TC4钛合金激光冲击强化数值模拟

采用连续显式动态冲击策略对航空用TC4钛合金进行激光冲击强化数值模拟研究.根据冲击波能量变化曲线确定单次冲击求解时间为3000ns,并分析了应力波传播过程.在此基础上开展多点冲击模拟,分析了功率密度、冲击次数和光斑搭接率对残余应力、应变场的影响.得出增加功率密度对增大表面残余压应力的效果更好;增加冲击次数对增大残余压应...     

TC4-DT钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织特征及其形成机制

研究TC4-DT损伤容限型钛合金线性摩擦焊(linear friction welding,LFW)接头的组织特征及形成机制。利用光镜和扫描电镜对接头各区域微观组织进行表征,利用显微硬度计测试接头的显微硬度分布。结果表明:接头焊缝区(WZ)发生动态再结晶,焊接过程中WZ温度超过β转变点,焊后快冷的条件下发生了β→α′及β→α两种相变并析出了大量α′马氏体以及二次层片α;TC4-DT钛合金母材(BM)组织具有较高的变形抗力,使得接头形成的热力影响区(TMAZ)较窄。TMAZ内组织在强烈的热力耦合作用下拉长变形并破碎,焊后快冷的条件下析出少量α′马氏体及大量二次层片α;毗邻TMAZ的热影响区(HAZ)基本保留了BM不同位向的α集束的组织特征,但受热的影响α集束内α/β相界两侧元素相互扩散,层间β消耗,初生α长大;WZ组织的细晶强化和第二相强化,TMAZ组织的应变强化和第二相强化,以及HAZ内α相的长大使得接头上述区域显微硬度均高于BM。     

Study on Titanium Alloy TC4 Ballistic Penetration Resistance Part I:Ballistic Impact Tests

Ballistic impact test of different-scale casings is an efficient way to demonstrate the casing containment capability at the preliminary design stage of the engine. For the sake of studying the titanium alloy TC4 casing performance, the ballistic tests of flat and curved simulation casing are implemented by using two flat blades of different sizes as the projectile. The impact mechanism and failure of the target are discussed. Impact of the projectile is a highly nonlinear transient process with the large deformation of the target. On the impact, failures of the flat casing and the subscale casing are similar, concluding two parts, the global dishing and localized ductile tearing. The main localized failure mode combines plugging (shear) and petaling (shear) if the projectile perforates or penetrates, while crater (shear) if the projectile rebounds. The ballistic limit equation is verified by the test data and the results show that this empirical equation could be a practical way to estimate the critical velocity.     

不同喷丸强度对TC17钛合金抗疲劳性能影响

为提升TC17钛合金抗疲劳性能,对其表面进行喷丸处理。通过旋转弯曲疲劳试验、断口分析、残余应力场分析、表层组织分析及喷丸前、后钛合金表面完整性分析等手段,开展不同喷丸强度对TC17钛合金抗疲劳性能影响研究。结果表明：喷丸强化后钛合金表面粗糙度增大,由0.315μm变为0.5～1.0μm;表层发生塑性变形,晶粒发生细化;表面引入残余压应力,残余压应力层深约为125～151μm,最大残余压应力位于层深30μm附近处。0.3 mm·N喷丸状态旋转弯曲试样疲劳寿命优于其他状态试样,在740 MPa和840 MPa应力水平下,分别比未喷丸状态试样疲劳寿命提升4.5倍与7.5倍。疲劳寿命提升归因于试样表层晶粒细化、高密度位错组织及残余压应力对疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展的抑制作用。0.35 mm·N与0.4 mm·N喷丸状态试样疲劳寿命下降与喷丸强度过大时试样表面粗糙度高,并有脱层及微裂纹生成有关。     

超声振动方向对TC4钛合金铣削特性的影响

为充分发挥超声铣削钛合金的优势,改善钛合金的加工效果,增强表面服役性能,分别对刀具和工件施加超声振动,以寻求合适的振动方向和加工参数。理论推导了侧刃断续切削时的临界速度,试验研究了不同振幅和切削速度对表面形貌、切屑形态、切削力和刀具磨损的影响,同时探究了表面微织构对摩擦特性的影响。试验表明在两种振动方向下,增大振幅均使切屑的锯齿化程度降低,并且增加轴向振幅可使锯齿形切屑转变为带状切屑。轴向振动更有利于表面形成微织构、减小切削力、减缓刀具磨损、减小工件摩擦时的磨合时间,但需合理控制切削速度和超声振幅。同时,对切削力进行频谱分析,为工作状态下超声振动频率的测量提供了一种参考方法。     

置氢TC4钛合金粉末模压成形烧结机构及其动力学

通过建立正四面体的烧结模型,数学推导了置氢钛合金粉末烧结颈与烧结体相对密度的表达式,结合动力学实验研究了置氢TC4钛合金粉末模压成形固结加工过程中的动力学问题。结果表明:置氢TC4钛合金粉末烧结过程中的物质迁移机构由体积扩散为主的迁移机制向体积扩散和晶界扩散共同作用的物质迁移机制过渡,并由此得到了置氢TC4钛合金粉末材料模压成形固结过程的动力学方程,置氢量是影响置氢TC4钛合金粉末烧结体相对密度的最重要因素之一。     

纵-扭复合超声钻削TC4钛合金振动系统设计与试验

螺旋沟槽变幅杆能够实现超声振动模式的转换,对单激励纵-扭复合振动的实现具有结构简单和操作可行的优点。基于弹性波场论对超声波在复合变幅杆中发生模式转换的原因及振动特性进行分析,并从超声波的入射角入手,分析入射角对振动模态的影响。在圆锥复合变幅杆的圆锥段开设螺旋沟槽,建立三维模型,并进行有限元仿真和试验验证,结果表明超声波入射角的改变对纵-扭复合变幅杆的扭-纵比影响显著。当入射角为46.5°和67.2°时,在变幅杆的输出端纵振模态和扭振模态发生明显的变化,实测的扭-纵比前者较后者提高约5.1倍。通过普通钻削与超声钻削实验对比,在不同的入射角条件下,超声钻削的平均钻削力均低于普通钻削力。与入射角为67.2°时对比,当入射角为46.5°时,平均钻削力降低约46%,并提高了制孔的质量,从而为模态转换的纵-扭复合变幅杆设计提供一定的理论依据。     

TC2钛合金焊接接头组织与疲劳断裂性能研究

通过金相、硬度、拉伸以及疲劳实验,分析了TC2钛合金焊接接头显微组织结构、硬度分布规律及拉伸、疲劳性能,并综合疲劳断口特征,进一步分析了焊接接头光滑试样的疲劳性能与影响因素。结果表明,焊缝区为α α′相的魏氏组织,热影响区为α α′ 少量β相的魏氏组织,母材为α β相的等轴组织。焊缝区的硬度高于母材50HV,塑性较差,由于焊缝内几何不连续缺陷的存在使其疲劳性能较低;热影响区的硬度较低,塑性较好,其拉伸强度是焊接接头部位的最薄弱区,但却有较好的疲劳性能。     

高温合金与钛合金的激光快速成形工艺研究

对Rene95高温合金及TC4钛合金的激光快速成形工艺进行了较为深入的研究.研究结果发现,和Rene95高温合金相比,激光快速成形TC4钛合金的工艺条件较为苛刻,表现在粉末粒度范围狭窄,要求更高的激光功率密度,成形过程中熔覆组织易于被保护气氛中的O,N,H等杂质元素污染.但是,另一方面,工艺参数选择适当时TC4钛合金在成形过程中不易开裂,因而大尺寸、复杂形状零件的激光快速成形较易实现.     

Improving performance of macro electrolyte jet machining of TC4 titanium alloy: Experimental and numerical studies

Electrolyte jet machining (EJM) is a promising method for shaping titanium alloys due to its lack of tool wear, thermal and residual stress, and cracks and burrs. Recently, macro-EJM has attracted increasing attention for its high efficiency in machining wide grooves or planes. However, macro-EJM generates large amounts of electrolytic products, thereby increasing the difficulty of rapid product removal with a standard tool and reducing the surface quality. Therefore, for enhanced product transport, a novel tool with a back inclined end face was proposed for macro-EJM of TC4 titanium alloy. For comparison, also proposed were ones with a standard flat end face, a front inclined end face, and both front and back inclined end faces. The flow field distributions of all proposed tools were simulated numerically, and experiments were also conducted to validate the simulation results. The results show that one with a 5° back inclined end face can decrease the low-velocity flow zone in the machining area and increase the high-velocity flow zone at the back end of tool, thereby promoting rapid product removal. A relatively smooth bright-white groove surface was obtained. The same tool also resulted in the highest machining depth and material removal rate among the tested ones. In addition, rapid product removal was beneficial to the subsequent processing. Because of its rapid product removal, the machining depth and material removal rate during deep groove machining using the tool with a 5° back inclined end face were respectively 7% and 14% higher than those produced using a standard one. Moreover, the lowest bottom height difference of 0.027 mm can be obtained when the step-over value was 8.2 mm, and a plane with a depth of 0.285 mm and a bottom height difference of 0.03 mm was fabricated using the tool with a 5° back inclined end face.     

热处理对激光增材制造TC4合金耐蚀性及室温压缩蠕变性能的影响

随着钛合金装备在航空、航天、航海等领域的使用逐渐增多,其服役环境日益严苛,对构件材料的抗腐蚀性能及室温应力蠕变性能提出了更高要求。针对钛合金耐蚀性及抗压缩蠕变的性能,分析了激光增材制造TC4合金不同热处理状态试样电化学及室温压缩蠕变性能,并结合蠕变曲线修正了蠕变第Ⅰ阶段本构方程的参数。结果表明,双重退火处理会显著减小增材制造TC4钛合金中α板条长径比与尺寸,而固溶时效可使α板条长径比增大、尺寸减小,导致了材料耐蚀性、屈服极限以及抗压缩蠕变性能的变化。沉积态合金经过固溶时效后自腐蚀电流降低64.92%,稳态蠕变应变率降低46.31%,蠕变应变降低50%。而经过双重退火后合金自腐蚀电流降低26.14%,稳态蠕变应变率提升111.20%,蠕变应变提升48.68%。相比于铸锻工艺制备TC4合金蠕变本构方程,修正后的拟合系数与蠕变曲线吻合度更高。     

Effect of adding Nb foil on joint properties of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy

It is difficult to gain effective Ti-Al fusion welding joints due to their differences in thermal properties and the appearance of brittle Ti-Al Intermetallic Compounds (IMCs). The experiments of laser fusion welding for TC4 titanium and 7075 aluminum alloy were carried out, temperature field and ductility/brittleness, as well as chemical potential of elements, were calculated, and the effect of adding Nb foil on mechanical properties of the weld was also investigated. The results suggested that Nb atoms tend to diffuse toward Al side, which is conducive to the participation of Nb in the metallurgical reaction and contributes to forming the Ti-Nb-Al IMC layer at the interface. As the thickness of Nb foil increases, the tensile-shear force of joint climbs first but then declines, and reaches the highest value of 1663 N with 0.10 mm-thickness Nb foil, representing 58.38% enhancement compared with the non-added one. Adding Nb foil slows down the heat transfer as a blocker, and thus both the melting amount of Al and the mixing area of Ti and Al decrease. In addition, Nb alloying reduces the brittleness of the Ti-Al compound. Hence, the joint properties of titanium/aluminum are improved with the addition of Nb foil.     

TC4的铣削加工中铣削力和刀具磨损研究

通过TC4铣削加工时的铣削力试验,研究了干切削时和有氮气介质铣削时影响铣削力大小的几个因素,为提高金属去除率优化了切削参数。同时通过刀具磨损试验,对上述两种铣削方式,比较了在不同的切削速度下铣削时铣刀后刀面的磨损,证实了以氮气为切削介质能够大大地改善刀具的磨损状况和提高刀具的寿命。     

TC4/TA16异种金属焊接接头的断裂机理研究

为了探明TC4/TA16异种钛合金氩弧焊接头的断裂机理,对焊接接头进行了力学测试,同时对不同部位进行了显微组织观察、硬度试验及断裂韧性测试,最后对断口形貌进行了显微观察。结果表明：TC4/TA16异种焊接接头拉伸屈服强度接近TA16母材,抗拉强度和延伸率均低于两母材。断裂模式为塑性断裂,拉伸薄弱环节位于TA16侧热影响区,该区硬度低,晶粒尺寸大。由于热输入不均匀造成焊接接头不同区域不同的组织结构。TC4热影响区为网篮组织。TA16侧热影响区由于导热慢,长时间处于过热区,使晶粒长大,在外力作用下产生畸变。裂纹的扩展途径曲折,需要吸收较大的能力才能扩展,断裂韧性高,断裂韧性断口出现典型深而大的韧窝形貌,为塑性断裂。TC4侧热影响区的断裂韧性差,为缺口断裂的薄弱环节。为了避免破坏,要求在焊接过程中应该合理控制焊接温度和冷却速率,减低缺陷。     

钛合金叶片前缘的外物损伤残余应力数值分析

为研究航空发动机叶片外物损伤(FOD)位置残余应力的分布规律,根据真实叶片前缘特征设计了模拟叶片,基于Johnson-Cook本构模型,使用LS-DYNA软件仿真分析钢珠以不同角度冲击钛合金模拟叶片前缘的过程,对比仿真与相同试验条件下的空气炮模拟外物损伤试验的FOD损伤形貌与宏观尺寸,验证了有限元模型的正确性。提取仿真计算的不同入射角度对应的FOD位置残余应力分布,结果表明:钢珠以0°角入射时,钢珠冲击产生的接触力和变形能明显大于其他入射角度的情况,说明钢珠偏斜一定角度入射时造成的偏斜型缺口处的材料失效与变形不如外物正撞前缘形成的半圆型缺口严重;在FOD缺口底部尖端靠近入射表面区域存在明显的残余拉应力。随着入射角度的增大,残余拉应力区的范围逐渐扩大,残余拉应力最大值逐渐减小。