Properties of electrophoretic fractions of human embryonic kidney cells separated on Space Shuttle flight STS-8.

Suspensions of cultured primary human embryonic kidney cells were subjected to continuous flow electrophoresis on Space Shuttle flight STS-8. The objectives of the experiments were to obtain electrophoretically separated fractions of the original cell populations and to test these fractions for the amount and kind of urokinase (a kidney plasminogen activator that is used medically for digesting blood clots), the morphologies of cells in the individual fractions, and their cellular electrophoretic mobilities after separation and subsequent proliferation. Individual fractions were successfully cultured after return from orbit, and they were found to differ substantially from one another and from the starting sample with respect to all of these properties.     

Pituitary cells in space.

Cells of the mammalian pituitary gland synthesize and secrete several protein hormones which regulate a number of organ systems throughout the body. These include the musculoskeletal, immune, vascular and endocrine systems. Since changes occur in these tissues as a result of spaceflight, and since pituitary growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) play a role in the control of these systems on earth, we have focused attention over the last 10 years on GH and PRL cell function during and after spaceflight. The cumulative results of 4 spaceflight missions and several mimicked microgravity experiments establish 1) that production and release of biologically active GH and PRL is repeatedly and significantly attenuated (usually > 50%) and 2) that changes in cell morphology also occur. In this paper we describe our results within the framework of methodologies and approaches frequently used to study pituitary cell function on earth. In so doing we hope to develop future flight experiments aimed at uncovering possible microgravity "sensing systems" within the pituitary cell.     

Further analyses of human kidney cell populations separated on the Space Shuttle.

Cultured human embryonic kidney cells were separated into electrophoretic subpopulations in laboratory experiments and in two separation experiments on the STS-8 (Challenger) Space Shuttle flight using the mid-deck Continuous Flow Electrophoretic Separator (CFES). Populations of cells from each fraction were cultured for the lifetime of the cells, and supernatant medium was withdrawn and replaced at 4-day intervals. Withdrawn medium was frozen at -120 degrees C for subsequent analysis. Enzyme assays, antibodies and gel electrophoresis were used as analytical tools for the detection and quantitation of plasminogen activators in these samples. These assays of frozen culture supernatant fluids confirmed the electrophoretic separation of plasminogen-activator producing cells from non-producing cells, the isolation of cells capable of sustained production, and the separation of cells that produce different plasminogen activators from one another.     

The response of endocrine system to stress loads during space flight in human subject.

The responses of endocrine system to the exposure to stress-work load and hormonal changes during oral glucose tolerance tests were studied in the Slovak astronaut before (three weeks before flight), during (on the 4th and the 6th days of space flight), and after space flight (1-3 days and 15-17 days after space flight) on board of space station MIR. Blood samples during the tests were collected via cannula inserted into cubital vein, centrifuged in the special appliance Plasma-03, frozen in Kryogem-03, and at the end of the 8-day space flight transferred to Earth in special container for hormonal analysis. Preflight workload produced an increase of plasma norepinephrine and a moderate elevation of epinephrine levels. Plasma levels of insulin, growth hormone, prolactin and cortisol were not markedly changed immediately or 10 min after the end of work load. The higher increases of plasma growth hormone, prolactin and catecholamine levels were noted after workload during space flight as compared to preflight response. The higher plasma glucose and insulin levels were noted during the oral glucose tolerance test in space flight and also in the post flight period. Plasma epinephrine levels were slightly decreasing during glucose tolerance test; however, plasma norepinephrine levels were not changed. The similar patterns of catecholamine levels during glucose tolerance test were found when compared the preflight, in-flight and post flight values. These data demonstrate the changes of the dynamic responses of endocrine system to stress-work and metabolic loads during space flight in human subject.     

Peptidase-1 expression in some organs of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl submitted to a 12-day space flight.

In Pleurodeles, the peptidase-1 is a sex-linked enzyme encoded by two codominant genes (Pep-1A and Pep-1B) located on the Z and W sex chromosomes. The sexual genotype can be determined by the electrophoretic pattern of the peptidase from erythrocytes. ZAWB genotypic females characterized by 3 electrophoretic bands AA, AB and BB were embarked on Cosmos 2229. The pattern in ovary, muscles and gut issued from the embarked or synchrone females displayed the 3 characteristic bands. In heart and kidney, the bands AA and AB [correction of BB] were revealed, while the band BB appeared very faintly. The specific enzymatic activity in the same organs was compared. Except for the kidney, no statistical significant difference was observed between flight and synchrone samples. This enzyme can be efficiently used as sexual genotypic marker of Pleurodeles experimentally submitted to the effects of space environment.     

Blood and clonogenic hemopoietic cells of newts after the space flight.

Ribbed newts were used for studying the effect of space flight on board of the biosatellite (Cosmos-2229) on blood and clonogenic hemopoietic cells. In blood of newts of the flight group, the relative proportion of neutrophils increased, whereas that of lymphocytes and eosinophils decreased. Space flight did not result in loss of the ability of newt blood cells to incorporate H3-thymidine. Analysis of clonogenic hemopoietic cells was performed using the method of hemopoietic colony formation on cellulose acetate membranes implanted into the peritoneal cavity of irradiated newts. To analyze reconstitution of hemopoiesis after irradiation donor hemopoietic cells from flight or control newts were transplanted into irradiated newts whose hemopoietic organs were investigated. The newt can be considered an adequate model for studying hemopoiesis under the conditions of the space flight.     

Effects of space flight and IGF-1 on immune function

We tested the hypothesis that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) would ameliorate space flight-induced effects on the immune system. Twelve male, Sprague-Dawley rats, surgically implanted with mini osmotic pumps, were subjected to space flight for 10 days on STS-77. Six rats received 10 mg/kg/day of IGF-1 and 6 rats received saline. Flight animals had a lymphocytopenia and granulocytosis which were reversed by IGF-1. Flight animals had significantly higher corticosterone levels than ground controls but IGF-1 did not impact this stress hormone. Therefore, the reversed granulocytosis did not correlate with serum corticosterone. Space flight and IGF-1 also combined to induce a monocytopenia that was not evident in ground control animals treated with IGF-1 or in animals subjected to space flight but given physiological saline. There was a significant increase in spleen weights in vivarium animals treated with IGF-1, however, this change did not occur in flight animals. We observed reduced agonist-induced lymph node cell proliferation by cells from flight animals compared to ground controls. The reduced proliferation was not augmented by IGF-1 treatment. There was enhanced secretion of TNF, IL-6 and NO by flight-animal peritoneal macrophages compared to vivarium controls, however, O₂ secretion was not affected. These data suggest that IGF-1 can ameliorate some of the effects of space flight but that space flight can also impact the normal response to IGF-1.     

用果蝇探查火箭飞行因素的生物遗传效应的实验结果

用黑腹果蝇检查T_7A—S1火箭飞行因素的遗传效应。通过两次飞行实验观察,发现亲代雌蝇在飞行后(主要是第4—6天)所产的卵中,无X染色体卵百分率增高而双X染色体卵百分率未见变化。其性质并非个别雌蝇产生了较多的无X染色体卵,而是产生无X染色体卵的雌蝇个数增多。第二次飞行实验结果也呈现,亲代雌蝇在飞行后第4—6天所产的子1代中,三龄幼虫成神经细胞染色体桥频率增高。上述实验结果表明,火箭飞行因素对雌果蝇生殖细胞遗传物质有轻微影响。      

Extreme dryness and DNA-protein cross-links.

Exposure of fungal conidia (Aspergillus ochraceus) or spores of Bacillus subtilis to extreme dryness or vacuum induces DNA lesions, including strand breaks and the formation of DNA-protein cross-links. In wet cells only a small amount of protein is bound to DNA, but exposure to conditions of lowered water activity results in an increasing number of cross-links between DNA and proteins. In fungal conidia these cross-links are detected after selective iodination (125 J) of the DNA-bound proteins followed by gel electrophoresis and subsequent autoradiography. Another approach is the labelling of DNA with 32P by means of nick translation and the detection of differences in the electrophoretic mobility of DNA before and after digestion with proteinase K of proteins bound to DNA.     

簇飞行航天器网络动态连接和路径时空演进特性

簇飞行航天器模块的高速飞行增加了网络拓扑的不确定性.为优化簇飞行航天器的轨道设计,提升簇飞行航天器网络性能,在簇飞行航天器节点动态连接的基础上,开展基于概率连接矩阵的簇飞行航天器网络动态连接和路径时空演进特性研究.基于航天器双星伴飞模式,建立了簇飞行航天器节点移动模型,运用经验统计和曲线拟合的分析方法,得到簇飞行航天器网络节点间的距离密度函数;利用簇飞行航天器网络节点间相对距离有界的约束,给出节点连接距离的阈值范围;利用STK生成的轨道数据,通过给出序贯路径定义和一种新的矩阵乘法运算,得到节点多跳序贯路径的概率连接矩阵,分析轨道超周期内节点动态连接和路径时空演进特性,为簇飞行航天器网络的设计和优化提供理论参考.      

Effects of space flight on surface marker expression.

Space flight has been shown to affect expression of several cell surface markers. These markers play important roles in regulation of immune responses, including CD4 and CD8. The studies have involved flight of experimental animals and humans followed by analysis of tissue samples (blood in humans, rats and monkeys, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and bone marrow in rodents). The degree and direction of the changes induced by space flight have been determined by the conditions of the flight. Also, there may be compartmentalization of the response of surface markers to space flight, with differences in the response of cells isolated from blood and local immune tissue. The same type of compartmentalization was also observed with cell adhesion molecules (integrins). In this case, the expression of integrins from lymph node cells differed from that of splenocytes isolated from rats immediately after space flight. Cell culture studies have indicated that there may be an inhibition in conversion of a precursor cell line to cells exhibiting mature macrophage characteristics after space flight, however, these experiments were limited as a result of technical difficulties. In general, it is clear that space flight results in alterations of cell surface markers. The biological significance of these changes remains to be established.     

Effect of microgravity on primordial germ cells (PGCs) in silk chicken offspring (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Primordial germ cells (PGCs), precursors of germline cells, display a variety of antigens during their migration to target gonads. Here, we used silk chicken offspring (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos subjected to space microgravity to investigate the influence of microgravity on PGCs. The ShenZhou-3 unmanned spaceship carried nine fertilized silk chicken eggs, named the flight group, returned to Earth after 7 days space flight. And the control group has the same clan with the flight group. PGCs from flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos were examined during migration by using two antibodies (2C9 and anti-SSEA-1), in combination with the horseradish peroxidase detection system, and using periodic acid-Schiff’s solution (PAS) reaction. After incubation for about 30 h, SSEA-1 and 2C9 positive cells were detected in the germinal crescent of flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos. After incubation of eggs for 2–2.5 days, SSEA-1 and 2C9 positive cells were detected in embryonic blood vessels of flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos. After incubation of eggs for 5.5 days, PGCs in the dorsal mesentery and gonad could also be identified in flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos by using SSEA-1 and 2C9 antibodies. Based on location and PAS staining, these cells were identified as PGCs. Meanwhile, at the stage of PGCs migration and then becoming established in the germinal ridges, no difference in SSEA-1 or 2C9 staining was detected between female and male PGCs in flight and control group silk chicken offspring embryos. Although there were differences in the profiles of PGC concentration between male and female embryos during the special circulating stage, changing profile of PGCs concentration was similar in same sex between flight and control group offspring embryos. We concluded that there is little effect on PGCs in offspring embryos of microgravity-treated chicken and that PGC development appears to be normal.     

基于飞行数据的无人机平飞动作质量评价模型

针对无人机（UAV）操纵质量高低多依赖专家主观评判、不同飞行动作缺乏针对性评判标准的问题,建立了根据飞行数据客观评价无人机平飞动作质量的模型。首先通过建立平飞判别规则识别无人机飞行数据中的平飞动作数据段,然后根据布林通道理论计算各平飞数据段内多个飞行参数的得分值,最后通过"熵权法"确定各参数的权重,进而得到反映不同无人机操控手平飞动作质量的指标数据。将一次四边平飞训练任务中4组不同无人机操控手操纵和1组无人机自主控制的飞行数据输入该模型,计算结果表明,模型可以较好地识别平飞动作并区分不同操控手平飞动作质量的高低,可以为无人机操控手的训练提供参考。      

Rocket borne electron accelerator results pertaining to the beam plasma discharge

Three flights of rocket borne electron accelerators have yielded some results concerning the Beam Plasma Discharge (BPD). The first flight, E||B, from Churchill carrying an accelerator of 2 and 4 keV electrons, produced a spectrum of whistler mode waves which was identical with that produced in a large vacuum chamber, and which we know to be an indicator of BPD. The second, Echo V, launched from Poker Flat, Alaska, carrying an accelerator of 25–35 keV electrons, produced wave emissions at 3–3.5 MHz observed on the ground. Our interpretation is that BPD was not or was weakly produced. In the third flight, NB³-II launched from Churchill with an accelerator of 2, 4 and 8 keV electrons, wave emissions well above the ambient plasma frequency were observed from a separated payload, but very close to the beam, and are interpreted as demonstrating BPD.     

基于试验气动力的纵向机动飞行载荷分析

提出了一种基于非线性风洞试验数据(简称试验气动力)同步进行纵向机动飞行过程和飞行载荷的计算分析方法.通过曲面样条插值将试验气动力的升力系数和俯仰力矩系数引入纵向机动飞行过程的计算,同时基于试验气动力的压力分布进行全机飞行载荷的静气动弹性修正.弹性载荷的计算采用线性气动力影响系数矩阵处理.采用偶极子格网法提供气动力(简称理论气动力).将基于这两种气动力的计算结果进行了对比.结果表明:基于试验气动力的机动飞行过程更为合理;基于理论气动力的载荷随机动飞行过程的变化趋势有可能与基于试验气动力的载荷变化趋势不一致.      

月面无人自动采样返回飞行程序设计与实现

针对嫦娥五号飞行程序多舱段、多任务、系统控制复杂的设计特点和难点,采用传统的飞行程序设计方法工作量大,状态控制困难,很难满足任务要求。提出了一种新的基于状态转移的方法对飞行程序进行系统建模,首先将整个飞行过程分解成若干模块状态机;然后针对每个模块状态机的功能划分为状态触发器、评估器、执行器和确认器,并分别开展建模设计;最后通过状态触发器和确认器将各个功能模块进行连接,形成整个飞行程序的有限状态机描述。相比传统方法,该方法具有通用性、可扩展性和可复用性等特点,对于规范飞行程序设计,描述复杂的飞行任务过程有很大的优势。采用该方法对嫦娥五号飞行程序进行了建模和设计,并给出了典型飞行过程的设计结果。在轨飞行试验结果表明,该方法可以满足飞行任务的要求,确保了嫦娥五号在轨飞行控制任务圆满成功。     

基于双向电机驱动的四旋翼机动飞行控制

四旋翼飞行器（QUAV）的位置、姿态运动控制效果决定了其机动性。为了克服四旋翼系统欠驱动的缺陷,基于四元数表达对一种双向电机驱动的四旋翼进行了动力学建模,包括双向推力作用情况下的全向运动过程分析,并提出了一种姿态与位置控制器及控制分配矩阵设计方法。面向四旋翼的x-z平面模型,设定合理的参数和限制,使用最优规划方法提出了适用于新型四旋翼翻转、竖直等机动飞行轨迹的生成方法,其中推力与转矩都是实现时间最短的最优方案。搭建了包括电子调速器、电机、桨叶、机架等部件在内的详细的仿真试验环境。仿真试验的结果验证了双向电机驱动的四旋翼相比于传统四旋翼,能有效提高姿态跟踪与位置跟踪的精度,提升了飞行器的机动性。      

The Rhesus monkey as a model for testing the immunological effects of space flight.

The Rhesus monkey has been proposed as a model for the effects of space flight on immunity. In order to determine the feasibility of the use of the Rhesus monkey as a model, we studied the use of Rhesus monkey cells for immunological procedures that have been shown to be affected by space flight in both rodents and humans. We have shown that both lymph node cells and peripheral blood leukocytes can be stained with monoclonal antibodies to detect the following surface markers: CD4, CD-8, Ia and surface immunoglobulin. Also, the level of Ia antigen expression was increased by treatment of the cells with human interferon-gamma. In addition, cells were induced to produce interferons and interleukins. Isolated neutrophils also demonstrated increased oxidative burst. These data indicate that the Rhesus monkey will be a useful model for space flight studies of immunity.     

星载InSAR空间基线指向优化与设计

分布式卫星SAR系统是近年来受到广泛重视的一种新的雷达成像手段,其中分布式InSAR充分利用编队星座卫星间构成的空间基线进行干涉测高,从而实现立体成像.在InSAR系统设计中,解决好编队星座的设计问题是实现高性能成像的前提和保证,合理的星座构形设计有助于提高测高精度,从而获得高品质的雷达成像效果.从InSAR测高精度分析结果入手,由飞行力学角度阐述星间相对运动对测高精度产生的影响,并基于分析结果给出了一种有别于现有星座的特色编队构形,并对其性能进行了初步分析.