性模型预测控制方法。综合考虑直升机旋翼扭矩、燃气涡轮转速、动力涡轮转速、涡轮级间温度和压气机喘振裕度等信息,设计具有较好实时性、精度和泛化能力的多输出在线滚动序列核极限学习机作为预测模型,引入预测模型输出与发动机输出的误差进行反馈校正,利用序列二次规化算法在线求解包含限制约束的预测控制问题。在某型直升机/涡轴发动机综合平台的仿真环境中进行了直升机大幅度机动飞行仿真验证,结果表明:该模型预测控制器相比于传统串级控制具有更好的控制品质,可显著降低动力涡轮转速超调/下垂量。     

直升机扭振固有频率测量试验方法

直升机扭振与FADEC控制的耦合具有强大的破坏作用,在FADEC中必须采取有效措施防止这种共振,有必要通过试验的方法测量扭振的固有频率。独创性地设计了用于直升机扭振固有频率测量的新方案:采用颤振扫频技术,直接对FADEC系统动力涡轮转速给定值进行激励,通过闭环系统对发动机动力涡轮转速进行扫频激励的方法,获取了直升机扭振系统不同工作模态下的扭振频率点。试验结果表明:该新方法能够在直升机平台准确地获取扭振固有频率。     

基于SVG的双馈风电场电压稳定控制策略研究

双馈异步发电机(DFIG)在大规模风电并网环境下提供的无功功率无法满足并网需求。虽然引入固定电容器能够提供无功补偿,但系统受功率耦合的影响无法有效实时维持电压稳定。提出了一种静止无功发生器(SVG)与DFIG协调补偿无功的控制策略,同时引入电力系统稳定器(PSS)抑制系统的低频振荡,充分利用DFIG风电机组自身发出无功的能力,减少了SVG的配置容量。在MATLAB/Simulink软件仿真平台建立DFIG风电机组并网模型,仿真结果证实了此控制策略能够完成连续无功补偿,有效维持并网点电压稳定,增强系统输电能力。     

基于TS模糊加权的风电机组变桨距的双模切换优化控制

传统的PID变桨距控制策略存在转速波动较大、变桨的跟随性差等不足。以风速在额定风速以上时,使风力发电机的输出功率稳定在额定功率为研究目标。针对变桨系统的惯性与延迟导致控制过程动态调节时间长、超调量大等问题,提出了基于TS模糊加权的模糊与PID双模切换优化变桨距控制策略。以Simulink为试验平台,搭建了永磁直驱风力发电机组的变桨控制模型。通过仿真验证表明,所提方法具有模糊控制与PID控制两者的优点,控制输出的桨距角精度更高、响应速度更快、功率更加靠近发电机输出的额定功率。