空间高等植物培养装置

空间高等植物培养装置用于中国天宫二号空间实验室开展微重力条件下高等植物生长机理研究.该装置由高等植物培养模块、生命保障模块、实时在线检测模块和返回单元等功能单元组成,可实现高等植物空间长周期培养,在轨启动生物实验,实时在线观察和荧光监测,水分循环利用及营养供给,模拟太阳长短日照周期控制与检测,环境温度测量与控制,CO₂浓度调节,有害气体去除及航天员回收部分样品等功能.      

红萍湿养栽培供O2装置研制

红萍作为空间站受控生态生命保障系统中的生物部件, 可望为航天员提供O2和新鲜蔬菜并吸收CO2. 研究红萍湿养栽培供O2装置, 旨在建立地面非生物部件, 满足模拟研究的需要. 介绍了所研发装置及关键部件的结构特点和工作原理. 通过红萍湿养板内湿养栽培介质的结构功能设计, 在蓄水保水基质层内部配置具有毛细作用的渗水管路, 介质始终保持整体湿润而表面无明水状态, 为红萍扎根稳固、营养吸收和生长繁殖创造条件. 水压试验确定了渗水管路的主要技术参数和闭合式红萍培养液输配循环系统的间歇循环周期. 整机产出量试验结果表明, 在层间距125 mm, 整机红萍湿养面积6.3 m2, 超高亮度白色LED人工光源能耗152 Wm 2, 红萍表面的光照强度6000~6500 lx, 整机的红萍湿养产量、红萍放O2量和吸收CO2量相应大幅提高, 装置各项性能指标均达到设计要求.      

地外二氧化碳转化利用技术研究现状与展望

为有效解决未来长期载人地外生存面临的物资供给等关键问题,获得更高的氧回收率、能量转化效率和更低的应用成本,亟须发展更高效的地外二氧化碳转化利用技术。文章总结了地外二氧化碳利用的发展现状并分析了近期的研究进展,发现不同技术之间差异大,在航天应用过程中,需充分考虑地外环境限制因素,以选用更合适的技术。空间站上已搭载的Sabatier装置和火星车上的MOXIE装置初步实现了地外二氧化碳还原。以“地外人工光合成”为代表的常温二氧化碳转化技术可为地外环控生保提供新路线。其不仅能够实现地外氧气供给,还可获得甲酸、乙烯和甲烷等有机分子作为燃料或生物转化原料。随着相关基础研究的不断发展,有望实现二氧化碳的高效转化和高附加值有机物、甚至碳糖食物的生产。地外二氧化碳转化利用技术的发展,将实现地外密闭环境下的废弃资源利用与物质循环,降低载人空间站、载人深空飞船的物资供应需求,也将为原位资源利用火星大气中的二氧化碳提供创新思路,以支撑未来可承受、可持续的地外生存任务。     

密闭空间内氢气和二氧化碳甲醇化系统的非均相模型及反应特性

在载人密闭空间内通过电解水方式为乘员供氧会产生副产物氢气（H₂）。此外,乘员还呼出二氧化碳（CO₂）。将H₂和CO₂催化合成甲醇（CH₃OH）是消除载人密闭空间内富余H₂和CO₂的最优方式之一。对其开展反应过程建模及反应特性研究有助于进行反应过程的控制,更好地维持载人密闭空间内的大气平衡。本文采用微元法建立了H₂和CO₂催化合成甲醇的物料计算模型和温度一维非均相模型,研究了不同反应压力、冷却介质温度以及入口反应气体中CO₂与CO比值等反应条件下的反应特性变化规律。结果显示,反应压力的增加、冷却介质的温升以及入口气体中CO₂与CO比值的减小均能促进各反应速率增加,进而使得H₂和CO₂消除量增加、甲醇合成率上升以及催化剂和反应气体最高温度上升。在保证反应速率增加且催化剂最高温度不超过合理反应温度区间的最大值573.15 K时需维持反应压力不大于8 MPa,冷却介质温度不高于538.15 K以及CO₂与CO比值不小于1。      

空间在轨流体输运双槽道微重力实验装置

空间在轨流体输运双槽道微重力实验装置通过在微重力环境下对开口槽道中的流动进行观察,可以分析研究微重力下流体输运的稳定特性.双槽道形式的实验装置在单次实验中可同时对两种不同截面,不同流量的槽道流动进行观测,同时可有效提升落塔实验效率,减少不同槽道对比实验中的不确定因素.针对双槽道流体实验装置设计的关键问题,例如密封、压力补偿、设备布局等,提出了实验装置的系统结构及落塔实验步骤.在落塔短时微重力环境中,采用氟化液（HFE7500）流体介质,利用本实验装置成功观测到槽道流体输运流动与失稳现象.      

日空间站试验大楼建成

集空间实验楼、航天员培训楼、微重力环境试验楼及空间站应用楼于一身，从而承担空间站综合中心的一部分任务的空间站试验大楼，已于１９９３年１２月竣工、交付使用。它的建成就可实施国际共同计划中的空间站日本舱（ＪＥＭ）的综合试验。建筑物位于筑波空间中心空间试验大楼的南侧，该建筑为４层楼房，总建筑面积约５８００米２。该楼的第１层为试验区、ＪＥＭ系统教练试验室、工卡模具保管室；第２层为远距离操纵装置控制室、ＪＥＭ教练控制室、工作站训练室；第３层是讲解室、考察通道；第４层有空调机械室和电气室，从第１层至第３层考…     

一种空间相变换热器热设计与仿真分析及其改进

基于相变计算方法即焓法处理相变材料凝固/融化模型,对一个以水为主动冷却介质,内填充石蜡类相变蓄热材料的板式相变换热器的换热进行数值模拟.得到了不同重力条件下冷却面的温度分布,相变材料在融化过程中的动态温度场分布、相变界面分布、融化时间等结果,验证了该相变换热器的可行性.对比该相变换热器在重力与微重力不同条件下的性能差异,利用添加强化传热肋片与泡沫复合相变材料方法,提高了微重力条件下该类相变换热器的效率,可为空间相变蓄热装置的设计及实验研究提供重要参考.      

1990年中国返回式卫星的微重力水平监测

叙述了1990年中国返回式卫星采用的微重力测量系统概况、微重力测量数据的处理方法、微重力测量结果与分折。指出:这是国内首次空间微重力水平监测;研制的JS05-1A 微重力测量仪动态精度优于4μg,响应时间6ms,达到了国际同类仪器的先进水平;该仪器为指导优化空间晶体生长的微重力环境及了解卫星工作状况提供了有力手段。通过对该卫星微重力水平监测所获得的73505对数据进行分折,发现有效载荷动作是影响卫星微重力水平的主要因素,为10~(-4)g 量级;有效载荷不动作时,除1.23%的时间存在10~(-4)g量级不明干扰外,有97.6%的时间微重力的绝对值小于4×10~(-5)g,仅O.3%的时间在10~(-4)g 量级。     

SJ-10卫星固体材料燃烧实验装置

为对微重力条件下固体材料着火和火焰传播特性进行研究,研制了实践十号（SJ-10）卫星固体材料燃烧实验装置.利用空间高真空条件,采用实验段内气体环境更新和控制技术,实现了在有限实验空间内对多个实验样品进行研究,并提供准确可控的实验环境条件（氧气浓度和气流速度）.通过地面试验验证,该装置可通过实验样品、氧气浓度、气流速度、点火方式等实验参数的灵活组合,实现空间实验机会的充分利用和预定科学目标.      

CsI(Eu)晶体空间生长地面实验

人工晶体在高技术领域具有十分重要的应用.在多组分晶体生长过程中,由于分凝的存在,会导致成分沿晶体生长方向产生变化,从而影响到晶体性能的均匀性,对应用产生不利影响.为研究微重力对多组分晶体分凝的影响,利用天宫二号卫星进行空间晶体生长实验.结合晶体生长特性和天宫二号综合材料实验装置的技术条件,确定以铕掺杂CsI晶体为研究对象.在地面研制阶段,CsI（Eu）晶体样品顺利通过力学环模试验,并在地面实验中生长出质量较高的CsI晶体,样品中存在明显的组分分凝.      

Phase separated membrane bioreactor: results from model system studies.

The operation and evaluation of a bioreactor designed for high intensity oxygen transfer in a microgravity environment is described. The reactor itself consists of a zero headspace liquid phase separated from the air supply by a long length of silicone rubber tubing through which the oxygen diffuses in and the carbon dioxide diffuses out. Mass transfer studies show that the oxygen is film diffusion controlled both externally and internally to the tubing and not by diffusion across the tube walls. Methods of upgrading the design to eliminate these resistances are proposed. Cell growth was obtained in the fermenter using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing that this concept is capable of sustaining cell growth in the terrestrial [correction of terrestial] simulation.     

Integration of In-Situ Resource Utilization into lunar/Mars exploration through field analogs

The ability to extract and process resources at the site of exploration into useful products such as propellants, life support and power system consumables, and radiation and rocket exhaust plume debris shielding, known as In-Situ Resource Utilization or ISRU, has the potential to significantly reduce the launch mass, risk, and cost of robotic and human exploration of space. The incorporation of ISRU into missions can also significantly influence technology selection and system development in other areas such as power, life support, and propulsion. For example, the ability to extract or produce large amounts of oxygen and/or water in-situ could minimize the need to completely close life support air and water processing system cycles, change thermal and radiation protection of habitats, and influence propellant selection for ascent vehicles and surface propulsive hoppers. While concepts and even laboratory work on evaluating and developing ISRU techniques such as oxygen extraction from lunar regolith have been going on since before the Apollo 11 Moon landing, no ISRU system has ever flown in space, and only recently have ISRU technologies been developed at a scale and at a system level that is relevant to actual robotic and human mission applications. Because ISRU hardware and systems have never been demonstrated or utilized before on robotic or human missions, architecture and mission planners and surface system hardware developers are hesitant to rely on ISRU products and services that are critical to mission and system implementation success. To build confidence in ISRU systems for future missions and assess how ISRU systems can best influence and integrate with other surface system elements, NASA, with international partners, are performing analog field tests to understand how to take advantage of ISRU capabilities and benefits with the minimum of risk associated with introducing this game-changing approach to exploration. This paper will describe and review the results of four analog field tests (Moses Lake in 6/08, Mauna Kea in 11/08, Flagstaff in 9/09, and Mauna Kea in 1/10) that have begun the process of integrating ISRU into robotic and human exploration systems and missions, and propose future ISRU-related analog field test activities that can be performed in collaboration with non-US space agencies.     

灭菌模块中流速和银离子浓度分布模拟计算

无菌水是载人航天器生命健康的保障条件.灭菌模块安装在水处理系统末端,向净化水释放规定浓度的银离子,起到杀菌和长期保存作用,使净化水达到饮用水质标准.水流过金属壁面,根据交换流域采用标准k-ε模型标准壁面函数,针对600mL·min-1流量工况建立流场和银离子浓度场的计算模型.灭菌模块阴阳电极30s交替互换牵引浓度变化.为符合实际工况,建立模型时通过反复迭代的方式进行求解.对流速和银离子产生速率的结果进行分析发现,银离子浓度最高部位均出现在阳极表面附近,阴阳极反复转换可有效降低电极表面附近的银离子浓度.结合理论计算结果可知,灭菌模块工作过程中不会有AgOH沉淀析出,从而确定工艺参数,指导工程设计.根据仿真结果分析给出了灭菌模块优化建议.      

Comparison study of ductile iron produced with Martian regolith harvested iron from ionic liquids and Bosch byproduct carbon for in-situ resource utilization versus commercially available 65-45-12 ductile iron

As researchers continue to study methods to facilitate long-term missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the ability to manufacture high-quality mechanical and structural components on the Lunar and Martian surfaces remains a crucial piece to the puzzle for a sustained presence. Due to the immense cost of sending supplies to extraterrestrial bodies, in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) methods are critical for the success and feasibility of these habitation missions. Ionic liquids (ILs) are currently being studied at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to harvest elemental metals from meteorites and regolith minerals. Additionally, the Bosch process is being explored as a life support system at MSFC for oxygen (O₂) regeneration, rendering a byproduct of elemental carbon (C). In this investigation, the viability of casting ductile iron (DI) using IL-sourced iron (IL-Fe) and Bosch C was studied given the range of applications and performance of DI as an as-cast alloy. Ingots were produced using commercial elements to simulate the use of IL-Fe with C sourced from the byproduct C of the Bosch process. Samples were cast and compared to commercially available 65–45-12 DI with phase transformation diagrams, microstructures, and hardness. Results showed that IL-sourced elements are a viable source of elemental alloying materials for a range of DI alloys, with some limitations.     

二氧化碳甲烷化在载人航天器再生式环控生保系统中的应用

二氧化碳甲烷化（Sabatier反应）是载人航天再生式环控生保系统中空气质量管理的关键技术,也是焦炉气甲烷化和煤制天然气甲烷化流程中最后一级反应器主要进行的化学反应.化工行业中的二氧化碳甲烷化,尤其是针对高纯度二氧化碳的甲烷化技术,与载人航天用Sabatier技术既有共同点又存在差异.通过对Sabatier技术工艺、催化剂和关键设计的总结,对比分析应用于两个不同领域的二氧化碳甲烷化技术在工艺流程、催化剂和反应器方面的差异,借鉴工业二氧化碳甲烷化技术经验,提出载人航天用Sabatier技术可能的优化方向.      

Basic design concept of Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities.

In order to study the relationship between the physiological metabolism of living things and the environmental factors such as the atmospheric contents and so on within the closed ecosystem, Closed Ecology Experiment Facilities (CEEF) were designed and now under construction based on the following concepts: (1) Individual sealed chambers (called modules) for the plant cultivation, animal breeding, human habitation and microbial waste treatment are to be constructed independently to be able to study the metabolic effects of each living thing on the environmental factors within closed ecosystem. (2) A chamber for the microbial waste treatment are to be replaced with two systems; wet oxidation reactors and chemical nitrogen fixation reactors. (3) Atmospheric control systems are to be independently attached to each module for stabilizing atmospheric contents in each module. (4) Any construction materials having the possibility to absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide are to be prohibited to use in each module for sustaining material balance. (5) Facilities have to be developed so that the closed plant and animal experiments can be done independently, as well as integrated experiments with plants and animals through exchanging foods, carbon dioxide, oxygen, condensed water and nutrient solution.     

Bioelectrochemical degradation of urea at platinized boron doped diamond electrodes for bioregenerative systems

The recovery of potable water from space mission wastewater is critical for the life support and environmental health of crew members in long-term missions. NASA estimates reveal that at manned space missions 1.91 kg/person day of urine is produced, with urea and various salts as its main components. In this research we explore the utilization of urease (EC 3.5.1.5, 15,000 U/g) along with a platinized boron doped diamond electrode (Pt-BDD) to degrade urea. Urea is directly degraded to nitrogen by the in situ utilization of the reaction products as a strategy to increase the amount of clean water in future space expeditions. The biochemical reaction of urease produces ammonia and carbon dioxide from urea. Thereafter, ammonia is electrooxidized at the interface of the Pt-BDD producing molecular nitrogen. The herein presented system has been proven to have 20% urea conversion efficiency. This research has potential applications for future long-term space missions since the reaction byproducts could be used for a biomass subsystem (in situ resource recovery), while generating electricity from the same process.     

耗氧型惰化系统反应器性能理论

为了研究耗氧型燃油惰化系统中反应器的工作特性,在Fluent 17.0软件多孔介质模型基础上以用户自定义变量（UDS）形式添加固相能量方程来建立气-固两相耦合传热的两温度反应器模型,以大庆RP-3燃油为对象并通过实验测试了其反应动力学方程,然后以用户自定义函数（UDF）源项的形式添加化学反应,对反应器进行了仿真。研究了不同工况对反应器惰化效率的影响,以及反应器在惰化过程中的内部温度及RP-3浓度变化特性。结果显示:反应物浓度对转化率的影响与氧浓度饱和值有关系,在没有额外冷却的情况下反应器会飞温,化学反应主要发生在反应器的后半段,且靠近反应器轴线处。因此在未来设计反应器时,应当考虑额外冷却措施以防止飞温,使催化床温度均匀分布来提高反应器工作效率。