应用iGMAS超快速星历的实时精密单点定位研究

中国主导建设的国际GNSS监测评估系统(iGMAS)相比国际上比较成熟的IGS系统在产品精度等方面存在差别,目前实时精密单点定位应用多采用IGS实时、近实时产品.为改变这一现状,针对iGMAS产品特性以及实时精密单点定位对超快速精密星历的需求,对iGMAS超快速星历的精度和稳定性方面进行评估,设计了iGMAS产品实时/...     

基于三频数据的北斗卫星导航系统DCB参数精度评估方法

差分码偏差（Differential Code Biases,DCB）参数作为导航电文中重要的一项,是影响用户PNT服务的主要误差源之一。北斗卫星导航系统（后文简称“北斗系统”）发射三个频点的导航信号,在导航电文中需要发播卫星的2个TGD（Timing Group Delay）参数。文章首先介绍了北斗系统卫星DCB参数最小二乘解算与形式误差评估;其次根据北斗系统三频特点,提出了不同频点组合计算垂直方向电离层电子总含量（VTEC）互差的DCB精度定量评估方法,并与IGS(International GNSS Service)提供的GPS卫星DCB精度进行比较;最后,详细分析了DCB参数精度对用户等效距离误差（UERE）计算和定位计算的影响,分别采用卫星出场标定DCB参数和经过解算DCB参数进行评估。实测数据分析结果表明,北斗系统卫星DCB参数解算形式误差与IGS解算GPS卫星DCB参数形式误差相当,但受卫星类型和解算测站的几何分布限制,北斗系统卫星DCB参数解算不确定度相比IGS略差,估计精度优于0.5ns,不同频率组合计算VTEC互差绝对值均值优于0.6TECU。相比采用卫星出场标定值,采用系统解算DCB参数后,双频用户三维位置误差改善13.80%～47.42%。     

南极GPS定位中的电离层延迟分析

基于南极地区国际GNSS服务组织(IGS,International GNSS Service)跟踪站的全球定位系统(GPS,Global Position System)双频实测数据,分析了南极地区电离层延迟的变化情况及其二阶项延迟对南极GPS定位结果的影响.结果表明:南极地区的总电子含量(TEC,Total Electron Content)日间波动频繁,其日间TEC最大值变化较中纬度地区剧烈;在南极地区夏季,电离层二阶项延迟对GPS定位结果的影响可达cm级.同时,由于欧洲定轨中心(CODE,The European Center for Orbit Determination)提供的全球电离层模型(GIM,Global Ionosphere Maps)在南极区域应用的局限性,通过选取南极地区6个IGS跟踪站作为基准站建立了区域电离层TEC模型(RIM,Regional Ionosphere Model).经实测数据计算证明,对于南极地区,RIM的定位精度在一定程度上优于全球电离层模型GIM.     

基于极大验后推估理论的全球电离层地图预报

提出了一种基于极大验后估计理论的全球电离层预报方法,基于中国科学院电离层分析中心（CAS）提供的快速全球电离层地图（GIM）,实现了1天、2天和5天GIM的预报。以国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）最终GIM、Jason测高卫星提供的电离层观测信息及全球GNSS基准站实测电离层总电子含量（TEC）为基准,评估了2008－2017年CAS电离层预报GIM在全球大陆及海洋区域的精度,并与欧洲定轨中心（CODE）、欧洲空间局（ESA）和西班牙加泰罗尼亚理工大学（UPC）的预报GIM进行对比。在评估时段内,与IGS-GIM相比,CAS预报GIM精度为2.4~3.1 TECU;与测高卫星TEC相比,CAS预报GIM的精度为5.1~6.6 TECU;与全球基准站实测TEC相比,CAS预报GIM的电离层延迟修正精度优于80%。总体来看,CAS预报GIM与CODE预报GIM精度相当,显著优于ESA和UPC预报GIM。      

北斗区域Klobuchar改进模型及其修正精度分析

北斗卫星导航系统采用Klobuchar模型修正单频接收机用户的电离层延迟误差,由于此模型从亚洲地区应用角度考虑,在某一特定区域的修正精度甚至不足50%。为进一步提高区域电离层延迟修正精度,提出在原模型8个改正参数的基础上增加5个关键参数的Klobuchar改进模型,并采用松弛迭代与直线搜索法中的黄金分割相结合的算法对新增参数进行求解。以天津及其附近区域为例,利用GPStation6接收机采集到的实测数据对改进模型与原模型进行计算。将国际全球导航卫星系统服务组织（International GNSS Service,IGS）发布的全球电离层格网数据作为参考值,对比分析改进模型与原模型的修正精度。结果表明,区域Klobuchar改进模型在天津及其附近区域的电离层延迟平均修正精度比原模型提升了10.46%,平均修正精度达到77.51%。     

IGS电离层产品在双向时间频率传递中的应用

利用IGS组织提供的全球电离层资料对卫星双向时间频率传递中的电离层误差进行修正。IGS提供特定时刻、固定经纬度网格点上的电离层总电子含量。对该电离层资料首先进行空间四点网格内插,然后利用双线性内插得到电离层穿刺点所需时刻的总电子含量,最后将得到电离层数据经过处理用于双向时间频率传递修正。结果表明：电离层对C波段的影响在（0～0.5）ns范围内,这对亚纳秒量级的时间比对是必须考虑的。IGS提供的电离层产品适合应用于双向时间频率传递,具有方法简单、准确度高和价格低廉等特点。     

一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差估算方法

GNSS不同频点间的码伪距作差会引入信号的差分码偏差(DCB),包括GNSS卫星及地面接收机的DCB.本文提出一种地基GNSS接收机差分码偏差参数估算方法,首先由电离层文件参数作线性插值,计算出电离层延迟误差.之后对IGS站观测文件进行加权最小二乘法估计,得到GPS卫星和地面GNSS接收机的L1C频点和L2P频点间码偏...     

地基单站GNSS的电离层VTEC高精度解算方法

利用IGS提供的双频GNSS观测数据,分析了Kalman方法解算电离层垂直总电子含量(Vertical Total Electron Content,VTEC)存在的问题,提出了Kriging-Kalman改进解算方法,并对两种方法解算的电离层VTEC进行分析和比较.结果 表明:在低纬地区,当观测卫星数量发生改变时,K...     

涌浪及降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号建模

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）海面反射信号的模拟仿真采用的海浪谱多为风驱模型,而忽略了真实复杂环境中涌浪、降雨的影响。为此,提出了一种涌浪、降雨影响下的GNSS海面反射信号模型。首先,对Elfouhaily海浪谱、涌浪谱、降雨谱分别进行仿真,从海浪谱的角度分析涌浪、降雨对GNSS反射信号的影响。然后,设计了引入涌浪、降雨影响因子后的GNSS反射信号建模的方法,并建立噪声模型。最后,对星载场景下仿真得到的二维时延-多普勒相关功率分布图像（DDM）、时延相关功率波形（DW）进行分析,并与英国技术演示卫星（UK TDS-1）实测数据的处理结果进行了对比验证。结果表明:涌浪主要形成对GNSS反射信号影响较大的大尺度粗糙海面,而降雨对GNSS反射信号影响较小;仿真的DDM与实测数据结果的波形有很好的一致性,DW对比的相关系数达到0.92,优于未修正模型的对比结果,模拟的反射信号更为真实,证明了提出的GNSS反射信号建模方法的可行性、有效性。对真实复杂环境下的GNSS反射信号建模及GNSS反射信号星载探测应用研究具有一定的参考意义和实用价值。      

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

Mitigation of receiver biases in ionospheric observables from PPP with ambiguity resolution

PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) positioning method that requires SSR (State Space Representation) corrections in order to provide solutions with an accuracy of centimetric level. The so-called RT-PPP (Real-time PPP) is possible thanks to real-time precise SSR products, for orbits and clocks, provided by IGS (International GNSS Service) and its associate analysis centers such as CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). CNES SSR products also enable RT-PPP with integer ambiguity resolution. In GNSS related literature, PPP with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) in real-time is often referred as PPP-RTK (PPP – Real Time Kinematic). PPP-WIZARD (PPP - With Integer and Zero-difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator) is a software that is made available by CNES. This software is capable of performing PPP-RTK. It estimates slant ionospheric delays and other GNSS positioning parameters. Since ionospheric effects are spatially correlated by GNSS data from active networks, it is possible to model and provide ionospheric delays for any position in the network coverage area. The prior knowledge ionospheric delays can reduce positioning convergence for PPP-RTK users. Real-time ionospheric models could benefit from highly precise ionospheric delays estimated in PPP-AR. In this study, we demonstrate that ionospheric delays obtained throughout PPP-AR estimation are actu ally ionospheric observables. Ionospheric observables are biased by an order of few meters caused by the receiver hardware biases. These biases prohibit the use of PPP-WIZARD ionospheric delays to produce ionospheric models. Receiver biases correction is essential to provide ionospheric delays while using PPP-AR based ionospheric observables. In this contribution, a method was implemented to estimate and mitigate receiver hardware biases influence on slant ionospheric observables from PPP-AR. In order to assess the proposed approach, PPP-AR data from 12 GNSS stations were processed over a two-month period (March and April 2018). A comparison between IGS ionospheric products and PPP-AR based ionospheric observables corrected for receiver biases, resulted in a mean of differences of −39 cm and 51 cm standard deviation. The results are consistent with the accuracy of the IGS ionospheric products, 2–8 TECU, considering that 1 TECU is ~16 cm in L1. In another analysis, a comparison of ionospheric delays from 5 pairs of short baselines GNSS stations found an agreement of 0.001 m in mean differences with 22 cm standard deviation after receiver biases were corrected. Therefore, the proposed solution is promising and could produce high quality (1–2 TECU) slant ionospheric delays. This product can be used in a large variety of modeling approaches, since ionospheric delays after correction are unbiased. These results indicate that the proposed strategy is promising, and could benefit applications that require accuracy of 1–2 TECU (~16–32 cm in L1).     

Eliminating negative VTEC in global ionosphere maps using inequality-constrained least squares

Currently, ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations of the International GNSS Service (IGS) are distributed unevenly around the world. Most of them are located on the mainland, while only a small part of them are scattered on some islands in the oceans. As a consequence, many unreasonable zero values (in fact negative values) appear in Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) of European Space Agency (ESA) and Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) IONEX products, especially in 2008 and 2009 when the solar activities were rather quiet. To improve this situation, we directly implement non-negative physical constraints of ionosphere for global ionosphere maps (GIM) with spherical harmonic functions. Mathematically, we propose an inequality-constrained least squares method by imposing non-negative inequality constraints in the areas where negative VTEC values may occur to reconstruct GIM models. We then apply the new method to process the IGS data in 2008. The results have shown that the new algorithm efficiently eliminates the unwanted behavior of negative VTEC values, which could otherwise often be seen in the current CODE and ESA GIM products in both middle and high latitude areas of the Southern Hemisphere (45°S∼90°S) and the Northern Hemisphere (50°N∼90°N). About 64% of GPS receivers’ DCBs have been significantly improved. Finally, we compare the GIM results between with and without the inequality constraints, which has clearly shown that the GIM result with inequality constraints is significantly better than that without the inequality constraints. The inequality-constrained GIM result is also highly consistent with the final IGS products in terms of root mean squared (RMS) and mean VTEC.     

Galileo real-time orbit determination with multi-frequency raw observations

Real-time GNSS-based applications require corresponding real-time orbit products. While traditional GNSS orbits are generated with the dual-frequency IF (Ionosphere-Free) model, the increase of multi-frequency signal satellites brings new challenges for the data processing. Therefore, real-time orbit determination with the multi-frequency UC (Uncombined) model is introduced in this study considering its flexibility. With the derived mathematical model conforming to IGS (International GNSS Service) dual-frequency clock definition and one-week triple-frequency Galileo observation data from 90 IGS network stations, the convergence and accuracy of real-time orbits is assessed and the characteristics of satellite IFCB (Inter-Frequency Clock Bias) are analyzed. Results indicate that the model differences, including dual-frequency IF model, dual-frequency UC model and triple-frequency UC model, contribute to only cm-level differences with CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) final orbits after a convergence time of around 12 h. The constellation-mean RMS (Root Mean Square) differences of the converged real-time orbits with the CODE final orbits reaches about 5.0 cm, 7.0 cm and 5.0 cm for the radial, tangential and normal directions. The convergence of satellite IFCB is much faster than that of satellite orbit, which reflects a loose correlation between these two parameters. While the Galileo satellite IFCB are temporally stable, the modeling of satellite IFCB may be unreliable when over constrained and becomes even more unstable with commonly encountered datum changes. In summary, real-time GNSS orbit determination with multi-frequency raw observations is feasible and extendable with proper treatment of IFCB.     

Compatibility of Terrestrial Reference Frames used in GNSS broadcast messages during an 8 week period of 2019

The operational Terrestrial Reference Frames (TRFs) realized through the evaluation of broadcast ephemerides for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou-2 and BeiDou-3 have been compared to IGS14, the TRF realized by the International GNSS Service (IGS). The TRFs realized by the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou-2 and BeiDou-3 broadcast ephemerides are the orbital realizations of WGS 84 (G1762′), PZ90.11, GTRF19v01, and BDCS respectively. These TRFs are compared using up to 56 days of data (21 July-14 Sept 2019) at a 5 or 15-min rate. The operational TRFs are compared to IGS14 in a 7-parameter similarity (Helmert) transformation. Numerical results show that the operational GNSS TRFs differ from IGS14 at a level no greater than 4 cm for Galileo, 6 cm for GPS and BeiDou-3, 13 cm for GLONASS, and 48 cm for a limited set of BeiDou-2 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) vehicles.     

Precise coseismic displacements from the GPS variometric approach using different precise products: Application to the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake

The Global Positioning System (GPS) variometric approach has emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional well-developed positioning techniques including relative positioning and precise point positioning. Previous studies have demonstrated the capability of the variometric approach to retrieve coseismic displacements at centimeter-level precision, in a real-time manner using only readily available broadcast ephemeris. This study presents the first results comparing the performance of the variometric approach by using a variety of precise satellite orbit and clock products. Totally six kinds of products are included in our evaluation, namely the broadcast, IGS (International GNSS Service) ultra-rapid (predicted), ultra-rapid (observed), rapid, final (30-s clock) and CODE (Center for Orbit Determination in Europe) final (5-s clock) products. Static and dynamic experiments are conducted using 1-Hz GPS data covering a relatively large area in China during the 2008 Wenchuan M_W 7.9 earthquake. After removing the linear trend, the displacements using broadcast, ultra-rapid (predicted), ultra-rapid (observed) and rapid products reach nearly equivalent precisions at centimeter level. By using final and CODE final products, the precision of displacements can be significantly improved from 1.9–2.0 cm to 0.4–0.7 cm horizontally, and from 6.0–6.2 cm to 1.0–1.7 cm vertically for the dynamic experiments. The displacements using the CODE final products achieve the best precision, improved by more than 40% compared to those using the IGS final products. With the availability of IGS high-rate real-time precise products, this approach is promising to capture coseismic displacements more precisely in real time, which is crucial for earthquake and tsunami early warning.     

Quasi-biennial oscillation in GPS VTEC measurements

The quasi-biennial oscillation, QBO, a well known periodicity in the equatorial stratospheric zonal winds, is also found in ionospheric parameters and in solar and geomagnetic activity indices. Many authors speculated about the link between the QBO in solar and geomagnetic activity and the QBO in atmospheric parameters. In this work we analyze the presence of the QBO in the ionosphere using the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) values obtained from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements during the period 1999–2012. In particular, we used IONEX files, i.e. the International GNSS Service (IGS) ionospheric products. IONEX provide VTEC values around the world at 2-h intervals. From these data we compute global and zonal averages of VTEC at different local times at mid and equatorial geomagnetic latitudes. VTEC and Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) solar flux time series are analyzed using a wavelet multi resolution analysis. In all cases the QBO is detected among other expected periodicities.     

单站GPST/GLONASST时差监测研究

精密定时/授时是全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）中重要的一部分。每个GNSS都维护有自己的参考时间,尽管他们都向协调世界时溯源,但各系统间可能存在着几十甚至几百ns的偏差。要充分利用各个系统的卫星资源进行统一定位和授时服务就必须准确确定各个系统间的时差。文中分析了基于空间信号法的单站时差监测原理,提出了利用GPS/GLONASS多模双频接收机输出的两个系统的观测数据、导航电文以及标准共视数据监测GLONASST与GPST的时差方法。利用BIPM T公报公布的相关数据对130d的时差监测结果进行了评定。结果表明,130d中,时差监测结果消除系统差后与T公报结果最大偏差优于8ns,证明监测结果是有效可用的。