基于HSP50110、HSP50210和FPGA的机载超短波电台接收通道设计

介绍了基于软件无线电原理利用Intersil公司下变频芯片HSP50110、科斯塔斯环芯片HSP50210和FPGA芯片EP1C12实现的某机载超短波电台数字扩频接收机通道,它可以完成AM、FM、FSK、PSK等常用调制方式的下变频、同步、解调及伪码的快速并行捕获与跟踪。系统带宽8．1218MHz,用FPGA实现了一种新的全并行捕获延迟锁定环算法,捕获时间不大于一个伪码周期,抗干扰容限大于80dB。     

一种DS/FH混合扩频信号的并行捕获方法

为了解决低信噪比条件下高跳速DS/FH（直接扩频/跳频扩频）混合扩频信号的快速捕获问题,提出了一种FFT-IFFT（快速傅里叶变换-快速傅里叶逆变换）与非相干累加相结合的并行捕获算法。通过多支路同时运算的方式构建非相干累加矩阵,使非相干累加运算可以并行实施。分析表明,采用并行非相干累加后,既提高了捕获判决的准确性,又保证了捕获搜索的快速性。     

一种高动态低信噪比下载波快速捕获跟踪方法

针对高动态、低信噪比的接收信号,首先对整个多普勒频率范围进行分段,并在每一段内利用本地产生的带有多普勒频率变化率的复信号来抵消接收信号中多普勒频率变化率的影响,然后在每一段内利用FFT（FastFourierTransform,快速傅里叶变换）进行载波频率并行捕获,从而同时完成载波多普勒频率及其变化率的初步估计。利用载波多普勒频率及其变化率估计信息辅助锁频环快速入锁,进而利用锁频环辅助三阶锁相环完成载波信号的锁频锁相跟踪。使用这种方法,可以快速获取信号的多普勒频率及其变化率信息,并且在极短时间内完成载波的稳定跟踪,使接收设备具备快速捕获跟踪大动态弱信号的能力。     

空间机械臂绳索式末端执行器柔顺抓捕策略研究

针对机械臂抓捕非合作目标过程碰撞冲击大易造成基体偏转或目标逃逸的问题,提出并实现了快速接近-慢速接触-速度跟踪(FA-SC-VT)的末端捕获策略,并基于建立的系统全数字仿真模型对捕获策略进行了仿真验证,结果表明FA-SC-VT捕获策略与匀速捕获策略相比,可大幅减小机械臂捕获目标过程末端产生的冲击力,并可有效解决目标捕获过程中的逃逸问题。     

基于鉴相器的矢量跟踪环设计

基于鉴相器的矢量跟踪环是锁定导航卫星码和载波的一种跟踪算法,这种算法适合于在弱信号环境下进行跟踪。矢量环不仅充分利用信号跟踪和导航状态解算之间的内在耦合关系,而且每一通道中采用鉴相器和锁频环结合的方式,系统一步内完成信号跟踪和导航解算任务。反馈控制量NCO是由导航滤波器和环路内部滤波器共同产生。实验表明,矢量跟踪环具有快速重捕获特性,能够在弱信号的环境下运行,比起传统环路有更小的跟踪误差。     

一种基于FFT的GPS信号快捕算法

提出了一种利用1024点的FFT模块来实现快速捕获GPS卫星信号的具体实现方法;并利用这种快速捕获方法,对真实采集的GPS信号进行捕获,验证了该方法的可行性。在硬件中采用这种方法,可以利用较少的硬件资源来对GPS信号实现快速捕获。     

GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法

研究了GPS软件接收机的捕获与跟踪算法。分析了时域串行滑动相关捕获算法和频域基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法,设计了适合GPS软件接收机的并行算法,实现了对空中可见卫星的捕获。针对GPS信号的特点,设计了基于DLL与PLL相结合方法的GPS跟踪算法。利用实测中频信号对上述捕获与跟踪算法进行了验证分析,测试结果表明,基于FFT的并行相关捕获算法能够有效增强软件接收机的捕获能力,采用DLL与PLL相结合的方法能够实现对GPS信号的有效跟踪。     

一种鲁棒GNSS矢量跟踪环

复杂环境下导航接收机的连续可用性一直是卫星导航领域的研究重点。针对矢量跟踪环动态适应性不够和误差在通道间传播的问题,提出一种鲁棒全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)矢量跟踪环。基于各通道的伪距、伪距率和伪距加速度状态量构建扩展卡尔曼滤波器(EKF),通过灵活设置过程噪声方差阵,实现跟踪通道的耦合与解耦;采用基于极大似然估计器(MLE)的鉴别器生成码延迟和载波频率偏差观测量;利用滤波值修正并预测伪距率来控制本地数控振荡器(NCO),实现环路的闭合。仿真结果表明,本文设计的矢量跟踪环在保证环路相互辅助的基础上,避免了衰减通道误差在通道间的传播,可以对被遮挡信号保持稳定跟踪,鲁棒性优于传统矢量延迟频率锁定环。     

基于极大似然估计器的GNSS矢量跟踪算法

矢量跟踪是一种将全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收机的信号跟踪与导航解算融为一体的跟踪算法。传统的基于矢量延迟/频率锁定环(VDFLL)的跟踪算法普遍采用延迟锁定环(DLL)和锁频环(FLL)鉴别器计算伪距和伪距率偏差观测量,由于锁频环鉴别器存在近似误差和一步延迟效应,在高动态环境下容易造成环路失锁。从直接估计卫星信号特征参数的角度出发,基于中频信号模型构建码相位和载波多普勒的极大似然代价函数,采用非迭代估计算法得到各通道码相位和多普勒频移的估计偏差,转换为卡尔曼滤波器的观测矢量,提出一种基于极大似然估计器(MLE)的矢量跟踪算法。理论分析和仿真结果表明:新算法结合了极大似然估计和矢量跟踪的优点,克服了FLL的延迟效应,与基于VDFLL的矢量环路相比,高动态环境下的跟踪稳定性更好,可以对被遮挡的卫星保持持续的跟踪。     

基于FPGA的BOC(1,1)信号捕获技术

BOC调制是新一代卫星导航系统中广泛采用的调制方式,在时域上具有多峰值特性,副峰的存在增加了捕获的难度。采用自相关副峰消除技术(ASPeCT)在原有的BOC码相关支路的基础上增加一条伪码相关支路,可以有效削弱码相位检测函数的副峰,避免误捕获,是一种性能良好的BOC信号捕获技术。提出一种采用二维并行快速搜索的在FPGA芯片中实现ASPeCT捕获技术的方案,可以显著缩短捕获时间。在理论分析和仿真验证的基础上,采用Verilog硬件描述语言在接收机FPGA+DSP平台上编程实现,在露天测试中,成功捕获到Galileo E1B卫星导航信号,并对ChipScope采集的数字中频信号的多普勒频率和码相位静态捕获结果进行验证,与同一段信号的Matlab仿真结果一致,证明所提出的技术方案正确合理可行。     

扩频系统中伪码防错锁技术研究

针对扩频系统中出现的伪码错锁问题,分析了产生伪码错锁的原因,根据伪码自相关性和互相关性特点,从伪码捕获策略、错锁自动判决策略等角度研究了伪码防错锁措施：选择自相关性和互相关性尽可能好的码;合理设置捕获门限;减小多普勒捕获范围;采用并行伪码捕获方法,并在捕获过程中防止载波错捕现象发生;单独建立验证通道,进行相关值比较判决等。实践表明,采用文中方法可提高正确捕获概率,缩短捕获时间,从硬件设计上有效解决了伪码错锁问题。     

Transverse Oscillations of Coronal Loops

On 14 July 1998 TRACE observed transverse oscillations of a coronal loop generated by an external disturbance most probably caused by a solar flare. These oscillations were interpreted as standing fast kink waves in a magnetic flux tube. Firstly, in this review we embark on the discussion of the theory of waves and oscillations in a homogeneous straight magnetic cylinder with the particular emphasis on fast kink waves. Next, we consider the effects of stratification, loop expansion, loop curvature, non-circular cross-section, loop shape and magnetic twist. An important property of observed transverse coronal loop oscillations is their fast damping. We briefly review the different mechanisms suggested for explaining the rapid damping phenomenon. After that we concentrate on damping due to resonant absorption. We describe the latest analytical results obtained with the use of thin transition layer approximation, and then compare these results with numerical findings obtained for arbitrary density variation inside the flux tube. Very often collective oscillations of an array of coronal magnetic loops are observed. It is natural to start studying this phenomenon from the system of two coronal loops. We describe very recent analytical and numerical results of studying collective oscillations of two parallel homogeneous coronal loops. The implication of the theoretical results for coronal seismology is briefly discussed. We describe the estimates of magnetic field magnitude obtained from the observed fundamental frequency of oscillations, and the estimates of the coronal scale height obtained using the simultaneous observations of the fundamental frequency and the frequency of the first overtone of kink oscillations. In the last part of the review we summarise the most outstanding and acute problems in the theory of the coronal loop transverse oscillations.     

Interference in Frequency-Locked Doppler Tracking Loops

The effects of interference on frequency-locked Doppler tracking loops are investigated. Conditions for jump from locking on the desired signal to locking on the interfering signal are established. Parasitic frequency modulation of the desired signal results when the other signal interferes with it. The index of this parasitic modulation as a function of the interference-to-desired signal amplitude ratio is computed. Both critical amplitude ratio and critical parasitic modulation index at the occurrence of jump are derived. Comparing frequency-locked loops with phase-locked loops with phase-locked loops in the presence of interference shows the former performs better for most cases of practical importance in Doppler tracking systems.     

直升机多模态控制律的全飞行包线设计

根据直升机飞行模态的特点,提出了一种的内／外回路控制结构,将不同飞行模态通过内／外回路结构有机地联系起来,不仅简化了直升机多模态控制律的设计,还简化了模态转换的控制器结构。最后,用这种结构将直升机多模态控制律的全飞行包线设计分解为内回路的控制器切换和外回路的模态转换,设计思路避免了传统的增益调参。     

Experiments with a Low Polarization Error Loop Array Direction Finder

A previously reported HF loop antenna array for multipolarization direction finding consisting of two spaced loops is described. The method is compatible with twin channel Watson-Watt operation as an Adcock so that the direction finding process is independent of polarization characteristics of the element pattern. Experimentally measured direction finder (DF) bearings were compared with near simultaneous polarimeter data and conventional crossed loops bearings. A major reduction in polarization error was obtained at the expense of full 360° azimuth response. It is theoretically possible to cover 360° with two similar arrays of the type investigated or with crossed loops elements with quadrature phase shifters.     

基于RBF网络的航空发动机单神经元解耦控制

针对航空发动机多变量控制系统中各回路之间存在的耦合现象,提出了一种基于RBF网络辨识的航空发动机多变量单神经元网络解耦控制方法。对发动机的多个控制回路,采用多个RBF网络实时辨识各个回路发动机的数学模型,并将系统的灵敏度信息实时反馈给各回路的控制器,保证了单神经元网络控制器对各回路的准确控制,最终实现对发动机多回路的解耦控制。通过在飞行包线内的仿真,结果表明,该方法不依赖被控对象的精确模型,有效地实现了对发动机的解耦控制,而且具有良好的动静态性能,将其应用于航空发动机多变量解耦控制是行之有效的。     

Excitation of Standing Kink Oscillations in Coronal Loops

In this work we review the efforts that have been done to study the excitation of the standing fast kink body mode in coronal loops. We mainly focus on the time-dependent problem, which is appropriate to describe flare or CME induced kink oscillations. The analytical and numerical studies in slab and cylindrical loop geometries are reviewed. We discuss the results from very simple one-dimensional models to more realistic (but still simple) loop configurations. We emphasise how the results of the initial value problem complement the eigenmode calculations. The possible damping mechanisms of the kink oscillations are also discussed.     

Limit Cycle in a Four Sectors On-Off Tracking Loop

A simplified model of a bidimensional on-off tracking loop is introduced. By using geometric analysis in the time domain, it is shown that there is a simple mode of limit cycle which is stable in the loop for finite disturbances and for a finite range of change of the loop parameters. The consideration of the unsymmetric general case covers a wide class of cases in which the loop is subjected to constant velocity inputs. A nonfiltering assumption is defined which is needed to establish the connection between the simplified loop and practical systems. The main results are applied to a conventional symmetric loop. The analytic approach developed here is applicable as weil to loops in which the number of sectors is different from four and also to loops containing nonlinearities more complex than simple on-off, like hysteresis.     

Design of the HEAO Main Bus Shunt Regulator

The High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO) main bus regulator contains a redundant error amplifier (REA) and a 12-section sequenced shunt transconductance amplifier (STA) in which not more than three and not less than one shunt section are in an active control mode regardless of a failure in any one of the twelve sections. The part of the work concerned with the shaping of the frequency response of the REA and STA minor feedback loops and of the teolator major feedback loop is described. Emphasis is on the application of a general design technique embodying a "design-analyze-measure iteration loop," in which a first-cut design and analysis is corrected ard improved after experimental observation of discrepancies and deficiencies. In particular, an incipient high-frequency oscillation was thereby reliably eliminated. It is demonstrated that analysis techniques involving a minimum of algebra can provide full quantitative information on an efficient and reliable system design.     

过失速大机动飞机的飞行控制律设计

对新一代带推力矢量的战斗机在大迎角过失速机动下的飞行控制律进行设计,并进行了机动指令飞行仿真。引进推力矢量技术,建立带推力矢量的飞机模型方程;采用奇异摄动理论,将控制回路分为两个快慢(内外)回路,对每个回路分别用动态逆方法进行飞行控制律设计;并采用结构奇异值μ综合和分析的方法对快(内)回路设计了鲁棒控制器;最后所设计的控制律进行了机动指令飞行仿真,仿真结果表明设计的过失速机动控制律良好。