发动机一级转子抗鸟撞试验与数值模拟研究

鸟撞发动机在鸟撞事故中最容易造成飞机损坏失事的情况,为了研究发动机一级压气机转子抗鸟撞适航性能,对发动机转子在工作状态下进行鸟撞试验,鸟体质量为1 000 g,撞击速度为195 m/s,发动机一级转子转速为8 525 r/min;基于显式碰撞动力分析软件PAM-CRASH 建立相应的叶片鸟撞数值计算模型,通过与试验结果的对比来验证本文计算模型的合理性;根据发动机适航条例分析不同工况下发动机一级转子抗鸟撞性能。结果表明：大鸟撞击相比于中鸟鸟群和小鸟鸟群,对于叶片的撞击结果更加恶劣;叶尖位置撞击会引起叶尖部位的大变形,叶根和叶中位置撞击会引起叶片根部较大的集中应力,导致叶片断裂。     

Numerical simulation of a UAV impacting engine fan blades

A 3D digital model of a small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is obtained by using the method of scanning reverse modeling and joint mapping. A numerical simulation of a small UAV strikes on rotary engine blades, presented in this paper, was performed with a Transient Nonlinear Finite Element code PAM-CRASH software. A test of motor strike on plate was developed and the dynamic response of the plate were obtained to validate the numerical simulation method of a UAV strike on blades. Based on this, dynamic damage response caused by UAV on the engine blades were studied. It is indicated that the impact process between the UAV and a single blade can be divided into two typical stages: cutting and impact. Cutting mainly leads to the failure of the leading edge material, and impact mainly leads to the plastic deformation of the blade. At the same time, it is compared with the damage impacted by bird with the same mass. For the same mass of bird and UAV, the damage caused by UAV striking fan blade is more serious, and 1.345 kg UAV striking fan blade of typical civil aviation engine is enough to cause damage to flight safety.     

Design of aircraft structures against threat of bird strikes

In this paper, a method to design bird-strike-resistant aircraft structures is presented and illustrated through examples. The focus is on bird strike experiments and simulations. The explicit finite element software PAM-CRASH is employed to conduct bird strike simulations, and a coupled Smooth Particles Hydrodynamic (SPH) and Finite Element (FE) method is used to simulate the interaction between a bird and a target structure. The SPH method is explained, and an SPH bird model is established. Constitutive models for various structural materials, such as aluminum alloys, composite materials, honeycomb, and foam materials that are used in aircraft structures, are presented, and model parameters are identified by conducting various material tests. Good agreements between simulation results and experimental data suggest that the numerical model is capable of predicting the dynamic responses of various aircraft structures under a bird strike, and numerical simulation can be used as a tool to design bird-strike-resistant aircraft structures.     

A numerical model for bird strike on sidewall structure of an aircraft nose

In order to examine the potential of using the coupled smooth particles hydrodynamic(SPH) and finite element(FE) method to predict the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in bird strike events, bird-strike tests on the sidewall structure of an aircraft nose are carried out and numerically simulated. The bird is modeled with SPH and described by the Murnaghan equation of state, while the structure is modeled with finite elements. A coupled SPH–FE method is developed to simulate the bird-strike tests and a numerical model is established using a commercial software PAM-CRASH. The bird model shows no signs of instability and correctly modeled the break-up of the bird into particles. Finally the dynamic response such as strains in the skin is simulated and compared with test results, and the simulated deformation and fracture process of the sidewall structure is compared with images recorded by a high speed camera. Good agreement between the simulation results and test data indicates that the coupled SPH–FE method can provide a very powerful tool in predicting the dynamic responses of aircraft structures in events of bird strike.     

鸟撞飞机风挡动态响应数值模拟方法研究现状

总结了目前用于鸟撞飞机风挡动态响应的数值模拟方法,主要有解耦解法、耦合解法和光滑质点动力学法,其中耦合解法涉及接触-碰撞耦合解法和流固耦合解法。各种方法围绕鸟体（鸟撞载荷）的模拟和风挡的模拟,部分内容针对鸟撞击发动机叶片、雷达罩和垂直尾翼等,但其方法同样适用于飞机风挡,最后指出应进一步深入研究的内容。     

发动机叶片鸟撞击瞬态响应的数值模拟

 简介了叶片鸟撞击瞬态响应的计算方法, 并采用接触冲击算法计算模拟了不同质量的鸟撞击单个、多个及整级叶片的瞬态响应过程。结果表明: 接触冲击算法能较为真实反映叶片鸟撞击过程; 不同质量的鸟撞击叶片时, 叶片变形与应力有较大的差异; 大质量的鸟撞击时, 必须考虑撞击区附近的局部塑性变形、叶尖位移以及叶根的局部塑性变形。研究结果对于进行我国叶片抗鸟撞击损伤设计具有重要参考价值。     

采用流固耦合的实体元空心叶片鸟撞数值模拟

针对目前通用流固耦合算法在模拟实体元结构破坏上存在不足,以MSC.Dytran软件为平台,研究和验证了不考虑失效和考虑失效的实体元平板叶片流固耦合数值模拟方法;在此基础上,结合大涵道比航空发动机工作过程中较为常见且非常严重的鸟撞事故,建立了实体元空心叶片鸟撞瞬态动力学有限元模型并进行相应计算,结果表明:计算较好地模拟了叶片在遭受鸟体撞击后会产生巨大的瞬时冲击应力,以及叶片由此产生局部塑性变形.最后模拟了叶片遭受鸟撞发生失效的过程.      

用SPH和有限元方法研究鸟撞飞机风挡问题

鸟与飞行中的飞机相撞是飞机结构损坏的重要因素,严重时会引发机毁人亡的灾难性事故。对高速低空飞行的军用飞机而言,风挡部分抗鸟撞的研究对保证飞行安全尤其重要。基于飞机圆弧风挡受鸟体撞击的实验观察,建立了国产某型军用飞机圆弧风挡及鸟体的计算模型,采用LS-DYNA3D中有限元和光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)耦合的数值分析方法,对某飞机圆弧风挡受鸟体撞击的过程进行了数值模拟。计算结果得到了风挡结构的变形、位移和应变等几方面的数据,与实验结果基本吻合。同时,给出了500～650km/h速度范围内的撞击力和应力时程曲线、风挡发生破坏的临界撞速、圆弧风挡经受鸟体撞击时发生破坏的可能位置及其破坏方式。最后,与鸟体采用任意拉格朗日(ALE)和无网格伽辽金方法(EFG)进行了对比,验证了SPH方法在分析鸟撞问题中的优越性。研究结果为风挡的安全设计和研制新机型提供了有价值的数据。     

民用飞机方向舵抗鸟撞分析研究

民用飞机方向舵结构通常位于垂尾后部,通过连接铰链与垂直安定面后缘相连,并通过作动器驱动其偏转,从而为飞机提供偏航力矩。对民用飞机方向舵鸟撞相关适航条款要求进行了分析,明确了方向舵抗鸟撞需要满足的具体要求。在完成上述工作后,对某型民机方向舵的抗鸟撞性能进行了全面的评估。首先通过工程算法,初步评估了该方向舵不同偏角下的鸟体撞击力,并以此为依据筛选出了鸟撞的严酷工况,避免了大量计算方向舵不同偏角的鸟撞情况,从而大大降低了仿真分析的工作量。通过SPH方法,使用PAM-Crash软件对方向舵结构进行了抗鸟撞分析,得到了方向舵翼面本体结构的损伤情况、连接铰链的受载情况和方向舵作动器的受载情况,并以此为依据,完成了对方向舵抗鸟撞性能的完整评估。     

Damage sensitivity of a wing-type leading edge structure impacted by a bird

On the windward side of an aircraft, the components with higher probability of impact with birds are the wing-type leading edge structures, such as the wing and tail. A study on the damage sensitivity of a wing-type leading edge structure under bird strikes was presented in this paper. First, a bird strike test was carried out on a wing. The principles of the bird strike test equipment and method were introduced in detail, including the bird strike test system, bird projectile production process and data acquisition system. The dynamic strain measurement results, the high-speed camera videos, and the final deformation and damage morphology observations of the structure were obtained. Based on the coupled Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) - Finite Element Method (FEM), the commercial software PAM-CRASH was used to simulate the process of a bird strike with the wing. The good agreement between the finite element simulation results and the experimental results shows that the calculation method and the numerical model presented in this paper were reasonable. On this basis, wing-type leading edge structures can be designed by adding triangular support. The bird strike resistances of an original structure and improved structure were studied by numerical simulation. The calculated results show that the improved wing-type leading edge structure is less damaged than the original structure under bird strike. The improved leading edge structure satisfied the anti-bird strike airworthiness requirements, as the thickness of the triangular support was 1.2 mm, and the weight of the structure was reduced by 0.87 kg compared with the original structure. This indicated that the bird strike resistance of the improved structure is better than that of the original structure, and the improved design of the wing-type leading edge structure presented in this paper is reasonable.     

Foreign Object Damage to Fan Rotor Blades of Aeroengine Part Ⅱ： Numerical Simulation of Bird Impact

Bird impact is one of the most dangerous threats to flight safety. The consequences of bird impact can be severe and, therefore, the aircraft components have to be certified for a proven level of bird impact resistance before being put into service. The fan rotor blades of aeroengine are the components being easily impacted by birds. It is necessary to ensure that the fan rotor blades should have adequate resistance against the bird impact, to reduce the flying accidents caused by bird impacts. Using the contacting-impacting algorithm, the numerical simulation is carded out to simulate bird impact. A three-blade computational model is set up for the fan rotor blade having shrouds. The transient response curves of the points corresponding to measured points in experiments, displacements and equivalent stresses on the blades are obtained during the simulation. From the comparison of the transient response curves obtained from numerical simulation with that obtained from experiments, it can be found that the variations in measured points and the corresponding points of simulation are basically the same. The deforming process, the maximum displacements and the maximum equivalent stresses on blades are analyzed. The numerical simulation verifies and complements the experiment results.     

航空发动机风扇转子叶片外物损伤II.鸟撞击数值仿真(英文)

鸟撞击是飞行安全最严重的威胁之一。鸟撞击的后果非常危险,因而,在进入服役之前,飞机部件必须通过抗鸟撞认证。航空发动机风扇转子叶片是容易受到飞鸟撞击的飞机部件之一,在设计时必须考虑使航空发动机风扇转子叶片具有抗鸟撞击的能力,降低由于鸟撞击叶片而引起的飞行事故。采用接触冲击算法,对航空发动机风扇转子叶片进行了模拟鸟撞击数值仿真。针对风扇叶片具有阻尼凸台的特点,分析中建立了三叶片组计算模型。得到了对应试验测试点的模拟鸟撞击叶片的瞬态响应曲线、叶片的位移和当量应力。比较了试验中和数值仿真中模拟鸟撞击叶片的瞬态响应曲线,试验中测试点与数值仿真中对应点的变化基本相同。分析了叶片的变形过程、最大位移和最大当量应力。模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片数值仿真验证并补充了模拟鸟撞击风扇叶片试验结果。     

某型涡轴发动机吞鸟试验及验证

为研究吞鸟对涡轴发动机的影响,进行了3次吞鸟试验。在试验中,由气体炮将鸟射入发动机进气道,采用高速摄影仪记录鸟的运行轨迹和撞击部位及试验件形变过程。试验数据表明:在吞鸟过程中发动机各参数均大幅波动,持续时间约为3~4 s,波动过后,功率恢复时间约为5~9 s,各参数达到最终状态时间约为90~95 s;试验后发动机性能有衰减现象,清洗后有所恢复。经孔探和分解检查可知:鸟的残骸主要部分未进入发动机主流道,第1级压气机叶片卷曲变形。     

Mass and performance optimization of an airplane wing leading edge structure against bird strike using Taguchi-based grey relational analysis

Collisions between birds and aircraft are one of the most dangerous threats to flight safety. In this study, smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) method is used for simulating the bird strike to an airplane wing leading edge structure. In order to verify the model, first, experiment of bird strike to a flat aluminum plate is simulated, and then bird impact on an airplane wing lead-ing edge structure is investigated. After that, considering dimensions of wing internal structural components like ribs, skin and spar as design variables, we try to minimize structural mass and wing skin deformation simultaneously. To do this, bird strike simulations to 18 different wing structures are made based on Taguchi’s L18 factorial design of experiment. Then grey relational analysis is used to minimize structural mass and wing skin deformation due to the bird strike. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also applied and it is concluded that the most significant parameter for the performance of wing structure against impact is the skin thickness. Finally, a validation simu-lation is conducted under the optimal condition to show the improvement of performance of the wing structure.     

民用飞机吊挂指形罩鸟撞分析

指形罩结构位于吊挂前缘,作为动力装置整流罩体的一部分,为吊挂及发动机提供气动外形,并为燃油、液压、电气、环控等系统管路提供保护和通路。指形罩的位置及功能决定了其结构必须满足鸟撞要求,承受鸟体撞击后不能影响飞机安全。通常采用鸟撞试验对指形罩结构抗鸟撞性能进行适航验证。为了降低适航验证周期和成本,一般通过鸟撞分析来降低取证试验的撞击点数量。介绍了一种吊挂指形罩鸟撞分析过程和方法,并对分析方法进行了工程试验验证,得到一种可靠的指形罩鸟撞分析方法,为类似的飞机整流结构的鸟撞分析提供了参考。     

镀铬对8Cr4Mo4V 钢疲劳行为的影响

为研究吞鸟对涡轴发动机的影响,进行了3次吞鸟试验。在试验中,由气体炮将鸟射入发动机进气道,采用高速摄影仪 记录鸟的运行轨迹和撞击部位及试验件形变过程。试验数据表明：在吞鸟过程中发动机各参数均大幅波动,持续时间约为3~4 s, 波动过后,功率恢复时间约为5~9 s,各参数达到最终状态时间约为90~95 s;试验后发动机性能有衰减现象,清洗后有所恢复。经 孔探和分解检查可知：鸟的残骸主要部分未进入发动机主流道,第1 级压气机叶片卷曲变形。     

非均匀栅距对压气机叶片非定常气动力的影响

研究了轴流压气机叶片采用非均匀栅距对叶片非定常力影响的问题,利用高分辨率格式求解准三维雷诺平均N-S方程。非定常流场计算采用了双时间步法与LU-SGS隐式解法耦合的方法。研究了带进口导叶的单级三排叶栅非定常流动,其中动叶栅距不变,而导叶和静叶采用非均匀栅距。对不同结构的计算分析表明,在导叶和静叶采用一定的非均匀栅距组合型式后,在保证压气机级的性能变化不大的同时,动叶表面所受非定常气动力的状况得到改善,这将有助于提高动叶片的疲劳寿命。     

航空发动机宽弦风扇叶片鸟撞损伤模型标定

为建立航空发动机风扇叶片抗鸟撞载荷能力的量化预测方法,针对特定的航空发动机宽弦风扇叶片设计,依据发动机在典型工作状态下的吸鸟速度、角度等撞击参数开展叶片鸟撞试验,采用显式动力学数值仿真方法,建立叶片鸟撞试验仿真分析模型,并通过对模型中叶片材料参数、鸟体本构模型参数、鸟与叶片耦合接触参数进行敏感度分析,对模型进行标定.结果表明,标定后的鸟撞分析模型所预测的叶片损伤模式与试验结果一致,预测的损伤位置与试验测量结果误差小于10%.      

基于响应面法的鸟撞风扇叶片损伤预测

有限元模拟鸟撞风扇叶片损伤成本高,为解决工程问题,采用经典叶栅鸟撞切割模型建立了鸟撞风扇叶片动载荷数学模型,结合鸟撞部件试验结果,以拟合技术明确风扇叶片损伤程度与最大关键动载荷计算值间的函数关系,形成叶片损伤预测响应面,实现对鸟撞风扇叶片损伤的快速预测,并建立基于响应面法的鸟撞风扇叶片损伤预测工作流程。结合涡扇发动机吞鸟试验技术要求、风扇结构设计特征及已开展的鸟撞部件试验结果,建立叶片损伤预测响应面,初步识别2种鸟撞方案的径向弯曲、弦向弯曲,并计算撕裂范围分别不超过0.3867和0.3941,撕裂与弦向弯曲相关性显著,呈抛物线变化趋势。结果表明：预测的损伤在可接受的安全性水平范围内,预测方法能够识别损伤范围及趋势,可为后续鸟撞有限元模拟、试验策划、安全性分析、风扇叶片抗鸟撞设计等工作提供量化的技术支持。     

Research on windmill starting characteristics of MTE-D micro turbine engine

Micro turbine engine (MTE) is an important kind of propulsion system for miniature unmanned aircraft or missiles, because of its better high-speed performance (than propeller propulsion) and higher propulsion efficiency (obviously than rockets). Windmill start is a common air-starting mode used in micro turbine engine. The windmill starting characteristics are important to the practical use of micro turbine engine. In this paper, the windmill starting characteristics research for a 12 cm diameter (MTE-D) micro turbine engine is carried out by experiment and numerical simulation. The characteristic of rotor mechanical losses at low-speed condition is stud- ied, and the engine common working line of windmill starting process is obtained. Based on the engine windmill characteristics, the propane ignition characteristics under different inflow conditions are researched, and the envelope of propane ignition and propane flameout is determined. The experimental research of fuel supply and ignition characteristics is completed, and the envelope of fuel supply and ignition is obtained. The windmill stage, propane ignition stage, fuel ignition stage and acceleration process from idling-speed to 80% full speed of MTE-D micro turbine engine is optimized, and the optimization windmill starting parameters are collected. The successful wind-mill starting experiment under this condition with engine speed up to 80% full speed indicates that these starting parameters are reasonable. All the starting parameters of MTE-D micro turbine engine obtained in this work are dimensionless parameters, and the conclusions obtained in this study have some reference to other micro turbine engines with the similar structural form and starting process.