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1.
John F. Kerridge 《Space Science Reviews》1991,56(1-2):177-184
Carbon isotope ratios have been measured for CN in the coma of comet Halley and for several CHON particles emitted by Halley. Of these, only the CHON-particle data may be reasonably related to organic matter in the cometary nucleus, but the true range of 13C/12C values in those particles is quite uncertain. The D/H ratio in H2O in the Halley coma resembles that in Titan/Uranus. The next decade should substantially improve our understanding of the distribution of C, H, N, and O isotopes in cometary organics. The isotopic composition of meteoritic organic matter is better understood and can serve as a useful analog for the cometary case. 相似文献
2.
The determination of the chemical composition of solid cometary dust particles was one of the prime objectives of the three
missions to Comet Halley in 1986. The dust analysis was performed by time-of-flight mass-spectrometry. Within the experimental
uncertainty the mean abundances of the rock-forming elements in cometary dust particles are comparable to their abundances
in CI-chondrites and in the solar photosphere, i.e. they are cosmic. H, C, and N, on the other hand, in cometary dust are
significantly more abundant than in CI-chondrites, approach solar abundances, are to some extent related to O, and reside
in an omnipresent refractory organic component dubbed CHON. Element variations between individual dust grains are characterized
by correlations of Mg, Si, and O, and to a lesser extent of Fe and S. From particle-to-particle variations of the rock forming
elements information on the mineralogy of cometary dust can be obtained. Cluster analysis revealed certain groups that partly
match the classifications of stratospheric interplanetary dust particles. About half of Halley's analyzed particles are characterized
by anhydrous Fe-poor Mg-silicates, Fe-sulfides, and rarely Fe metal. The Fe-poor Mg-silicates link Halley's dust to that of
Hale-Bopp as shown by recent IR observations. No significant deviation from normal of the isotopic composition of the elements is unequivocally present with the notable exception carbon: 12C-rich grains with 12C/13C-ratios up to ≈ 5,000 link cometary dust to presolar circumstellar grains identified in certain chondrites.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
We review the evidence for the products of interstellar chemistry in volatile cometary matter. We compare the organic inventory of star-forming cores with that measured in various comets and point out the similarities and differences. The conditions necessary to fractionate interstellar molecules in the heavier isotopes of H, C, O and N are summarised and compared to the measured fractionation ratios in cometary ices. We give a list of future measurements that would shed further light on the putative connection between cometary and interstellar molecules. 相似文献
4.
Deuterium fractionations in cometary ices provide important clues to the origin and evolution of comets. Mass spectrometers
aboard spaceprobe Giotto revealed the first accurate D/H ratios in the water of Comet 1P/Halley. Ground-based observations
of HDO in Comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), the detection of DCN in Comet Hale-Bopp, and upper limits
for several other D-bearing molecules complement our limited sample of D/H measurements. On the basis of this data set all
Oort cloud comets seem to exhibit a similar
ratio in H2O, enriched by about a factor of two relative to terrestrial water and approximately one order of magnitude relative to the
protosolar value. Oort cloud comets, and by inference also classical short-period comets derived from the Kuiper Belt cannot
be the only source for the Earth's oceans. The cometary O/C ratio and dynamical reasons make it difficult to defend an early
influx of icy planetesimals from the Jupiter zone to the early Earth. D/H measurements of OH groups in phyllosilicate rich
meteorites suggest a mixture of cometary water and water adsorbed from the nebula by the rocky grains that formed the bulk
of the Earth may be responsible for the terrestrial D/H. The D/H ratio in cometary HCN is 7 times higher than the value in
cometary H2O. Species-dependent D-fractionations occur at low temperatures and low gas densities via ion-molecule or grain-surface reactions and cannot be explained by a pure solar nebula chemistry. It is plausible that cometary
volatiles preserved the interstellar D fractionation. The observed D abundances set a lower limit to the formation temperature
of (30 ± 10) K. Similar numbers can be derived from the ortho-to-para ratio in cometary water, from the absence of neon in
cometary ices and the presence of S2. Noble gases on Earth and Mars, and the relative abundance of cometary hydrocarbons place the comet formation temperature
near 50 K. So far all cometary D/H measurements refer to bulk compositions, and it is conceivable that significant departures
from the mean value could occur at the grain-size level. Strong isotope effects as a result of coma chemistry can be excluded
for molecules H2O and HCN. A comparison of the cometary
ratio with values found in the atmospheres of the outer planets is consistent with the long-held idea that the gas planets
formed around icy cores with a high cometary D/H ratio and subsequently accumulated significant amounts of H2 from the solar nebula with a low protosolar D/H.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Information about the composition of volatiles in the Martian atmosphere and interior derives from Viking spacecraft and ground-based measurements, and especially from measurements of volatiles trapped in Martian meteorites, which contain several distinct components. One volatile component, found in impact glass in some shergottites, gives the most precise measurement to date of the composition of Martian atmospheric Ar, Kr, and Xe, and also contains significant amounts of atmospheric nitrogen showing elevated 15N/14N. Compared to Viking analyses, the 36Ar/132Xe and 84Kr/132Xe elemental ratios are larger in shergottites, the 129Xe/132Xe ratio is similar, and the 40Ar/36Ar and 36Ar/38Ar ratios are smaller. The isotopic composition of atmospheric Kr is very similar to solar Kr, whereas the isotopes of atmospheric Xe have been strongly mass fractionated in favor of heavier isotopes. The nakhlites and ALH84001 contain an atmospheric component elementally fractionated relative to the recent atmospheric component observed in shergottites. Several Martian meteorites also contain one or more Martian interior components that do not show the mass fractionation observed in atmospheric noble gases and nitrogen. The D/H ratio in the atmosphere is strongly mass fractionated, but meteorites contain a distinct Martian interior hydrogen component. The isotopic composition of Martian atmospheric carbon and oxygen have not been precisely measured, but these elements in meteorites appear to show much less variation in isotopic composition, presumably in part because of buffering of the atmospheric component by larger condensed reservoirs. However, differences in the oxygen isotopic composition between meteorite silicate minerals (on the one hand) and water and carbonates indicate a lack of recycling of these volatiles through the interior. Many models have been presented to explain the observed isotopic fractionation in Martian atmospheric N, H, and noble gases in terms of partial loss of the planetary atmosphere, either very early in Martian history, or over extended geological time. The number of variables in these models is large, and we cannot be certain of their detailed applicability. Evolutionary data based on the radiogenic isotopes (i.e., 40Ar/36Ar, 129Xe/132Xe, and 136Xe/132Xe ratios) are potentially important, but meteorite data do not yet permit their use in detailed chronologies. The sources of Mars' original volatiles are not well defined. Some Martian components require a solar-like isotopic composition, whereas volatiles other than the noble gases (C, N, and H2O) may have been largely contributed by a carbonaceous (or cometary) veneer late in planet formation. Also, carbonaceous material may have been the source of moderate amounts of water early in Martian history. 相似文献
6.
Nordholt Jane E. Wiens Roger C. Abeyta Rudy A. Baldonado Juan R. Burnett Donald S. Casey Patrick Everett Daniel T. Kroesche Joseph Lockhart Walter L. MacNeal Paul McComas David J. Mietz Donald E. Moses Ronald W. Neugebauer Marcia Poths Jane Reisenfeld Daniel B. Storms Steven A. Urdiales Carlos 《Space Science Reviews》2003,105(3-4):561-599
The primary goal of the Genesis Mission is to collect solar wind ions and, from their analysis, establish key isotopic ratios
that will help constrain models of solar nebula formation and evolution. The ratios of primary interest include 17O/16O and 18O/16O to ±0.1%, 15N/14N to ±1%, and the Li, Be, and B elemental and isotopic abundances. The required accuracies in N and O ratios cannot be achieved
without concentrating the solar wind and implanting it into low-background target materials that are returned to Earth for
analysis. The Genesis Concentrator is designed to concentrate the heavy ion flux from the solar wind by an average factor
of at least 20 and implant it into a target of ultra-pure, well-characterized materials. High-transparency grids held at high
voltages are used near the aperture to reject >90% of the protons, avoiding damage to the target. Another set of grids and
applied voltages are used to accelerate and focus the remaining ions to implant into the target. The design uses an energy-independent
parabolic ion mirror to focus ions onto a 6.2 cm diameter target of materials selected to contain levels of O and other elements
of interest established and documented to be below 10% of the levels expected from the concentrated solar wind. To optimize
the concentration of the ions, voltages are constantly adjusted based on real-time solar wind speed and temperature measurements
from the Genesis ion monitor. Construction of the Concentrator required new developments in ion optics; materials; and instrument
testing and handling.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
The Sun is the largest reservoir of matter in the solar system, which formed 4.6 Gyr ago from the protosolar nebula. Data
from space missions and theoretical models indicate that the solar wind carries a nearly unfractionated sample of heavy isotopes
at energies of about 1 keV/amu from the Sun into interplanetary space. In anticipation of results from the Genesis mission’s
solar-wind implanted samples, we revisit solar wind isotopic abundance data from the high-resolution CELIAS/MTOF spectrometer
on board SOHO. In particular, we evaluate the isotopic abundance ratios 15N/14N, 17O/16O, and 18O/16O in the solar wind, which are reference values for isotopic fractionation processes during the formation of terrestrial planets
as well as for the Galactic chemical evolution. We also give isotopic abundance ratios for He, Ne, Ar, Mg, Si, Ca, and Fe
measured in situ in the solar wind. 相似文献
8.
The solar wind charge state and elemental compositions have been measured with the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometers
(SWICS) on Ulysses and ACE for a combined period of about 25 years. This most extensive data set includes all varieties of
solar wind flows and extends over more than one solar cycle. With SWICS the abundances of all charge states of He, C, N, O,
Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar and Fe can be reliably determined (when averaged over sufficiently long time periods) under any solar wind
flow conditions. Here we report on results of our detailed analysis of the elemental composition and ionization states of
the most unbiased solar wind from the polar coronal holes during solar minimum in 1994–1996, which includes new values for
the abundance S, Ca and Ar and a more accurate determination of the 20Ne abundance. We find that in the solar minimum polar coronal hole solar wind the average freezing-in temperature is ∼1.1×106 K, increasing slightly with the mass of the ion. Using an extrapolation method we derive photospheric abundances from solar
wind composition measurements. We suggest that our solar-wind-derived values should be used for the photospheric ratios of
Ne/Fe=1.26±0.28 and Ar/Fe=0.030±0.007. 相似文献
9.
Cometary nuclei consist of ices intermixed with dust grains and are thought to be the least modified solar system bodies remaining
from the time of planetary formation. Flyby missions to Comet P/Halley in 1986 showed that cometary dust is extremely rich
in organics (∼50% by mass). However, this proportion appears to be variable among different comets. In comparison with the
CI-chondritic abundances, the volatile elements H, C, and N are enriched in cometary dust indicating that cometary solid material
is more primitive than CI-chondrites. Relative to dust in dense molecular clouds, bulk cometary dust preserves the abundances
of C and N, but exhibits depletions in O and H. In most cases, the carbonaceous component of cometary particles can be characterized
as a multi-component mixture of carbon phases and organic compounds. Cluster analysis identified a few basic types of compounds,
such as elemental carbon, hydrocarbons, polymers of carbon suboxide and of cyanopolyynes. In smaller amounts, polymers of
formaldehyde, of hydrogen cyanide and various unsaturated nitriles also are present. These compositionally simple types, probably,
are essential "building blocks", which in various combinations give rise to the variety of involatile cometary organics.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
R. C. Wiens D. S. Burnett C. M. Hohenberg A. Meshik V. Heber A. Grimberg R. Wieler D. B. Reisenfeld 《Space Science Reviews》2007,130(1-4):161-171
The Genesis mission returned samples of solar wind to Earth in September 2004 for ground-based analyses of solar-wind composition,
particularly for isotope ratios. Substrates, consisting mostly of high-purity semiconductor materials, were exposed to the
solar wind at L1 from December 2001 to April 2004. In addition to a bulk sample of the solar wind, separate samples of coronal
hole (CH), interstream (IS), and coronal mass ejection material were obtained. Although many substrates were broken upon landing
due to the failure to deploy the parachute, a number of results have been obtained, and most of the primary science objectives
will likely be met. These objectives include He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe isotope ratios in the bulk solar wind and in different
solar-wind regimes, and 15N/14N and 18O/17O/16O to high precision. The greatest successes to date have been with the noble gases. Light noble gases from bulk solar wind
and separate solar-wind regime samples have now been analyzed. Helium results show clear evidence of isotopic fractionation
between CH and IS samples, consistent with simplistic Coulomb drag theory predictions of fractionation between the photosphere
and different solar-wind regimes, though fractionation by wave heating is also a possible explanation. Neon results from closed
system stepped etching of bulk metallic glass have revealed the nature of isotopic fractionation as a function of depth, which
in lunar samples have for years deceptively suggested the presence of an additional, energetic component in solar wind trapped
in lunar grains and meteorites. Isotope ratios of the heavy noble gases, nitrogen, and oxygen are in the process of being
measured. 相似文献
11.
J. L. Birck 《Space Science Reviews》1991,56(1-2):141-146
According to their chemical composition, rich in volatile compounds, comets are thought to be primitive materials. They may provide prime samples for the study of nucleosynthetic components of the solar system and of the processes occurring during the formation of the outer planets. Their origin is largely a matter of conjecture. Chromium isotopic measurements in carbonaceous chondrites illustrate how the non-volatile part of cometary material can be investigated both for isotopic heterogeneity and for the extinct nuclide 53Mn. Questions like the possible presence of 26Al as a heat source can also be addressed by these measurements. 相似文献
12.
R. A. Leske R. A. Mewaldt A. C. Cummings J. R. Cummings E. C. Stone T. T. Von Rosenvinge 《Space Science Reviews》1996,78(1-2):149-154
Measurements of the anomalous cosmic ray (ACR) isotopic composition have been made in three regions of the magnetosphere accessible from the polar Earth orbit of SAMPEX, including the interplanetary medium at high latitudes and geomagnetically trapped ACRs. At those latitudes where ACRs can penetrate the Earth's magnetic field while fully stripped galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) of similar energies are excluded, a pure ACR sample is observed to have the following composition: 15N/N < 0.023, 18O/16O < 0.0034, and 22Ne/20Ne = 0.077(+0.085, –0.023). We compare our values with those found by previous investigators and with those measured in other samples of solar and galactic material. In particular, a comparison of 22Ne/20Ne measurements from various sources implies that GCRs are not simply an accelerated sample of the local interstellar medium. 相似文献
13.
We present relative carbon and oxygen abundances derived via an optically thin recombination line analysis for five WO stars, and compare the derived abundances to recent evolutionary models. New recombination coefficients for O4+, O5+ and O6+ ions have allowed total oxygen abundances to be derived. The final C/He values range between 0.4 and 0.8 by number, consistent with C/He ratios previously derived for WC stars. O/He values range between 0.1–0.4, with C/O ratios between 2.1–4.8.A comparison of the derived abundances with the evolutionary models of Maeder (1990) and Schaller et al. (1992) shows promising agreement. We find reasonably tight agreement between the abundances derived for the WO stars. The degree of enhancement for the oxygen abundances in regions of low metallicity predicted by Maeder (1990) is not corroborated by our results.Additionally we present a revised, quantified classification scheme for WO subtypes. We extend the class to lower excitation, WO5, and place MS 4 (=WR 30a) in this class. Equivalent widths of the strongest lines of MS 4 are also presented. Finally, we present new observations of DR 1, a WO3 star located in the dwarf irregular galaxy IC 1613. 相似文献
14.
We use energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) measured with the Cosmic Ray instrument on the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft during the period 1994/157-313 to determine several parameters of interest to heliospheric studies. We estimate that the strength of the solar wind termination shock is 2.42 (–0.08, +0.04). We determine the composition of ACRs by estimating their differential energy spectra at the shock and find the following abundance ratios: H/He = 5.6 (–0.5, +0.6), C/He = 0.00048 ± 0.00011, N/He = 0.011 ± 0.001, O/He = 0.075 ± 0.006, and Ne/He = 0.0050 ± 0.0004. We correlate our observations with those of pickup ions to deduce that the long-term ionization rate of neutral nitrogen at 1 AU is 8.3 × 10–7 s–1 and that the charge-exchange cross section for neutral N and solar wind protons is 1.0 × 10–15 cm2 at 1.1 keV. We estimate that the neutral C/He ratio in the outer heliosphere is 1.8(–0.7, +0.9) × 10–5. We also find that heavy ions are preferentially injected into the acceleration process at the termination shock. 相似文献
15.
G. Gloeckler L. A. Fisk J. Geiss M. E. Hill D. C. Hamilton R. B. Decker S. M. Krimigis 《Space Science Reviews》2009,143(1-4):163-175
Knowledge of the elemental composition of the interstellar gas is of fundamental importance for understanding galactic chemical evolution. In addition to spectroscopic determinations of certain element abundance ratios, measurements of the composition of interstellar pickup ions and Anomalous Cosmic Rays (ACRs) have provided the principal means to obtain this critical information. Recent advances in our understanding of particle acceleration processes in the heliosphere and measurements by the Voyagers of the energy spectra and composition of energetic particles in the heliosheath provide us with another means of determining the abundance of the neutral components of the local interstellar gas. Here we compare the composition at the termination shock of six elements obtained from measurements of (a) pickup ions at ~5 AU, (b) ACRs in the heliosphere at ~70 AU, and (c) energetic particles as well as (d) ACRs in the heliosheath at ~100 AU. We find consistency among these four sets of derived neutral abundances. The average interstellar neutral densities at the termination shock for H, N, O, Ne and Ar are found to be 0.055±0.021 cm?3, (1.44±0.45)×10?5 cm?3, (6.46±1.89)×10?5 cm?3, (8.5±3.3)×10?6 cm?3, and (1.08±0.49)×10?7 cm?3, respectively, assuming the He density is 0.0148±0.002 cm?3. 相似文献
16.
We have searched for rare molecules and radicals in the coma of P/Halley using the ion data obtained by IMS-Giotto. Whereas
our established methods were used in the ionosphere, a new model was developed for the interpretation of the ion data in the
outer coma. Ne/H2O < 1.5 × 10-3 was determined in the coma of the comet. Upper limits for the production of Na were derived from the very low abundance of
Na+. Methyl cyanide and (probably) ethyl cyanide were identified with abundances of CH3CN/H2O = (1.4 ± .6) × 10-3 and C2H5CN/H2O = (2.8 ± 1.6) × 10-4. These results and upper limits for other N-bearing species confirm that nitrogen is depleted in the Halley material. C4H was identified and a point source strength of C4H/H2O = (2.3 ± .8) × 10-3 was derived. Our upper limit for C3H is lower than the abundance of C4H. This is in agreement with the enhanced abundances of CnH species with even numbers of C-atoms found in interstellar molecular clouds, suggesting that the C4H in Halley was synthesized under molecular cloud conditions. Thus, C4H and other organics with unpaired electrons may turn out to be indicators for a molecular cloud origin of cometary constituents.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Observations and measurements in the solar wind, the Jovian atmosphere and the gases trapped in lunar surface material provide
the main evidence from which the isotopic composition of H, He and Ne in the Protosolar Cloud (PSC) is derived. These measurements
and observations are reviewed and the corrections are discussed that are needed for obtaining from them the PSC isotopic ratios.
The D/H, 3He/4He (D+3He)/H, 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios adopted for the PSC are presented. Protosolar abundances provide the basis for the interpretation of isotopic ratios
measured in the various solar system objects. In this article we discuss constraints derived from the PSC abundances on solar
mixing, the origin of atmospheric neon, and the nature of the “SEP” component of neon trapped at the lunar surface. We also
discuss constraints on the galactic evolution provided by the isotopic abundances of H and He in the PSC.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
H. U. Auster I. Apathy G. Berghofer A. Remizov R. Roll K. H. Fornacon K. H. Glassmeier G. Haerendel I. Hejja E. Kührt W. Magnes D. Moehlmann U. Motschmann I. Richter H. Rosenbauer C. T. Russell J. Rustenbach K. Sauer K. Schwingenschuh I. Szemerey R. Waesch 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):221-240
The scientific objectives, design and capabilities of the Rosetta Lander’s ROMAP instrument are presented. ROMAP’s main scientific
goals are longterm magnetic field and plasma measurements of the surface of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in order to study
cometary activity as a function of heliocentric distance, and measurements during the Lander’s descent to investigate the
structure of the comet’s remanent magnetisation. The ROMAP fluxgate magnetometer, electrostatic analyser and Faraday cup measure
the magnetic field from 0 to 32 Hz, ions of up to 8000 keV and electrons of up to 4200 keV. Additional two types of pressure
sensors – Penning and Minipirani – cover a pressure range from 10−8 to 101 mbar. ROMAP’s sensors and electronics are highly integrated, as required by a combined field/plasma instrument with less
than 1 W power consumption and 1 kg mass. 相似文献
19.
The composition of planetesimals depends upon the epoch and the location of their formation in the solar nebula. Meteorites
produced in the hot inner nebula contain refractory compounds. Volatiles were present in icy planetesimals and cometesimals
produced in the cold outer nebula. However, the mechanism responsible for their trapping is still controversial. We argue
for a general scenario valid in all regions of the turbulent nebula where water condensed as a crystalline ice (Hersant et al., 2004). Volatiles were trapped in the form of clathrate hydrates in the continuously cooling nebula. The epoch of clathration
of a given species depends upon the temperature and the pressure required for the stability of the clathrate hydrate. The
efficiency of the mechanism depends upon the local amount of ice available. This scenario is the only one so far which proposes
a quantitative interpretation of the non detection of N2 in several comets of the Oort cloud (Iro et al., 2003). It may explain the large variation of the CO abundance observed in comets and predicts an Ar/O ratio much less than
the upper limit of 0.1 times the solar ratio estimated on C/2001 A2 (Weaver et al., 2002). Under the assumption that the amount of water ice present at 5 AU was higher than the value corresponding to the
solar O/H ratio by a factor 2.2 at least, the clathration scenario reproduces the quasi uniform enrichment with respect to
solar of the Ar, Kr, Xe, C, N and S elements measured in Jupiter by the Galileo probe. The interpretation of the non-uniform
enrichment in C, N and S in Saturn requires that ice was less abundant at 10 AU than at 5 AU so that CO and N2 were not clathrated in the feeding zone of the planet while CH4, NH3 and H2S were. As a result, the 14N/15N ratio in Saturn should be intermediate between that in Jupiter and the terrestrial ratio.
Ar and Kr should be solar while Xe should be enriched by a factor 17. The enrichments in C, N and S in Uranus and Neptune
suggest that available ice was able to form clathrates of CH4, CO and the NH3 hydrate, but not the clathrate of N2. The enrichment of oxygen by a factor 440 in Neptune inferred by Lodders and Fegley (1994) from the detection of CO in the
troposphere of the planet is higher by at least a factor 2.5 than the lower limit of O/H required for the clathration of CO
and CH4 and for the hydration of NH3. If CO detected by Encrenaz et al. (2004) in Uranus originates from the interior of the planet, the O/H ratio in the envelope must be around of order of 260
times the solar ratio, then also consistent with the trapping of detected volatiles by clathration. It is predicted that Ar
and Kr are solar in the two planets while Xe would be enriched by a factor 30 to 70. Observational tests of the validity of
the clathration scenario are proposed. 相似文献
20.
《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):433-506
The Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System OSIRIS is the scientific camera system onboard the Rosetta
spacecraft (Figure 1). The advanced high performance imaging system will be pivotal for the success of the Rosetta mission.
OSIRIS will detect 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko from a distance of more than 106 km, characterise the comet shape and volume, its rotational state and find a suitable landing spot for Philae, the Rosetta
lander. OSIRIS will observe the nucleus, its activity and surroundings down to a scale of ~2 cm px−1. The observations will begin well before the onset of cometary activity and will extend over months until the comet reaches
perihelion. During the rendezvous episode of the Rosetta mission, OSIRIS will provide key information about the nature of
cometary nuclei and reveal the physics of cometary activity that leads to the gas and dust coma.
OSIRIS comprises a high resolution Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) unit and a Wide Angle Camera (WAC) unit accompanied by three
electronics boxes. The NAC is designed to obtain high resolution images of the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
through 12 discrete filters over the wavelength range 250–1000 nm at an angular resolution of 18.6 μrad px−1. The WAC is optimised to provide images of the near-nucleus environment in 14 discrete filters at an angular resolution of
101 μrad px−1. The two units use identical shutter, filter wheel, front door, and detector systems. They are operated by a common Data
Processing Unit. The OSIRIS instrument has a total mass of 35 kg and is provided by institutes from six European countries. 相似文献