单层及双层板的超高速碰撞试验(速度超过10km/s)的数值模拟

文章介绍了在Sandia国家实验室所进行的3个精确控制的超高速碰撞试验,使用两种复杂的流体码即多维流体动力学代码CTH和平滑粒子流体动力学代码SPH,对该试验进行数值模拟。该试验用质量为克大小的飞片及球形射弹以大约10km/s的速度撞击薄铝板及钢板(厚度小于1cm)。并分析了碎片云动力学计算预示结果及这些试验中金属板的损坏。     

不同密度弹丸对水冰的超高速撞击成坑实验

为了研究冰冻天体表面撞击坑的形成与演化,开展了水冰的超高速撞击成坑实验。使用二级轻气炮发射1.0 mm直径的球形弹丸,以3 km/s、5 km/s和7 km/s速度对圆柱状冰块进行撞击。弹丸材料包括聚碳酸酯和不锈钢两种,冰块温度为253 K。实验观察到了不同弹丸和不同速度条件下,冰块中撞击坑的形貌特征。对撞击坑直径、深度和剖面形状进行了测量,并与文献中铝弹丸对水冰的撞击坑进行了比较分析。获得了水冰撞击坑特征随撞击参数的变化规律,结果表明：撞击坑直径和深度的主导机制不同,坑深主要由弹丸侵彻作用形成,而坑径主要由冰块的剥落所致;坑深比坑径具有更强的对于弹丸密度的依赖性,高密度弹丸撞击坑直径具有比低密度弹丸更强的对于撞击速度的依赖性;撞击坑体积与撞击能量成正比,高密度弹丸形成的撞击坑直径表现出“能量缩比”行为,而低密度弹丸形成的撞击坑直径表现出“动量缩比”行为。     

航天器舷窗玻璃超高速撞击损伤与M/OD撞击风险评估

用北京卫星环境工程研究所的18mm口径二级轻气炮(TLGG)和20 J激光驱动微小飞片装置(LDFF-20)对用作航天器舷窗玻璃的熔融石英玻璃的超高速撞击损伤特性进行了实验研究和分析.其中,TLGG发射的球形铝弹丸直径分别为1 mm和3 mm,速度2～6.5 km/s;LDFF-20发射的圆柱形飞片厚度7 μm,直径1 mm,速度1～8.3 km/s.撞击结果为:对12 mm厚的熔融石英玻璃,直径为3mm的弹丸甚至在2.8 km/s的低速下就将其穿透,而直径为1 mm的弹丸在6.5km/s的高速下没有穿透,这说明弹丸直径对撞击损伤特性有很强的影响;LDFF-20发射的微小飞片的撞击仅在玻璃表面产生很浅的凹坑,没有裂纹产生,但微小飞片的累积撞击损伤明显地降低了玻璃的透光性.实验初步获得了侵彻深度PC、侵彻直径D1与弹丸撞击速度Vp、弹丸质量Mp之间的经验关系.依据实验结果和目前的微流星体/空间碎片(M/OD)环境工程模型,建议对于高度为400 km、轨道倾角42°、寿命为3年的典型航天器,其舷窗玻璃的临界安全(非穿透)厚度至少为12mm.     

数字全息测量超高速撞击碎片云实验研究

在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)超高速碰撞中心(HIRC)7.6 mm超高速碰撞设备的基础上，搭建纳秒级脉冲激光数字全息系统。提出滤波片和衰减片组合布置，减弱超高速碰撞等离子体自发光、提高信噪比的方法。实验获得了2.25 mm铝球弹丸以4.0 km/s的速度撞击0.5 mm厚铝板形成碎片云的全息图。采用小波变换算法对碎片云全息图进行重建，得到超高速撞击碎片云的三维结构和碎片大小。碎片云的轮廓呈椭球型，分为碎片云的前端、核心和外壳，碎片主要分布在弹丸破碎形成的碎片云核心，存在大碎片，且分布较集中，对后板的损伤也严重     

CAST激光驱动微小飞片及其超高速撞击效应研究进展

激光驱动飞片技术(LDFT)在模拟微米级空间碎片对航天器的超高速撞击效应方面具有独特的优势。文章全面介绍了北京卫星环境工程研究所在激光驱动飞片技术与微米级空间碎片超高速撞击效应地面模拟研究中取得的若干进展,包括激光驱动飞片的理论计算、超高速飞片的稳定发射技术、超高速飞片速度瞬态测量技术、航天器外露表面的超高速撞击特性、超高速撞击累积损伤评价方法,以及微米级空间碎片超高速撞击防护技术探索等研究。同时,展望了激光驱动飞片技术以及微米级空间碎片累积撞击实验研究的发展方向。     

The putative mechanical strength of comet surface material applied to landing on a comet

The comet lander PHILAE (part of the ESA mission ROSETTA) is going to touch down on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko in 2014. Landing dynamics depend on the mechanical strength of the surface material: in an extremely soft material, the lander (100 kg, 1 m/s touch-down velocity) may sink in too deep for successful operation while on a very hard surface the probability for bouncing and overturning increases. It is shown that direct knowledge on the strength of cometary surface material is very limited. In our view, even the Deep Impact experiment could not provide a reliable value of the mechanical strength of comet Tempel 1. We discuss the definition of “strength” and revise the ideas on cometary surface strength and theories that describe the low-velocity (≈1 m/s) impact of blunt bodies into dust-rich, fluffy cometary materials. Available direct and indirect measurements and data are critically reviewed. Lessons learnt from laboratory measurements to verify our equations of motion are presented as well. Conclusions for Philae are drawn: most likely, the soft landing will lead to a typical penetration of the lander's feet of up to 20 cm.     

两种物态方程在超高速碰撞数值模拟中的比较

材料在超高速碰撞下将发生熔化甚至气化相变。为反映超高速碰撞中材料相变带来的影响,文章采用GRAY三相物态方程与Tillotson物态方程,对超高速碰撞进行数值模拟对比研究。研究表明:当碰撞速度在3 km/s以下时,除了靶板穿孔直径外,两种物态方程所给出的碎片云的结果基本一致;但当碰撞速度在3 km/s以上时,两种物态方程给出的数值模拟结果有较大差异,这说明在超高速碰撞中相变的产生对碎片云形状参数有较大影响。     

Integrated Studies of Electric Propulsion Engines during Flights in the Earth’s Ionosphere

Fifty years ago, on October 1, 1966, the first Yantar satellite laboratory with a gas plasma–ion electric propulsion was launched into orbit as part of the Yantar Soviet space program. In 1966–1971, the program launched a total of four laboratories with thrusters operating on argon, nitrogen, and air with jet velocities of 40, 120, and 140 km/s, respectively. These space experiments were the first to demonstrate the long-term stable operation of these thrusters, which exceed chemical rocket engines in specific impulse by an order of magnitude and provide effective jet charge compensation, under the conditions of a real flight at altitudes of 100–400 km. In this article, we have analyzed the potential modern applications of the scientific results obtained by the Yantar space program for the development of air-breathing electric propulsion that ensure the longterm operation of spacecraft in very low orbits.     

Radio Occultation Measurements of the Radio Wave Absorption and the Sulfuric Acid Vapor Content in the Atmosphere of Venus

The results of the determination of centimeter ( = 5 cm) radio waves absorption in the radio occultation experiments, carried out using the Venera-15and Venera-16spacecraft, are presented. The altitude distribution of the absorber substance is analyzed. The absorbing layer is shown to exist at altitudes of 64 to 58 km in the near-polar regions of the planet. At middle latitudes such an absorbing layer was not found. In the altitude range from 56 to 46 km the radio wave absorption by the sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) vapor is observed. The content of the sulfuric acid vapor is shown to increase with decreasing altitude: in the mid-latitude region at altitudes of 56.7 and 53 km it equals 5 and 20 ppm, respectively, and at polar latitudes the same content of H₂SO₄vapor is observed at altitudes of 51.2 and 47 km, respectively. A comparison of these results with the data of radio wave absorption in the = 13 cm band, obtained in the Pioneer Venus Orbiterradio occultation experiments, leads to the conclusion that the obtained values of the sulfuric acid vapor content well agree in the regions of overlap of the data.     

Suborbital and low-thermospheric experiments using sounding rockets in Taiwan

The suborbital flight is a kind of flight, which reaches the space and then comes back to ground without completing one orbital revolution. The atmospheric thermosphere extends from 85 km to 600 km in altitude. Therefore, the suborbital and low-thermospheric experiments to be performed at altitude below 300 km can be combined using the sounding rocket. These experiments include rocket staging, fairing separation, ultrasonic flight, reentry, aerobrake and recovery test, ultraviolet and ionization observations, ozone measurement, etc. The advent of Taiwan's sub-orbital and thermospheric experiments project can be traced back to 1997. This is the year Taiwan's National Space Organization (NSPO) was assigned to be responsible for procuring the sounding rocket for applications in science experiments and space technology research effort. From 1997 to 2010, 8 launches have been completed including one experimental hybrid rocket. All onboard instruments and sensors for sub-orbital and low-thermospheric experiments are developed and integrated by the domestic universities. More launches have been planned in the future. Opportunities for international cooperation in developing new instruments and payloads for future experiments will be possible.     

Rosetta visits asteroid (21)Lutetia

The International Rosetta Mission, cornerstone of the European Space Agency Scientific Programme, was launched on 2nd March 2004 to its 10 years journey to comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko. Rosetta will reach the comet in summer 2014, orbit it for about 1.5 years down to distances of a few Kilometres and deliver the Lander Philae onto its surface. After its successful asteroid fly-by in September 2008, Rosetta came back to Earth, for the final gravity acceleration towards its longest heliocentric orbit, up to a distance of 5.3 AU. It is during this phase that Rosetta crossed for the second time the main asteroids belt and performed a close encounter with asteroid (21)Lutetia on the 10th of July 2010 at a distance of ca. 3160 km and a relative velocity of 15 km/s. The payload complement of the spacecraft was activated to perform highly valuable scientific observations. The approach phase to the celestial body required a careful and accurate optical navigation campaign that will prove to be useful also for the comet approach phase. The experience gained with first asteroid flyby in 2008 was fed back into the operations definition and preparation for this highly critical phase; this concerns in particular the operations of the navigation camera for the close-loop autonomous asteroid tracking and of the main scientific camera for high resolution imaging. It was shortly after the flyby that Rosetta became the solar-powered spacecraft to have flown furthest from the Sun (>2.72 AU). This paper presents the activities carried out and planned for the definition, preparation and implementation of the asteroid flyby mission operations, including the test campaign conducted to improve the performance of the spacecraft and payload compared to the previous flyby. The results of the flyby itself are presented, with the operations implemented, the achieved performance and the lessons learned.     

球形弹丸超高速斜撞击薄板的碎片云和侵彻特征仿真分析

低地球轨道航天器易受到微流星体及空间碎片的超高速撞击。相较于正撞击,斜撞击现象更加普遍、更具研究价值。文章采用Autodyn-3D数值模拟软件,利用光滑粒子流体动力学（smooth particle hydrodynamics, SPH）方法,模拟Al2017-T4球形弹丸超高速斜撞击Al2A12薄板的过程,开展弹丸撞击速度为3～6 km/s、撞击角度为0°～60°时的撞击特征仿真分析。结果表明:撞击角度对碎片云形貌与几何尺寸,以及穿孔大小和形状特征有显著影响;当撞击角度为30°～45°时会发生滑弹反溅现象,造成弹丸侵彻能力下降。研究结果可为超高速撞击防护结构的设计和改进提供支持。     

复合材料层合板受低速冲击后的力学性能的实验研究

利用落锤装置，对玻纤／环氧和碳纤／环氧两种复合材料层合板进行了低速低能量的冲击实验研究。利用传感器技术记录了落锤冲击试样过程中的速度曲线，计算了冲击动能和材料损伤时的能量吸收，通过数学处理得到了冲击载荷和冲击点位移曲线。测量了层合板受冲击后的剩余弯曲强度和剩余弯曲弹性模量，得出了两种复合材料层合板的能量吸收门槛值。结果表明，碳纤／环氧的能量吸收门榄值比玻纤／环氧低，但是前者有较宽的能量吸收容限。和     

Debris dispersion effect in N-shape configuration

Spacecraft shields play an important role in shielding against the impact of space debris. Increasing the dispersion degree of the debris produced by the impact of the space debris on the bumper of configuration is able to lower the concentration of debris impacting on the rear plate and thus to reduce the risk of debris perforating the rear plate. In order to improve the dispersion degree, the N-shape configuration is proposed and studied by hypervelocity impact test with the velocity of 4.80 km/s and numerical simulation with the velocities ranging from 3.0 km/s to 7.0 km/s. As a comparison, the distribution of debris impacting on the rear plate is also investigated for the parallel triple-wall configuration with the same areal density. It is found that this degree is increased in the N-shape configuration due to the oblique plate, and therefore the risk of debris perforating the rear plate is reduced compared to the case of parallel triple-wall configuration.     

卫星超高速撞击解体碎片特性的试验研究

为了研究超高速撞击下卫星解体碎片的分布特性,在弹道靶上开展了三次模拟卫星的超高速撞击试验。发射铝合金钝锥弹丸以3.2km/s~4.2km/s的速度撞击模拟卫星,对解体碎片进行回收、测量和统计分析,结果表明：碎片累积数量与碎片特征尺寸/特征质量在对数坐标系中基本呈直线关系,且碎片尺寸分布和质量分布在形式上和规律上具有高度相似性。通过数据拟合得到了碎片尺寸和质量分布的具体函数形式,分析了碎片质量分布与尺寸分布之间的内在关系。将试验结果与NASA标准解体模型进行了比较,讨论了两者的差别及其原因。
     

微流星体高速撞击航天器Whipple防护结构损伤特性研究(英文)

采用金刚石模拟高脆性、高熔点微流星体材料,对航天器典型Whipple防护结构进行高速撞击试验.试验表明,撞击产生的高温高压效应导致金刚石部分或全部转化为石墨,金刚石对防护结构的损伤主要体现在中低速阶段,当撞击速度大于4.3km/s时,对后板的灼烧损伤极为显著。     

圆柱体弹丸超高速斜撞击薄板的碎片云特征仿真分析

为研究圆柱体弹丸超高速撞击薄板的碎片云特征,基于仿真软件AUTODYN-3D的光滑粒子流体动力学（SPH）方法,模拟圆柱体弹丸不同长径比、不同攻角条件下超高速撞击薄板的过程。设圆柱体弹丸撞击速度为5 km/s,长径比分别为0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0,攻角为15°～75°,数值模拟结果分析表明:圆柱体弹丸超高速斜撞击薄板形成的碎片云中,大部分是小质量碎片;大碎片的质量和动能占比较大,是造成后墙损伤的主要原因。同时,当弹丸长径比为0.5和1.0时,15°攻角下的碎片云侵彻能力最弱;长径比为2.0和4.0时,75°攻角下的碎片云侵彻能力最弱。研究结果可为航天器防护结构设计优化提供参考。     

Hypervelocity impact testing of advanced materials and structures for micrometeoroid and orbital debris shielding

A series of 66 hypervelocity impact experiments have been performed to assess the potential of various materials (aluminium, titanium, copper, stainless steel, nickel, nickel/chromium, reticulated vitreous carbon, silver, ceramic, aramid, ceramic glass, and carbon fibre) and structures (monolithic plates, open-cell foam, flexible fabrics, rigid meshes) for micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) shielding. Arranged in various single-, double-, and triple-bumper configurations, screening tests were performed with 0.3175 cm diameter Al2017-T4 spherical projectiles at nominally 6.8 km/s and normal incidence. The top performing shields were identified through target damage assessments and their respective weight. The top performing candidate shield at the screening test condition was found to be a double-bumper configuration with a 0.25 mm thick Al3003 outer bumper, 6.35 mm thick 40 PPI aluminium foam inner bumper, and 1.016 mm thick Al2024-T3 rear wall (equal spacing between bumpers and rear wall). In general, double-bumper candidates with aluminium plate outer bumpers and foam inner bumpers were consistently found to be amongst the top performers. For this impact condition, potential weight savings of at least 47% over conventional all-aluminium Whipple shields are possible by utilizing the investigated materials and structures. The results of this study identify materials and structures of interest for further, more in-depth, impact investigations.     

自主交会对接绕飞轨道的双冲量控制改进算法

绕飞轨道控制是追踪器与非合作目标进行自主交会对接的关键技术。本文针对同轨道平面的绕飞问题,根据双冲量轨道逼近动力学特性,将绕飞轨道分解为两个逼近轨道,采用有摄动情况下双冲量轨道逼近改进算法实现绕飞轨道控制。绕飞控制时,在轨道误差范围内,数次冲量累计同时施加,减少由于单次冲量小而造成的较大相对误差。最后进行了数学仿真,仿真结果表明该算法能实现绕飞轨道控制,具有设计简单、燃料消耗少的特点。     

Beam-Park-Experiment-1/2000 with TIRA

A monostatic 24-h debris observation campaign (BPE-1/2000) has been prepared and conducted using FGAN's TIRA L-Band system. Based on experiences from previous Beam-park experiments a similar largely automated data processing is applied on an extended range window of 300–2000km. More than 1500 detections are encountered, 471 of them are verified as being real objects in Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO). PROOF's observation forecasting of catalogued objects is evaluated against the observed objects, and the difficulties obtaining radar cross-sections (RCSs) and object sizes from Beam-park experiments are discussed. Sidelobe detections are identified by using background information like two-line element (TLE) sets and/or catalogued RCSs.In comparison with previous experiments, the statistics show similarities confirming the concept of Beam-park experiments for space debris observations, despite the snapshot character of 24-h experiments. The comparison with MASTER/PROOF'99 and ORDEM2000 leads to a reasonable agreement between models and observations.