分布式电推进飞机动力系统评估优化方法

以电推进飞机的动力系统作为研究对象,开展了以下研究工作：采用电力系统潮流计算方法,分析了采用高压直流供电体制的分布式电推进飞机电气系统,模拟了其在稳定运行状态与断路故障状态下的能量流动关系,同时分析了直流电压等级对电气系统的影响。搭建了完整的分布式电推进飞机动力系统仿真模型,依据基于时间和基于高度的飞行剖面,对比分析了纯电推进与涡轮电推进架构在推进功率、推进效率与航程3个评价指标上的优劣。建立了动力系统典型部件的参数化模型,并使用符号规划算法对建立的参数化模型进行了优化计算,比较了传统涡轮推进与涡轮电推进架构下动力系统质量与燃油消耗率间的优化权衡关系。研究结果为分布式电推进飞机混合动力系统的设计提供了有价值的正向设计方法。     

Design and integration of a solar AMTEC power system with anadvanced global positioning satellite

A 1,200-W solar AMTEC (alkali metal thermal-to-electric conversion) power system concept was developed and integrated with an advanced global positioning system (GPS) satellite. The critical integration issues for the SAMTEC with the GPS subsystems included: (1) packaging within the Delta II launch vehicle envelope; (2) deployment and start-up operations for the SAMTEC; (3) SAMTEC operation during all mission phases; (4) satellite field of view restrictions with satellite operations; and (5) effect of the SAMTEC requirements on other satellite subsystems. The SAMTEC power system was compared with a conventional planar solar array/battery power system to assess the differences in system weight, size, and operations, Features of the design include the use of an advanced multitube, vapor anode AMTEC cell design with 24% conversion efficiency, and a direct solar insolation receiver design with integral LiF salt canisters for energy storage to generate power during the maximum solar eclipse cycle, The modular generator design consists of an array of multitube AMTEC cells arranged into a parallel/series electrical network with built-in cell redundancy. Our preliminary assessment indicates that the solar generator design is scaleable over a 500 to 2,500-W range. No battery power is required during the operational phase of the GPS mission. SAMTEC specific power levels greater than 5 We/kg and 160 We/m² are anticipated for a mission duration of 10 to 12 years in orbits with high natural radiation backgrounds     

A Comparison of Solar-Cell and Battery-Type Power System for Spacecraft

The electrical power systems of orbiting unmanned spacecraft generally consist of energy-conversion devices in combination with energy-storage and conditioning components. The development of efficient pulse-duration modulation regulators suggests configurations smaller, lighter, and cheaper than conventional dissipative voltage regulators. These savings may or may not be realizable, depending upon the system reliability design goal and amount of redundancy required to meet the goal. Three spacecraft electrical power systems, each containing a solar-cell energy converter and using different voltage regulation schemes, are compared for a common mission specification. Each system is made to meet a given reliability goal by a technique that adds redundant components in a manner that minimizes a system design characteristic such as weight. The reliability design goal is kept constant as mission length is increased, permitting system comparison in terms of weight and cost as a function of time.     

Computer-Aided Design and Weight Estimation of High-Power High-Voltage Power Conditioners

Aspects of high-power high-voltage power conditioner design and weight estimation relevant to space subsystems are discussed. Weight has become an increasingly important parameter with the advent of larger and more sophisticated spacecraft, especially those for high-power communication. A computer program for estimating the weight of a high-power dc-to-dc power conditioner as functions of output power, operating frequency, input voltage range, maximum input voltage, and efficiency, respectively, is described, including computer-aided design of inductors and transformers. Curves of typical power conditioner weight as functions of the preceding parameters, derived from the power conditioner weight program, are presented.     

Space power by ground-based laser illumination

Reducing energy storage requirements of space power systems by illuminating the photovoltaic arrays with a remotely located laser system is addressed. It is proposed that large lasers be located on cloud-free sites at one or more ground locations and that large lenses or mirrors with adaptive optical correction be used to reduce the beam spread due to diffraction or atmospheric turbulence. During the eclipse periods or lunar night, the lasers illuminate the solar arrays to a level sufficient to provide operating power. Two applications are discussed: illumination of geosynchronous orbit satellites and illumination of a moonbase power system. Issues for photovoltaic receivers for such a system are discussed     

Higher Voltage Aircraft Power Systems

Modern aircraft designs are focused on minimising the use of engine bleed air, eliminating gearboxes, and reducing the reliance on hydraulic systems. Instead, many of these mechanical systems will be replaced with electrical versions. The increasing amounts of electrical power that will be shipped through an aircraft means that it is increasingly difficult to rely on low voltage power systems owing to voltage drop and weight constraints. This discusses the challenges that relate to the safe use of higher voltage systems within aircraft.     

变速恒频电源闭环控制系统设计

 本文讨论了变速恒频电源闭环控制电路的设计。闭环控制电路的目的除保证变速恒频电源达到所要求的动、静态性能指标外,对其中交交变频器输出中存在的直流、次谐波及其它谐波分量要有强的抑制能力,以减小主电路滤波器的体积重量。为此,文中提出了采用微分反馈并联校正、比例积分串联校正及电压调节的闭环控制系统方案,并进行了一系列实验研究和验证。     

AC/DC converter topologies for the Space Station

A new class of AC/DC converter topologies (Type-1 converters) is described, suitable for use in an advanced single-phase sine-wave voltage, high-frequency power distribution system, of the type that was proposed for a 20 kHz Space Station primary electrical power distribution system. The converter comprises a transformer, a resonant network, a current controller, a diode rectifier, and an output filter. The input AC voltage source is converted into a sinusoidal current source using the resonant network. The output of this current source is rectified by the diode rectifier and is controlled by the current controller. The controlled rectified current is then filtered by the output filter to obtain a constant voltage across the load. Three distinct converter topologies, Type-1A, Type-1B, and Type 1-C, are described, and their performance characteristics are presented. All three types have a close-to-unity rated power factor (greater than 0.98), low total harmonic distortion in input current (less than 5%), and high conversion efficiency (greater than 96%)     

Unified Voltage and Pitch Angle Controller for Wind-Driven Induction Generator System

A unified voltage and pitch angle controller (UVPC) for a wind-driven induction generator system is presented to reach effective voltage control and to stabilize generator speed and system frequency. The proposed UVPC comprises a linear optimal controller (LOC), a supplementary voltage regulator (SVR), and a supplementary pitch angle controller (SPC). An ac voltage regulator and a dc voltage regulator are designed in the SVR to generate the desired voltage magnitude and phase angle for the voltage-sourced inverter (VSI). On the other hand, the SPC is designed based on fuzzy logic inference rules in order to generate the desired pitch angle command for the variable blade pitch such that the mechanical power can be controlled in a very efficient manner. When the system is operated in the islanding condition, an approach based on the concept of relative rotating speed has been developed for the measurement of system frequency deviation. Simulation and experimental results reveal that both bus voltage and mechanical power can be effectively controlled by the proposed UVPC for the wind energy conversion system (WECS) either connected with or disconnected from the power grid when there is sufficient wind energy.     

High energy density regenerative fuel cell systems for terrestrialapplications

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (RFCS) technology for energy storage has been a NASA power system concept for many years. Compared to battery-based energy storage systems, RFCS has received relatively little attention or resources for development because the energy density and electrical efficiency were not sufficiently attractive relative to advanced battery systems. Even today, RFCS remains at a very low technology readiness level (TRL of about 2 indicating feasibility has been demonstrated). Commercial development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for automobiles and other terrestrial applications and improvements in lightweight pressure vessel design to reduce weight and improve performance make possible a high energy density RFCS energy storage system. The results from this study of a lightweight RFCS energy storage system for a remotely piloted, solar-powered, high altitude aircraft indicate an energy density up to 790 wh/kg with electrical efficiency of 53.4% is attainable. Such an energy storage system would allow a solar-powered aircraft to carry hundreds of kilograms of payload and remain in flight indefinitely for use in atmospheric research, Earth observation, resource mapping, and telecommunications. Future developments in the areas of hydrogen and oxygen storage, pressure vessel design, higher temperature and higher pressure fuel cell operation, unitized regenerative fuel cells, and commercial development of fuel cell technology will improve both the energy density and electrical efficiency of the RFCS     

基于更新法估计空闲时间的Inter-DVS算法的优化与实现

动态电压调整(DVS)技术是软件节能技术的另一种形式。由于CMOS电路的能耗和供电电压的平方及频率成正比关系,所以降低供电电压和频率是减少能耗的最有效方法之一。本文首先对DVS的各种算法作了详细的分类分析。然后,以"使用更新法"估计空闲时间的任务间DVS算法为例,采用嵌入式Linux操作系统对其进行了优化。最后,讨论了实现具有动态电压调解功能的嵌入式Linux操作系统的节能方法。     

Energy Control for Microwave Amplifier Arrays

In large systems using microwave amplifier arrays, the size, weight, and cost of individual energy sources require consideration of the use of a common power supply and energy storage bank. Complex energy control techniques may be necessary to protect the RF amplifier and to provide isolation of the faulted amplifier from the common energy source. Four approaches are discussed. Three of these are dependent on either the development of reliable arc-free microwave amplifiers or special isolator tubes, gas or vacuum types. A practical circuit using available components is suggested. Its advantages and limitations are discussed. Calculations are presented showing this approach can result in increased system efficiency, improved regulation, and large decreases in the size of the secondary capacitance bank for each microwave amplifier.     

负载电流反馈补偿法在双凸极无刷直流发电机数字调压器中的应用

分析了双凸极无刷直流发电系统突加、卸负载时的工作机理及滤波电容的影响,在此基础上提出了负载电流反馈补偿控制方法,以提高系统的动态性能。实验结果表明,在系统突加和突卸负载两种情况下,加入负载电流反馈补偿控制后,不仅电压恢复时间明显缩短,而且电压波动幅值也大大减小,系统的动态特性得到了明显的提高。该方法可推广应用到不同类型的直流发电机的数字调压控制中。     

利用压电驱动器改善飞机的横滚性能

利用分布粘贴在矩形机翼上下两面的压电驱动器 ,验证了使用该类结构提高飞行器横滚能力的可能性。针对常规的副翼操纵面与虚拟操纵面 (FictitiousControlSurface)两种方案 ,比较了在不同速压或不同刚度下两类方案的表现。分析结果表明二者有本质的差别 :对于常规的副翼操纵方案 ,气动弹性效应是不利的 ,必须保证机翼具有足够的结构刚度以防止副翼反效问题 ;但对于虚拟操纵面方案 ,气动弹性效应是有利的 ,可以使用较小的能量控制较为柔软的机翼达到要求的横滚性能。计算结果显示 ,利用压电驱动器的方案可以大大减少结构重量     

Aerospace High Voltage Development

High voltage has been used for electrical power system generation, transmission, and distribution for over 75 years and manufacturers have been designing x-rays, radios/television transmitters and receivers for many years with excellent success. High voltage usage in aerospace equipment initiated during World War II with the advent of high power communications and radar for airplanes. About 20 years ago the first high voltage components were built for spacecraft systems. This article is to provide some insight into the status of high voltage for aerospace equipment and the differences between terrestial and aerospace system functions and the attendant problems. What are the basic differences between terrestial/commercial and aerospace equipment? The aerospace environment is defined as that significantly above the Earth's surface: From 5000 feet altitude to deep space. The basic differences are the constraints placed on the user vehicle (airplane, missile, or spacecraft). Constraints include: Atmospheric pressure, temperature, lifting capability, electronic requirements, and volume. Early airplanes needed only radios and mechanical pressurization instruments. Today's sophisticted airplanes require transmitters, receivers, controls, displays, and in the military case, special electronics. The addition of electronic devices has increased the electrical power demand from a few watts (for early aircraft) to well over one megawatt for special applications. There is the need for compact packaging to reduce weight and volume. Spacecraft with booster limitations are ever more restrictive of weight and volume then airplanes while they must maintain complete electrical system integrity for mission durations of several months to years.     

Impact Potential of New Power Electronic Technologies

New technological advances in the area of power electronics are having an increasing impact on the design of aerospace control systems. These next generation power components promise improved system performance through increased electronic efficiencies. Applying state-of-the-art packaging concepts as an integral part of the system design will allow these devices to be utilized in a space efficient and reliable manner. The first portion of this paper looks at two such next generation components. The first is a High Voltage Integrated Circuit (HVIC) that provides a bridge between the low voltage controller logic and the high voltage motor winding invertor. This device achieves size reduction and an increase in reliability through integration of low and high voltage logic networks on a single integrated circuit. The second is the Insulated Gate Transistor (IGT). This device provides a high voltage switch with MOS-like drive characteristics. The present and future expectations of these power devices are discussed. This paper then looks at new packaging techniques for power devices. The impact of parasitic circuit effects have significant impact on power circuit performance. Finally, this paper looks at an example control application. The design is that of a permanent magnet motor driven actuator. The drive motor uses 270 vdc for supply voltage. Within the intelligent system controller, is the capability to control the current demands of the motor. The new power electronics devices are making the design feasible in both thermal and volume efficiency. This topic includes projected controller sizing into the 1990s.     

并联混合动力齿轮传动涡扇发动机建模与性能分析

为对比探究未来大推力航空混合动力系统与传统航空发动机的优劣,本文依托某概念型齿轮传动涡扇(Geared turbofan,GTF)发动机,设计了一个并联航空油-电混合动力系统(hybrid GTF,hGTF),在Matlab /Simulink数字仿真软件中建立相匹配的电动力模型以及氮氧化物NOx排放和噪声预测等性能参数计算模型,并在稳态和飞行任务剖面下初步分析了电动力系统的引入对原基线GTF发动机的性能改变状况。稳态仿真结果表明,大推力等级的并联油-电混合动力系统中,至少需要兆瓦级的电动力系统进行匹配;当电动力系统处于电动模式时,可能会带来低压压气机喘振的隐患;当电动力系统处于再生模式时,电能源相当于经过了电能到机械能再到电能的二次效率损失,不建议采用。飞行任务剖面动态仿真结果表明,相比于传统GTF发动机,hGTF推进系统的燃油消耗率最高下降15%,总燃油消耗节省8.3%, NOx总排放量减少18.8%,各部件起飞噪声总声压级减少1.5~3.3dB。分析结果表明采用并联混合动力系统具有显著提升省油、减排效果的能力,同时也具有一定的降噪潜力。     

用于航空高压直流电源系统的笼型异步发电机控制策略的研究

 现代电力电子技术的发展使得笼型异步发电机能够适用于航空高压直流系统中。着重对笼型异步电机与电力电子变换器结合构成的发电系统进行了研究,说明了采用直接转矩控制策略可使这种发电系统具有很好的动态特性。介绍了异步发电机直接转矩控制的原理与实现方法,并给出了仿真与实验结果。     

纳米SiO2复合对铝合金表面微弧氧化层生长动力学的影响

通过在微弧氧化电解液中添加纳米SiO2颗粒配制纳米电解液,在铝合金表面制备了纳米复合微弧氧化层,考察了恒电压和恒电流两种模式下纳米SiO2复合对微弧氧化层生长动力学的影响.结果表明,恒电压模式下,纳米SiO2复合大幅度提高了生长电流和微弧氧化层生长速率;恒电流模式下,纳米SiO2复合提高了微弧氧化层生长速率,电流效率提高.纳米SiO2颗粒在纳米复合微弧氧化层中掺杂,形成杂质能级,并且降低了微弧氧化层材料的禁带宽度,促进了微弧氧化电击穿过程,是纳米SiO2复合促进微弧氧化层生长的主要原因.     

Implementation of nondeterministic pulsewidth modulation forinverter drives

A single-phase power factor preregulator to improve the power quality in the input side of an ac/dc/ac converter and a random pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to reduce the emitted noise energy and the mechanical vibration for an induction motor drive is proposed. The hysteresis current control (HCC) technique for a voltage source switching mode rectifier (SMR) is adopted. A control scheme is presented such that the line current is driven to follow the reference current which is derived from the dc bus voltage regulator and the output power estimator. A random pulse position technique for a three-phase voltage source inverter system to reduce the noise energy and resonant vibration from ac machine drive is described. By randomly varying the instantaneous pulse position in each switching frequency, the frequency distribution of harmonics is spread in a wide frequency range which results in reduction of torque pulsations in the ac motor drive systems. To investigate the proposed control scheme, experimental tests based on a laboratory prototype were implemented to show the nearly unity power factor at the SMR and reduce the noise energy concentrated at the specific tones