中国的人造卫星

中国于１９７０年４月发射了本国的第一颗人造卫星。截止１９９７年６月，中国共发射了４９颗本国的卫星，成功率８０％。在中国的卫星中，中国空间技术研究负责研制的有；东方红系列卫星，实践系列卫星，风云１号和风云２号气象卫星，返回式遥感系列卫星。     

中国的卫星系列介绍

中国于1970年4月24日成功地研制并发射了第一颗人造地球卫星东方红一号,成为世界上第五个独立自主研制和发射人造地球卫星的国家。迄今,中国共研制并发射了70余颗不同类型的人造地球卫星,飞行成功率达90%以上。目前,中国已发展形成了六个卫星系列:返回式遥感卫星系列、东方红通信广播卫星系列、风云气象卫星系列、实践科学探测与技术试验卫星系列、资源地球资源卫星系列和北斗导航定位卫星系列,海洋卫星系列也即将形成。     

我国计划未来10年发射14颗气象卫星

<正>日前,记者从中国气象局获悉,我国计划未来10年发射14颗气象卫星,风云系列气象卫星迎来快速发展时代。风云三号B星年底前发射,风云三号02批研制启动,风云四号进入初样研制阶段。我国此前发射的风云三号A星取得良好的应用效果,多个重要国家寻求卫星     

航天短讯

我国首颗天链一号中继卫星发射成功;中国首颗空间天文卫星2010年发射;风云-3A气象卫星将于今年5月发射升空;日本公布最新月球地形图;日本“月女神”γ射线光谱分析仪出现异常;俄罗斯联盟TMA-12载人飞船发射升空;     

华夏第一星:东方红一号

1970年4月24日,中国成功发射了第一颗人造地球卫星东方红一号,成为世界上第五个独立自主研制和发射人造地球卫星的国家。迄今,中国共研制并发射了70余颗不同类型的人造地球卫星,飞行成功率达90%以上。目前,中国已发展形成了六个卫星系列:返回式遥感卫星系列、东方红通信广播卫星系列、风云气象卫星系列、实践科学探测与技术试验卫星系列、资源地球资源卫星系列和北斗导航定位卫星系列,海洋卫星系列也即将形成。中国在微小卫星和地球静止轨道大型公用平台研制方面也取得重要进展。东方红一号卫星是中国航天史上的一座里程碑,对中国航天事业的…     

中国2010年前将发射风云2号02批3颗气象卫星

国防科学技术工业委员会8月31日在北京组织举行了风云2号02批卫星工程合同签字仪式。根据合同。在2010年之前，中国将用3枚长征3号甲运载火箭发射3颗风云2号02批气象卫星。卫星预计运行服务到2012年。     

我国“风云”气象卫星及其应用的回顾与展望

气象卫星和卫星气象是气象现代化的重要标志。自1988年至今,我国已先后成功发射了4颗风云-1极轨气象卫星和4颗风云-2静止气象卫星,顺利完成了极轨和静止两个系列气象卫星从试验到业务卫星的跨越。由“风云”气象卫星获取的地球大气和地表信息已广泛应用于天气预报、气候预测、环境和自然灾害监测与分析等多个领域。文章介绍了我国“风云”系列气象卫星的发展历程、地面应用系统组成、“风云”卫星产品及应用,最后展望了“风云”系列气象卫星的发展。     

“长征”三号B成功发射“风云”四号B星

正2021年6月3日0时17分,在西昌卫星发射中心,"长征"三号B运载火箭将"风云"四号B星送入预定轨道,发射取得圆满成功。"风云"四号B星由上海航天技术研究院抓总研制,主要用于天气分析和预报、短临气象灾害预警、短期气候预测、生态环境和空间环境监测等领域。"风云"四号B星搭载了快速成像仪等载荷配置,可大幅提高我国对台风、沙尘暴等一些尺度较小、持续时间较短的天气现象的观测能力。"风云"四号B星是"风云"四号系列第二颗卫星,也是该系列的首颗业务卫星,该星发射后将与目前在轨的"风云"四号A星共同实现双星组网业务运行。     

世界各国的气象卫星

迄今为止 ,美国、苏联 /俄罗斯、日本、欧空局、中国、印度等国家和组织共发射了 1 0 0多颗气象卫星。世界上第一颗气象卫星是美国的“泰罗斯”号。 1 960～ 1 965年间共发射了 1 0颗。该卫星系列云图分辨率不高 ,属试验型卫星。美国研制的第一代业务应用极轨气象卫星“艾萨号” ,于 1 966～ 1 969年共发射了 9颗。 1 980年起开始研制和发射第二代“诺阿”(ＮＯＡＡ)极轨气象卫星 ,至今已发展到第三代“泰罗斯Ｎ 诺阿”系列卫星。美国极轨气象卫星“诺阿”用两颗卫星组网 ,其中一颗上午发射 ,另一颗下午发射 ,这两颗卫星组网可以实现每 6小…     

中国的气象卫星（下）

短期预报的主力 为了极大地改善区域性短期天气预报,中国还积极研制了静止轨道气象卫星,并于1997年6月10日成功发射了第一颗试验型静止轨道气象卫星风云2号A。该卫星是中国第一颗地球静止轨道遥感卫星,采用东方红2号甲卫星平台。星体外形呈圆柱体,高1．606米．直径2．1米,     

First results of investigating the space environment onboard the Universitetskii-Tatyana satellite

The complex of scientific pay load installed onboard the research and educational Universitetskii-Tatyana microsatellite of Moscow State University is described. The complex is designed to study charged particles in the near-earth space and ultraviolet emissions of the atmosphere. Data of the measurements of charged particle fluxes in the microsatellite orbit are presented, spectra are calculated, and the dynamics of penetration boundaries for protons of solar cosmic rays (SCR) during geomagnetic disturbances in 2005 is investigated. Intensities of the ultraviolet emission are measured in the entire range of variation of the atmospheric irradiation, as well as intensities of auroras in the polar regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The experimental data on flashes of ultraviolet radiation (transient light phenomena in the upper atmosphere) are considered, and some examples of oscillograms of their temporal development and their distribution over geographical coordinates are presented. Original Russian Text ? V.A. Sadovnichy, M.I. Panasyuk, S.Yu. Bobrovnikov, N.N. Vedenkin, N.A. Vlasova, G.K. Garipov, O.R. Grigorian, T.A. Ivanova, V.V. Kalegaev, P.A. Klimov, A.S. Kovtyukh, S.A. Krasotkin, N.V. Kuznetsov, S.N. Kuznetsov, E.A. Muravyeva, I.N. Myagkova, N.N. Pavlov, R.A. Nymmik, V.L. Petrov, M.V. Podzolko, V.V. Radchenko, S.Ya. Reisman, I.A. Rubinshtein, M.O. Riazantseva, E.A. Sigaeva, E.N. Sosnovets, L.I. Starostin, A.V. Sukhanov, V.I. Tulupov, B.A. Khrenov, V.M. Shakhparonov, V.N. Sheveleva, A.V. Shirokov, I.V. Yashin, V.V. Markelov, N.N. Ivanov, V.N. Blinov, O.Yu. Sedykh, V.P. Pinigin, A.P. Papkov, E.S. Levin, V.M. Samkov, N.N. Ignatiev, V.S. Yamnikol, 2007, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2007, vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 291–305.     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology [correction of biotechnilogy

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adapted at all to "near weightlessness conditions" (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICAL (correction of ZOOLOGICASL) COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i.e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the sound controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle flight (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiment and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the shortterm space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated "reproduction module" for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.     

Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems

Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) two novel combined animal-plant production systems were developed in laboratory scale the first of which is dedicated to mid-term operation in closed state up to two years. In principle both consist of the "classic" C.E.B.A.S. subcomponents: animal tank (Zoological Component), plant cultivators (Botanical Component), ammonia converting bacteria filter (Microbial Component) and data acquisition/control unit (Electronical Component). The innovative approach in the first system is the utilization of minimally three aquatic plant cultivators for different species. In this one the animal tank has a volume of about 160 liters and is constructed as an "endless-way system" surrounding a central unit containing the heat exchanger and the bacteria filter with volumes of about 1.5 liters each. A suspension plant cultivator (1 liter) for the edible duckweed Wolffia arrhiza is externally connected. The second plant cultivator is a meandric microalgal bioreactor for filamentous green algae. The third plant growth facility is a chamber with about 2.5 liters volume for cultivation of the "traditional" C.E.B.A.S. plant species, the rootless buoyant Ceratophyllum demersum. Both latter units are illuminated with 9 W fluorescent lamps. In the current experiment the animal tank contains the live-bearing teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri and the small pulmonate water snail Biomphalaria glabrata because their physiological adaptation to the closed system conditions is well known from many previous C.E.B.A.S. experiments. The water temperature is maintained at 25 degrees C and the oxygen level is regulated between 4 and 7 mg/l by switching on and off the plant cultivator illuminations according to a suitable pattern thus utilizing solely the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The animals and the microorganisms of filter and biofilm provide the plants with a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. Oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and redox potential are on-line recorded. Ion concentrations and numbers of living germs in the system water are determined twice monthly in the laboratory from samples taken from a special "sample removal module"; the sample volume is automatically replaced from an reservoir container. A rotatory pump produces a water flow of about 38 l/min. For a similar smaller test system with approx. 10 l volume developed from the C.E.B.A.S.-MINI-MODULE a novel indirect solar energy supply is tested which has a buffer capacity to maintain the system for 7 days in darkness under central European climate conditions also in winter. It contains only a single plant cultivator which is operated with Wollfia arrhiza. This lemnacean plant is able to produce large amounts of plant biomass in a short time by vegetative reproduction via daughter fronds. This easy-to-handle apparatus is dedicated to be operative more than 4 month. The experimental animals and microorganisms are the same as in the large system. The paper provides detailed information on the system construction principles and the biological, physical and chemical data of the initial phase of the test runs of both systems with the main focus on the large one.     

The famous son of Ukrainian people V.I. Voznyuk who has provided launch of all ballistic missiles of the cosmodrome Kapustin Yar

The history of the life of V.I. Voznyuk is a history of the phenomenon of the Soviet rocket progress when the engineers with experience of launch of military rocket of small radius of action were testing the ballistic missiles. The remarkable and little-known destiny of Voznuk is the history of the Soviet rocket technology experts who had a severe practical schooling of command by the military forces of the first combat missiles “Katucha” during the grim military years (including the grandiose fight in Stalingrad) and then they have continued to launch the ballistic missiles. V.I. Voznyuk worked as the chief of the first Soviet cosmodrome Kapustin Yar for almost 30 years—since the most difficult moment of its organization. He organized a launch of the first Soviet ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, R-5M of S. Korolev. This report is about the outstanding achievement of the organizing ability of V.I. Voznyuk—about the launch of a missile with a nuclear warhead in 1956. V.I. Voznyuk closes a unique chain in the world of outstanding figures of space-rocket technology who were born or lived in Ukraine from designers of missile up to the organizers of its manufacture and now up to the organizers of the tests of rockets—J. Aizenberg, V. Budnik, O. Baclanov, V. Dogujiev, M. Galasj, N. Gerasuta, V. Gluschko, B. Gubanov, A. Gudimenko, I. Ivanov, G. Kesunjko, B. Konoplev, S. Korolev, V. Kovtunenko, V. Kukuschkin, O. Makarov, A. Nedaivoda, M. Reshetniyov, Yu. Semenov, V. Sergeev, Yu. Smetanin, V. Tchelomey, D. Torchiy, V. Utkin and M. Yangel.     

Potential evolution of an international moon base programme

The Moon is a major target in expanding human activity in Space. President Bush has called for a Space Exploration Initiative. European participation may depend on achieving an affordable programme and identifying distinct elements for non-U.S. participation. Affordability requires that all participants can influence the “cost to user” of Base operations. If lunar activity is to evolve towards resource exploitation, there will need to be a progressive reduction in operating costs. European interest would prefer participation that allowed longer-term independent interests. The paper addresses how non-U.S. agencies could contribute valuable elements to an International Moon Base while meeting three criteria:

• — Keep a core infrastructure under U.S. control.

• — Avoid a total reliance by the partner on U.S. services.

• — Allow the partner to evolve towards an eventual, semi-autonomous or autonomous capability.

The paper illustrates possible implications of meeting these constraints through “mini infrastructures” combining several elements to form a working architecture. It is concluded that any European participation in an International Moon Base Programme should contain both Space transport and surface elements.     

Animal protein production modules in biological life support systems: novel combined aquaculture techniques based on the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.)

Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) which was primarily deveoloped for long-term and multi-generation experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station highly effective fresh water recycling modules were elaborated utilizing a combination of ammonia oxidizing bacteria filters and higher plants. These exhibit a high effectivity to eliminate phosphate and anorganic nitrogen compounds and arc. in addidition. able to contribute to the oxygen supply of the aquatic animals. The C.E.B.A.S. filter system is able to keep a closed artificial aquatic ecosystem containing teleost fishes and water snails biologically stable for several month and to eliminate waste products deriving from degraded dead fishes without a decrease of the oxygen concentration down to less than 3.5 mg/l at 25 °C. More advanced C.E.B.A.S. filter systems, the BIOCURE filters, were also developed for utilization in semiintensive and intensive aquaculture systems for fishes. In fact such combined animal-plant aquaculture systems represent highly effective productions sites for human food if proper plant and fish species are selected The present papers elucidates ways to novel aquaculture systems in which herbivorous fishes are raised by feeding them with plant biomass produced in the BIOCURE filters and presents the scheme of a modification which utilizes a plant species suitable also for human nutrition. Special attention is paid to the benefits of closed aquaculture system modules which may be integrated into bioregenerative life support systems of a higher complexity for, e. g.. lunar or planetary bases including some psychologiccal aspects of the introduction of animal protein production into plant-based life support systems. Moreover, the basic reproductive biological problems of aquatic animal breeding under reduced gravity are explained leading to a disposition of essential research programs in this context.     

The navigational experiments on microgravitational space platform “FOTON-M2”

This paper presents the review of results of the navigating experiments which have been carried out during flight of microgravitational space platform (MSP) Foton-M2 in May–June 2005. The brief characteristic of the created MIRAGE–M equipment consisting from magnitometric system and satellite radionavigation receiver is given. The measurements have allowed to restore unguided MSP movement and to estimate a level of microaccelerations (microgravitations) onboard during flight, and have provided precision time-position binding of the research experiments. The data from the equipments transmitted on the telemetering channel have allowed testing the information technologies of virtual support of experiments in space. Flight testing of the equipment has allowed make a conclusion on usefulness of accommodation onboard the small-sized auxiliary navigating system focused for work with users of research experiments. The experiments on MSP Foton-M2 are the development of experiments with MIRAGE equipment carried out in 1999 during flight time of MSP Foton-12 [N.D. Semkin, V.V. Ivanov, V.I. Abrushkin, V.L. Balakin, I.V. Belokonov, K.E. Voronov, The experiments with magnetic fields formed by technical equipment inside Foton-12 spacecraft: the results of the MIRAGE experiments, in: Proceedings of International Conference “Scientific and Technological Experiments on Russian Foton/Bion Recoverable Satellites: Results, Problems and Outlooks”, 25–30 June 2000, pp. 116–122; V.L. Balakin, I.V. Belokonov, V.V. Ivanov, “Determination of motion of spacecraft Foton-12 as a result of magnetic fields measurement in MIRAGE experiment”, pp. 231–238 (published in the same place)].Paper is executed within the framework of the grant of the Russian Fund of Fundamental Researches 06-08-00244.     

CBERS-1卫星CCD相机热控系统的研制

CBERS - 1卫星CCD相机热控系统的主要任务是在卫星规定的相机环境温度条件下 ,确保相机主体所需求的工作温度和温度梯度。CBERS - 1卫星CCD相机热控设计由被动和主动温控相结合实现 ,采用了多项新技术。作为中国第一台传输型CCD相机 ,从目前CBERS - 1卫星CCD相机在轨运行的遥测数据看 ,相机热控系统到达了设计指标的要求 ,运行良好 ,确保了CCD相机高可靠工作、并获得良好像质。     

Forecasting the next major thrust into space

Patterns in societal energy use enable forecasts of the times of future events associated with important human exploration and technology programs. Discovered in 1989, the 56 year energy cycle has previously been linked with many technological, economic, and social parameters. A review of the last 200 years reveals that major human explorations (e.g. polar expeditions), macro-engineering projects (e.g. Panama Canal), and large wars (e.g. World War I) cluster together in time near energy cycle peaks approximately every 56 years. The energy cycle and several other indicators suggest that large-scale human operations in space will begin to appear around 2015. They should culminate in a space spectacular near 2025. Another window of opportunity for space exploration will not open until late in the twenty-first century.     

Changes in the loco-regional Cerebral Blood Flow (r.C.B.F.) during a simulation of weightlessness.

Experiments of prolonged bedrest in antiorthostatic position are conducted in order to simulated cardio-circulatory modifications observed in weightlessness. Until now, no studies of r.C.B.F. have been effected in these conditions. Six young, healthy volunteers (average age 23.8) were placed in strict bedrest and in antiorthostatic position -4 degrees for 7 days. The r.C.B.F. measurements were studied by 133Xe inhalation method using a 32 detectors system. Studies were made first in basal conditions, then between the 6th and 12th hr, and finally between the 72nd and the 78th hr after the beginning of the experiment. Three of the subjects received 0.450 mg of Clonidine daily during the experiment. In the subjects having taken no Clonidine, we observed a constant increase in r.C.B.F. (12, 17 and 16% respectively) in the first 12 hr; at the 72nd hour, all values had returned to basal state. This findings agrees with the well known notion of a rapid correction of hemodynamic disturbances observed in the first days of weightlessness. In the subjects treated with Clonidine, the increase of r.C.B.F. did not occur. Several mechanisms of action are possible; the Clonidine affecting either the heart by inhibiting volemic atrial receptors or the brain by direct vasoconstriction.