Terrain modeling for microwave landing system

A powerful analytical approach for evaluating the terrain effects on a microwave landing system (MLS) is presented. The approach combines a multiplate model with a powerful and exhaustive ray tracing technique and an accurate formulation for estimating the electromagnetic fields due to the antenna array in the presence of terrain. Both uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and impedance UTD techniques have been employed to evaluate these fields. Innovative techniques are introduced at each stage to make the model versatile to handle most general terrain contours and also to reduce the computational requirement to a minimum. The model is applied to several terrain geometries, and the results are discussed     

Computed Performance of Glide Slope Arrays on Sites with Limited Ground Plane

The computed performance of four different types of glide slope transmitting arrays sited over idealized ground planes consisting of one-dimensional perfectly conducting strips of various lengths in free space is presented. The idealized ground plane approximates the practical case of a site consisting of an expanse of relatively flat ground plane ending in a precipitous dropoff or in rough diffusely reflecting terrain. The computed results show several phenomena which have repeatedly been observed.     

GTD Terrain Reflection Model Applied to ILS Glide Scope

The capability of calculating the reflection of electromagnetic signals from uneven terrain has many applications. One of these is the determination of instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope performance. For this application the wavelength is approximately 1 m, incidence angles are usually near grazing, and the fields are horizontally polarized, so that gross irregularities such as dropoffs and hills are more important than surface roughness. Past approaches used to calculate the ground reflections for this application have been three-dimensional physical optics models which were very cumbersome and time consuming and which neglected important diffraction and shadowing phenomenon; a two-dimensional physical optics model which was faster than the three-dimensional models but ignored many shadowing and transverse terrain variation effects; and a half-plane diffraction model which is applicable only to a specified type of terrain geometry. In this paper a terrain reflection model based on the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is described which can accommodate any piecewise linear terrain profile, requires less computer time than the physical optics models, is capable of including transverse terrain effects, and determines the reflected fields with all important diffraction and blockage effects included.     

Simple Generation of One-Parameter Pseudoterrain Surfaces

A simple method for generating digital terrain surfaces as a function of only the terrain standard deviation is presented. This is accomplished by fitting a postulated autocorrelation model to actual terrain data. Observed relations between model parameters are used to obtain a one-parameter model.     

A Rader Clutter Model: Average Scattering Coefficients of Land, Snow, and Ice

A model has been developed for average radar backscatter from terrain based on recent carefully controlled wide-bandwidth measurements of vegetation, snow-covered ground, and sea ice and on a comparison with measurements over North America by the Skylab S-193 scatterometer. The models for the thiree cases take the form ?° dB = A + B? + Cf+ Df?, 20° ? angle of incidence ? 70°, where the constants vary depending on polarization and terrain class. They also differ above and below a critical frequency (6 GHz for general terrain, 8 GHz for sea ice, and between 8 and 12 GHz for snow). For angles of incidence of 0° (vertical) and 10°, the model is of the form ?° dB = M(?) + N(?)f over the range 1 to 18 GHz. Hundreds of thousands of measurements contributed to the general (vegetated terrain) model, and smaller numbers contributed to the snow and sea ice models. Since 1974 all measurements have been made with University of Kansas microwave spectrometers. A brief discussion of fading shows that insufficient data are available to describe the ranges adequately.     

Novel minimum time trajectory planning in terrain following flights

A new methodology has been proposed to enhance inverse dynamics applications in the process of trajectory planning and optimization in terrain following flights (TFFs). The new approach uses a least square scheme to solve a general two-dimensional (2-D) TFF in a vertical plane. In the mathematical process, Chebyshev polynomials are used to model the geographical data of the terrain in a given route in a manner suitable for the aircraft at hand. The aircraft then follows the modeled terrain with sufficient clearance. In this approach the terrain following (TF) problem is effectively converted to an optimal tracking problem. Results show that this method provides a flexible approach to solve the TFF problem especially in conditions where the existing terrain to be flown over is not mathematically well behaved     

腹部油箱对飞机雷达隐身特性的影响

采用物理光学(PO)与一致绕射理论(UTD)混合方法,分别计算了某战斗机不携带副油箱以及腹部携带外挂副油箱、保形油箱时的雷达散射截面积(RCS)。根据计算结果,讨论了腹部油箱对飞机雷达隐身特性的影响。研究表明,在飞机下方及侧方RCS较小的方位,外挂副油箱对飞机RCS的贡献较为明显,而保形油箱对飞机RCS的贡献始终很小。     

基于数值模拟的复杂地形风场风资源评估方法

与采用线性模型的WAsP软件相比,CFD方法具有可以逼真模拟复杂地形三维风场大气流动的优势,因此成为了复杂地形风场风资源评估的发展方向。为了把CFD软件包FINE/TURBO和带有壁面函数的k-ε湍流模型用于复杂地形地貌风电场的风资源评估和微观选址中去,本文以南澳岛风场作为研究对象,在中性大气条件假设下,对风场区域以30°风向为间隔进行数值模拟。研究采用不同入口边界条件对数值计算结果的影响。比对模拟结果发现,风场中的风加速与湍流强度基本上不随来流条件发生变化。基于这一规律,结合全年测风数据评估风场的风资源分布状况,建立了一套风资源评估的数值模拟及后处理方法,为工程实际提供了有力参考。     

用圆弧样条计算地形跟随技术中的期望航迹

从地形外形的采样数据设计飞机贴地飞行的期望航迹,然后由相应的最优控制器使飞机按此航迹飞行,这一地形跟随技术中的最优控制算法,日益得到重视和发展,并应用在综合地形跟随/回避技术中。 本文提出了采用圆弧样条计算期望航迹的方法,在几十种地形情况下进行了对比研究,证明是可行的。明显地减少了期望航迹计算的工作量,增加了系统实时计算的可能性。     

不规则地形条件下双向DMFT电波传播特性算法研究

 在传统中心差分离散混合傅里叶变换(DMFT)抛物方程模型基础上,针对传统算法计算动态阻抗边界条件时的数值振荡及忽略后向传播与散射造成计算误差增大的问题,提出基于前-后向混合差分方法的递归双向DMFT(TW-DMFT)模型,以一阶前-后向差分方程代替传统的中心差分方程拟合阻抗边界条件,以递归双向传播模型改进传统单向预测模型.仿真分析了双向DMFT模型计算不同边界及媒介条件下单刃峰和实际地形的电波传播分布特性,与传统算法及几何绕射理论(GTD)进行比较,新算法提高稳定性及精度的同时弥补了传统算法的不足,更具有普适性.     

基于数字地图预处理的低空突防航迹规划

为保证飞行器能够实现所规划的航迹,研究了将地形及飞行器性能等信息融合构造虚拟地形表面的数字地图预处理方法,包括数据插值具体步骤和地形平滑处理方法。通过设计综合地形跟随、地形回避、威胁回避(TF/TA2)的目标函数,对最小威胁曲面进行转化,提高了实时航迹规划的速度,采用微分进化(DE)优化算法,实现了三维TF/TA2最优实时航迹规划。仿真结果表明,此地图预处理和实时航迹规划算法是有效可行的。     

一种基于Hopfield神经网络的TF／TA航迹规划算法

提出一种基于Hopfield神经网络的无人机地形跟随(TF)/地形回避(TA)迹规划方法.该方法将地研信息反映到算法参数连接权中,利用扩展的Hopfield模型结合无人机约束实现航迹安全、合理的规划.仿真实验证明该方法能获得满意的TF/TA航迹.     

晨昏轨道摄动特性分析

针对晨昏轨道演化问题,根据不同摄动源对半长轴、偏心率矢量、倾角矢量进行公式推导与演化分析,并重点对降交点地方时漂移进行分析,证明晨昏点的简谐振荡特性向开口向上的抛物线漂移特性转化,最后结合实际的轨道动力学数据进行检验.结果表明,通过准确的入轨控制,可以实现晨昏轨道的降交点地方时十余年的长时间保持,既保障了卫星具有良好光照和能源供给,同时又能应用于长寿命卫星在轨测控与管理的能源预测、轨道数据注入核查等方面.     

Multi-sensor terrain classification for safe spacecraft landing

A novel multi-sensor information fusion methodology for intelligent terrain classification is presented. The focus of this research is to analyze safety characteristics of the terrain using imagery data obtained by on-board sensors during spacecraft descent. This information can be used to enable the spacecraft to land safely on a planetary surface. The focus of our approach is on robust terrain analysis and information fusion in which the terrain is analyzed using multiple sensors and the extracted terrain characteristics are combined to select safe landing sites for touchdown. The novelty of this method is the incorporation of the T-Hazard Map, a multi-valued map representing the risk associated with landing on a planetary surface. The fusion method is explained in detail in this paper and computer simulation results are presented to validate the approach.     

Calculating the Effect of Uneven Terrain on Glide Path Signals

A method for calculating the bends in the glide slope due to uneven terrain is presented. A computer program written for the purpose enables the calculation of the difference in depth of modulation (DDM) at any point, taking into account the effect of uneven terrain. Results are presented for a hypothetical case of a hill in front of the runway. The program enables us to predict the glide slope bends due to irregular terrain, so that proper selection of glide slope antenna location can be made.     

基于SAS算法的起飞一发失效应急路径规划方法

为解决起飞一发失效应急程序（EOSID）手动设计的不足,提出一种基于SRTM数据的稀疏A*搜索（SAS）算法的EOSID路径规划方法。首先采用航天飞机雷达地形测绘使命（SRTM）的网格地形数据,结合起飞一发失效相关规章,考虑爬升梯度与保护区限制确定可行搜索空间;然后基于可行搜索空间运用稀疏A*搜索算法搜索应急离场路径,在传统A*算法寻找扩展节点时加入起飞性能约束条件,同时利用地形高程数据进行地形和威胁回避,生成一条三维应急离场航迹;最后利用三次样条曲线对规划的应急离场航迹进行平滑处理。实验结果表明该方法能自动搜索出有效的EOSID三维航迹。     

基于分形的目标识别技术和隐型装备外形设计方法

随着分形技术在目标识别时的应用,提出了一种基于分形技术的伪装区域地貌生成方法.利用分形方法生成了随机分形曲面,针对随机分形地形形状不易控制的缺点,设计出一种目标区域地貌模型与随机分形地貌模型相融合的方法,保证生成的伪装模型既有预定的形状又有随机的特性.实验结果表明,设计的伪装区域生成方法能有效的生成符合需求的伪装区域地貌模型,此模型能够实现与周围地形地貌环境的较好融合,达到良好的伪装效果.     

Performance bounds for hot and cold clutter mitigation

A new method is presented for describing the theoretical interference space-time covariance matrix that will be observed in an adaptive airborne radar system under specific topographical conditions. Both hot clutter that is induced by interfering sources and cold clutter that results from the radar transmitter are considered. This method incorporates phenomenology observed under site specific conditions as well as system effects such as array geometry, receiver filtering, and system bandwidth. Use of this formulation rather than sample data analyses that are generally employed enables one to infer performance bounds for site-specific, and thus generally, heterogeneous terrain that are tighter and therefore more meaningful than the thermal noise floor limit     

Terrain database integrity monitoring for synthetic vision systems

A real-time terrain database integrity monitor for synthetic vision systems (SVS) that are to be used in civil aviation is presented. SVS provides pilots with advanced display technology including terrain information as well as other information about the external environment such as obstacles and traffic. The use of SVS to support strategic and tactical decision-making and the compelling nature of the terrain depiction may require terrain database server certification at the essential and flight-critical levels. SVS and terrain database characteristics are discussed and a failure model is identified. Real-time integrity monitors are proposed that check the consistency between terrain profiles described by the database and terrain profiles that are sensed in flight by either a downward-looking (DWL) sensor or a forward-looking (FWL) season A DWL sensor scheme is discussed in detail and it is shown that this scheme can provide the necessary integrity required for an essential certification of a terrain database server.     

地形跟随系统中最优飞行参考轨迹的线性规划算法

结合飞机地形跟随的实际,首先提出了在构造最优期望的地形跟随飞行轨迹时确定地形模型包线的方法。然后通过引入松驰变量,剩余变量和人工变量,构造辅助目标函数Z1,以及应用换基运算,对线性规划问题进行了必要的简化,使参考轨迹的计算更简便。航迹角修正法的采用,进一步修正了规划出的飞行轨迹,从而获得了理想的飞行参考轨迹。最后,以随机地形为例对规划出的最优飞行参考轨迹进行了数字仿真,其结果符合地形跟随时最优参考飞行轨迹的要求。