大行星、月球和小天体环绕型探测器的轨道问题

针对环绕型探测器的轨道,以具有不同物理特征的大天体(金星、火星和月球等)为例,根据它们的质量大小(决定其引力作用范围的大小)、密度分布和形状特征(决定其非球形引力场的特征),具体阐述了它们各自环绕型探测器轨道的可能形式和不同的变化特征,另外介绍了小天体探测时的两种伴飞形式。关于环绕型探测器的轨道特征,如月球无大气,对其低轨探测器而言没有能量耗散影响,却同样有轨道寿命问题,而且由于其质量分布不均匀,这种现象还与轨道倾角有密切关系;而对火星的环绕型探测器而言,尽管有类似现象,但与轨道倾角的关系却大不相同。这些重要的轨道变化特征,可为深空探测中目标轨道的选择和设计提供依据。     

Spherical Probes for Measurements of Electric Fields on the INTERBALL-2 Satellite in the IESP-2M Instrument

The reliability and precision of satellite measurements of electric fields are significantly determined by the performance of probes used for these purposes. For measurements of the vector of the constant electric field and three components of the variable electric field in the frequency band from 0.1 Hz to 20 kHz on the INTERBALL-2 satellite, the method of a double probe and the scheme of three pairs of sensors are used. In manufacturing the sensitive units of the probes, an original Bulgarian technology for glass-carbon coating on their spherical surfaces was used. The results of measurements (by the Siesmann–Kelvin method) of variations of electron work function from the surface of the spherical probes with glass-carbon coating have shown mean statistical variations W < 0.006 eV. To minimize the errors in measuring electric fields, a construction of the probes as monoblocks with balancing and guarding electrodes was developed and used. The guarding electrodes are under a bias voltage in the limits from 0 to 12 V to decrease the influence of currents caused by photoelectrons emitted by different units of the satellite construction. The value of this bias was determined by choosing the working point of the voltage–current characteristic. The optimum value of the bias current for the auroral area was in the limits 70–100 nA. Output signals from the sensors of the IESP-2M instrument were used in measuring electric fields by the MEMO and NVK-ONCh instruments included in the wave complex.     

近距空间链路协议概述

近距链路是小范围、双向、固定或移动的无线通信链路,一般应用于无人探测器、着陆器、行星探测器及静止轨道舱之间的相互通信。文章介绍了近距空间链路协议的原理及特性,讨论了近距链路协议的层结构和传输单元（PLTU）的构成,分析了Proximity-1（近距空间链路协议）的业务类型,并对近距链路协议的应用进行了展望。     

Current views and future programs in cardiovascular physiology in space.

The volume shift of 2000 cm3 from the lower to the upper part of the human body during weightlessness gave rise to theoretical and practical questions which are addressed in this communication. The analysis revealed that the mobilized fluid reduced the interstitial fluid of the lower extremities by 40%. Applying the current ideas in the field of interstitial tissue physiology to these problems, one must conclude that the fluid displacement can only be brought about by a change of the interstitial tissue compliance. Based on the observations made by the astronauts and on our working hypothesis, a method was proposed to follow the fluid migration and to measure the tissue compliance in man. Results are reported from experiments under terrestrial conditions. They show that the tissue compliance indeed can be modulated. Applying the method in space can eventually help to clarify several concepts in terrestrial physiology.     

Fluctuations of Current onto Flat Probes of the ZOND–ZARYAD Instrument Mounted on the MIR Orbital Complex

Flat probes of the ZOND–ZARYAD instrument, which operated on the MIR orbital complex (OC), form a counterprobe (reference surface) configuration in which the alternating component of the net probe current is measured. There is no potential difference between the spacecraft (SC) body and the probes; that is, the probes are at the floating potential (FP). By measuring the alternating component of the probe current, one cannot estimate the FP value, but we can observe small-scale FP dynamics of a single probe in the OC near-surface region and estimate the fluctuations of currents flowing onto the SC. The alternating component of the current on the probes in the OC near-surface region varies in a wide range depending on ionospheric plasma parameters, the probe orientation with respect to the velocity vector, the magnetic field vector, and the direction to the Sun in the illuminated part of the orbit. In addition to the amplitude dynamics, the frequency dynamics of the alternating component of the current onto the probes is observed.     

航天器非地球轨道热环境模拟技术探讨

月球、火星探测器等非地球轨道航天器与地球轨道航天器对热控的要求有很大的不同,为验证热控设计的合理性,必须在地面做好充分的热环境模拟试验.国内绝大部分空间环模设备都是以模拟地球轨道航天器在轨环境为目的建设的,显然不能满足深空探测需要.文章针对航天器非地球轨道深空热环境模拟技术进行探讨.     

一种深空探测器电源共用的方法

针对深空探测器重量约束苛刻的特点,提出了一种适合探测器A和B组合体的电源共用方法,充分利用探测器A和B电源控制器原有的功率模块,设计电源共用电路和一套逻辑控制指令,通过两器间的电接口实现电源共用,并对该方法的技术先进性进行了详细分析,可为深空探测器电源系统设计提供参考。     

Damage escape and repair in dried Chroococcidiopsis spp. from hot and cold deserts exposed to simulated space and martian conditions

The cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis, overlain by 3?mm of Antarctic sandstone, was exposed as dried multilayers to simulated space and martian conditions. Ground-based experiments were conducted in the context of Lichens and Fungi Experiments (EXPOSE-E mission, European Space Agency), which were performed to evaluate, after 1.5 years on the International Space Station, the survival of cyanobacteria (Chroococcidiopsis), lichens, and fungi colonized on Antarctic rock. The survival potential and the role played by protection and repair mechanisms in the response of dried Chroococcidiopsis cells to ground-based experiments were both investigated. Different methods were employed, including evaluation of the colony-forming ability, single-cell analysis of subcellular integrities based on membrane integrity molecular and redox probes, evaluation of the photosynthetic pigment autofluorescence, and assessment of the genomic DNA integrity with a PCR-based assay. Desiccation survivors of strain CCMEE 123 (coastal desert, Chile) were better suited than CCMEE 134 (Beacon Valley, Antarctica) to withstand cellular damage imposed by simulated space and martian conditions. Exposed dried cells of strain CCMEE 123 formed colonies, maintained subcellular integrities, and, depending on the exposure conditions, also escaped DNA damage or repaired the induced damage upon rewetting.     

国外空间推进技术现状和发展趋势

空间推进技术通常可分为常规化学推进、电推进、微推进和新型推进4大类。常规化学推进是目前航天器的主要推进方式,性能继续提升。电推进已成功证明其优势和可靠性,在各种卫星和深空探测器上大量应用,且朝更宽泛功率的方向发展。蓬勃发展的微小卫星对微小推力、小质量、低功耗的微推进提出了迫切需求。无毒化学推进、太阳帆推进、核推进等新型推进技术正在加紧研制或进行空间飞行试验。首先综述国外卫星和深空探测器等航天器的各类空间推进技术应用和研究现状,然后分析其发展趋势,最后提出对我国空间推进技术的发展建议。     

Generation of experimental plasma parameter maps around the baffle aperture of a Kaufman (UK-25) ion thruster

The plasma produced by a Kaufman (UK-25) ion thruster possesses four distinct regions. The interaction of two of these regions, the coupling and discharge plasmas, is important for thruster design and efficiency, since it controls the production of the primary electrons responsible for most of the ionisation in the thruster. This paper details the measurement and analysis techniques used to obtain two-dimensional experimental plasma parameter maps across a plasma double layer in the baffle aperture region of this type of ion thruster. This plasma-interaction region was mapped experimentally using Langmuir probes.The Langmuir probe data were collected and analysed to produce maps of plasma potential, Maxwellian and primary electron energy and number density. Detailed static magnetic field measurements using Hall-effect probes were also obtained. A number of derived plasma parameter maps were then made possible, such as electron pressure. The application of the analysis techniques used here allowed ion thruster plasma property maps to be constructed of a spatial extent and resolution previously unseen. Two-dimensional maps of the spatial location of primary electrons are presented, as effected by applied magnetic field changes, along with the detection of regions showing depletion of primary electron energies.     

行星际空间环境对探测器可靠性影响分析

空间环境是影响航天器可靠性的重要因素。与地球轨道航天器相比,行星际探测任务可能会遭受更加恶劣的空间环境,例如极端温度环境,辐射环境,腐蚀性大气环境、宇宙尘等,再加上行星际任务寿命长,采用先进的器件和材料,空间环境对行星际探测器的可靠性构成严重的威胁,直接关系到探测目标能否实现。因此考虑空间环境对行星际探测器的影响,开展相关的预先研究无论是对于制定行星际空间探测计划,还是搭载仪器的设计都具有非常重要的意义。文章分析了极端温度、辐射环境和行星表面综合环境对探测器的影响,并对开展相关研究提出了建议。     

质子交换膜燃料电池用增强型复合膜性能研究

用流延法制备增强型NaIion／PTFE复合膜,用电子扫描显微镜（SEM）观察膜,测试了膜的溶胀率、机械强度及质子传导率测试和单体电池性能,并与市售Nafion0膜进行比较。研究表明：流延法制备的Nafion／PTFE复合膜致密性好,（23±2）℃和（i00±2）℃恒温水浴条件下,Nafion／PTFE复合膜体积溶胀率分别仅为Nafion0212膜的30％,70％,Nafion／PTFE复合膜的最大拉伸强度较Nation212膜高52％,H2渗透率较Nafion0212膜高14％～25％;Nafion／PTFE复合膜的放电电压高于Nation0211膜,当电流密度为1000mA／cm。时,Nafion／F’T—FE复合膜单池放电电压为0．714V,较Nafion0212膜高8％,能满足质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）使用要求。     

Thyrotropin receptor and membrane interactions in FRTL-5 thyroid cell strain in microgravity

The aim of this work was to analyze the possible alteration of thyrotropin (TSH) receptors in microgravity, which could explain the absence of thyroid cell proliferation in the space environment. Several forms of the TSH receptor are localized on the plasma membrane associated with caveolae and lipid rafts. The TSH regulates the fluidity of the cell membrane and the presence of its receptors in microdomains that are rich in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. TSH also stimulates cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and cell proliferation. Reported here are the results of an experiment in which the FRTL-5 thyroid cell line was exposed to microgravity during the Texus-44 mission (launched February 7, 2008, from Kiruna, Sweden). When the parabolic flight brought the sounding rocket to an altitude of 264?km, the culture media were injected with or without TSH in the different samples, and weightlessness prevailed on board for 6 minutes and 19 seconds. Control experiments were performed, in parallel, in an onboard 1g centrifuge and on the ground in Kiruna laboratory. Cell morphology and function were analyzed. Results show that in microgravity conditions the cells do not respond to TSH treatment and present an irregular shape with condensed chromatin, a modification of the cell membrane with shedding of the TSH receptor in the culture medium, and an increase of sphingomyelin-synthase and Bax proteins. It is possible that real microgravity induces a rearrangement of specific sections of the cell membrane, which act as platforms for molecular receptors, thus influencing thyroid cell function in astronauts during space missions.     

波带片衍射成像技术在对地观测卫星中的应用

介绍了国外波带片衍射成像技术在对地观测领域中的发展,论述了光子筛技术的演化历程,并总结了衍射成像技术在国外高轨和低轨卫星成像中的应用,提出了波带片衍射成像技术可使“低轨成像卫星小型化”和“高轨成像卫星高分（辨率）化”的优势,及目前国外在研究波带片衍射成像技术中存在的带宽较窄、薄膜折叠展开方法、衍射透镜面形保持等问题,并对中国开展用于对地观测的波带片衍射成像技术的研发提出了建议。     

月面和近月空间环境及其影响

月球探测器所经历的月面和近月空间环境主要包括：月面低重力、月面温度、近月空间辐射、月壤、月尘、月面地形地貌、月面静电等。文章在对月面和近月空间环境研究的基础上,结合国外月球探测器在月球环境方面的研究成果,分析了我国月球探测器所经历的月面和近月空间环境特点及其影响效应,并提出相应的改进措施或必要的试验验证,可为月球探测器的研制提供参考。     

天基毫米波空间碎片观测雷达系统分析与设计

介绍了天基毫米波空间碎片观测雷达的难点和关键技术,提出了解决问题的思路。将同时多波束天线引入到高速目标探测中,分析了雷达天线和发射机的形式,采用多频信号处理方法解决多普勒模糊问题。给出了空间站载天基毫米波雷达的系统参数,分析了测距、测角、测速精度。在天球坐标系下建立了雷达平台坐标系,通过速度分解和坐标转换,结合雷达成像的方法分析了雷达和碎片间的相对速度、位置的几何关系,在此基础上对空间站载天基毫米波雷达系统空间碎片轨道预测性能进行了分析。
     

圆形薄膜太阳翼展开动力学分析与模态分析

针对圆形薄膜太阳翼展开过程中存在的柔性大、非线性强、耦合程度高以及展开过程复杂等问题,本文以UltraFlex太阳翼为研究对象,使用膜单元模拟翼面,相比于壳单元获得了更好的展开效果,利用非线性有限元软件SAMCEF对其展开过程进行动力学仿真分析,通过分析系统展开过程中能量变化曲线,研究不同转角驱动函数对其展开稳定性的影响。对圆形薄膜太阳翼展开锁定状态进行模态分析,与NASA的ANSYS分析结果相一致。将分析结果与NASA UltraFlex样机试验结果进行对比,模态频率误差在6.77%以内,符合美国TRL6技术标准,验证了SAMCEF有限元数值仿真模型的准确性和有效性,具有一定的工程实际意义。     

月球探测技术--发展历程和特点

介绍了人类发射月球探测器进行的主要探月活动以及月球探测技术的发展和演变。分析了月球探测轨道设计与地球卫星的区别 ,给出了一些最基本的设计原则。最后 ,对探测器总体系统设计中的构型技术和各分系统的特点及其设计要求作了描述     

Project Icarus: A review of local interstellar medium properties of relevance for space missions to the nearest stars

I review those properties of the interstellar medium within 15 light-years of the Sun, which will be relevant for the planning of future rapid (v≥0.1c) interstellar space missions to the nearest stars. As the detailed properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM) may only become apparent after interstellar probes have been able to make in situ measurements, the first such probes will have to be designed conservatively with respect to what can be learned about the LISM from the immediate environment of the Solar System. It follows that studies of interstellar vehicles should assume the lowest plausible density when considering braking devices, which rely on transferring momentum from the vehicle to the surrounding medium, but the highest plausible densities when considering possible damage caused by the impact of the vehicle with interstellar material. Some suggestions for working values of these parameters are provided. This paper is a submission of the Project Icarus Study Group.     

多基线组合求解深空航天器载波相位模糊方法

针对深空航天器高精度定位需求,提出多基线组合求解载波相位模糊方法,获得比群时延更精确的相时延,极大地提高无线电干涉测量精度。首先建立多基线组合求解载波相位模糊的数学模型,推导该方法对长短基线组合的约束条件。然后利用美国甚长基线阵(VLBA)对本文方法进行仿真校验,结果表明航天器定位精度可以达到纳弧度量级。最后结合我国已有干涉测量网,分析在我国未来深空探测任务中采用多基线组合测量载波相时延的可行性,给出满足方法约束的站址选择建议,可为我国深空导航无线电干涉测量技术的发展和深空测控网的完善提供参考。