Appropriation in outer space: the relationship between land ownership and sovereignty on the celestial bodies

This article analyses the impact of the non-appropriation principle of the Outer Space Treaty over landed property rights on the celestial bodies, proving that, while appropriation of land may exist outside the sphere of sovereignty, its survival is dependent upon endorsement from a sovereign entity. A State endorsment would violate the non-appropriation principle, and abrogation of this principle would be both undesirable and unlikely to happen. The only sovereign entity entitled to manage and to endorse extraterrestrial real estate is the whole international community assembled in the UN, holding extraterrestrial real estate in trust for the benefit of the humankind.     

膏体推进剂流动特性实验研究

建立了一套膏体推进剂挤压流动实验装置,改变挤压压强和出口压强,分别对圆管、多孔喷头进行了平均流量测试.结果表明,在特定使用条件下膏体推进剂圆管内流动呈现牛顿流体的特征,且其挤压流动特性受温度影响较大;另外,膏体推进剂在多孔喷头内的流动,试验数据与引入当量半径后的圆管计算值接近,当量半径法使变截面挤压系统的膏体推进剂流量计算大大简化.     

航天训练模拟视景的光照仿真方法研究

针对航天员太空观察感知的视景仿真,提出了一种大规模场景下航天器的光照仿真实现方法。通过对航天器的真实光照环境进行建模分析,在此基础上实现了太空场景的光照仿真,并结合太空光照环境特点采用色调映射算法进行了光照亮度调节。光照一致性分析结果表明,航天训练模拟器的视景仿真实现在满足实时性指标的前提下,有效地提高了太空场景仿真的逼真度,所采用的亮度调节方法也切实可行。这种光照仿真方法不仅适用于各种空间活动的视景仿真,对于大场景中的天文景观的仿真也同样可以达到较好效果。     

Remote sensing of natural resources : Legal and political considerations for the Third World

A state's posture on remote sensing of the Earth by orbiting satellites varies depending upon whether it is a ‘sensing’ or a ‘sensed’ state, upon its present economic status, and upon its economic and political history. This article considers the international legal questions related to remote sensing and discusses the political aspects with special emphasis upon the views of the Third World. The author concludes that, unless Third World states and others who support them alter their views somewhat, it is probable that remote sensing of natural resources will continue without specific legal guidelines.     

Shaping a legal framework for the commercial use of outer space: recommendations and conclusions from Project 2001

Private and commercial activity in outer space still poses challenges to space law and policy. Within ‘Project 2001’—a legal research project by the University of Cologne's Institute of Air and Space Law and the German Aerospace Center (DLR)—six international expert working groups examined international and national laws, in order to identify gaps and, where necessary, propose improvements to the present legal framework for private space activities. The results were presented and discussed at an international colloquium in May 2001 in Cologne, Germany, where final conclusions have been drawn. This report presents a summary of the project's work and main conclusions, which are documented in full in a comprehensive book to be published in May 2002.     

HTPB推进剂力学性能散布与确定变量相关性研究

针对复合固体推进剂力学性能存在散布的问题,通过方差分析试验,研究了松弛模量和泊松比的散布与确定变量之间的相关性。建立了力学性能散布的方差分析模型,分析了散布的变化规律,并对导致变化的原因进行了讨论。结果表明,松弛模量的散布受温度和载荷作用时间影响显著;泊松比的散布在不同的应变阶段差异较大,结构损伤的不确定性是导致泊松比散布变大的主要原因;玻璃化转变及结构失效会引起力学性能的很大散布。     

国外固体推进剂及其粘结界面贮存老化研究进展

对国外固体推进剂及其粘结界面贮存老化性能的研究进展和最新研究成果进行了综述。介绍了国外在固体推进剂及其粘结界面老化与监测的情况,展望了该研究领域未来的发展趋势,认为以光谱学和埋入微型传感器等方法为代表的固体推进剂的无损评估技术将是今后研究的重点。     

近紫外辐照对OSR二次表面镜导电性能影响研究

文章研究了近紫外辐照试验前后OSR二次表面镜的电学性能变化规律,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对近紫外辐照后的涂层表面形貌和成分进行了分析,进而探讨了近紫外辐照对OSR二次表面镜导电性能变化机理。研究发现,OSR二次表面镜的表面电阻率随着紫外辐照度的增加而指数减小,氧空位吸附氧的解析、In-O键的断裂和氧空位的增加是近紫外辐照OSR二次表面镜表面电阻率降低、导电性能增强的主要原因。     

循环吸湿对炭纤维复合材料界面性能的影响

通过对炭纤维增强复合材料进行70、85、100℃下的循环水浸吸湿试验,研究了复合材料在不同水浸温度下的吸湿-脱湿行为规律。同时,对循环吸湿-脱湿过程中的试样进行层间剪切强度测试和动态力学性能测试,并结合扫描电镜观察循环吸湿各个阶段的纤维基体结合状态。结果表明,水浸温度越高,水分的扩散速率越快,饱和吸湿率越大。经过循环吸湿后复合材料的吸湿行为仍满足Fick第二定律,吸湿后层间剪切强度下降,湿热循环次数越多下降的越明显。脱湿后层间剪切强度有所恢复,水浸温度越高造成的不可逆破坏越大,层间剪切强度恢复的越少。干态时的玻璃化转变温度为231℃,吸湿后下降了37℃。     

Launch vehicles and the commercial uses of outer space : The underlying economic issues

This article discusses the economics of the demand for and supply of launch vehicles. Demand is derived from both commercial and governmental uses of space, while the supply of launch vehicles is determined by governmental needs which are rarely based on economic criteria alone. Multipurpose launches such as the Space Shuttle should be viewed as a national resource instead of a profit-seeking venture. Because of the mixing of government and private uses for space vehicles, traditional economic analysis provides only a starting point for policy decisions.     

单向拉伸对PVDF薄膜结构和介电性能的影响

为提高PVDF的介电性能,文章研究拉伸温度和拉伸倍率等工艺参数对PVDF膜晶体结构和介电性能的影响。试验结果表明:单向拉伸能够提高PVDF的结晶度且最高达到80%;热拉伸时PVDF薄膜表面出现沿拉伸方向的伸长球晶及微条纹;当拉伸温度为80℃、拉伸倍率为4时,拉伸后的PVDF膜的介电常数增加40%,100 Hz时达到11.4,且此时介电损耗低至0.02。     

Examining the effects of anti-space weaponization arguments in the media: Some experimental findings from Canada

This study examines how political activists are framing the space weaponization debate in Canada and whether their arguments can influence public attitudes and perceptions about the issue. Eighty university students from two undergraduate courses were recruited as participants in a quasi-experiment. One class (n = 38) was exposed to the documentary Masters of Space, an episode of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's program The Nature of Things, and another class (n = 42) served as the control group. Pre-test and post-test questionnaires were used to measure the effects of viewing anti-weaponization arguments in the media, while also controlling for the influence of prior beliefs and background characteristics of participants. Results suggest that visually depicting the use of satellite technology in society can convince viewers that satellites are important to their way of life, but not necessarily to the defense of North America. Framing missile defense as a ‘space weapon in disguise’ also seemed to raise opposition to Canada's participation in continental missile defense. The findings, meanwhile, indicate that viewers respond strongly to the issue of space debris and that mobilizing support for joint military space projects may best be achieved by emphasizing the usefulness of these projects for locating and tracking such debris. In the end, media exposure seemed to help legitimize anti-weaponization arguments based more on rational self-interests than on idealistic beliefs. These findings can have implications for the way space policies are communicated to the public.     

丁羟推进剂组分间界面酸碱作用研究

借助Drago R S方程,采用反相气相色谱法(IGC)表征了丁羟四组元(AP/RDX/Al/HTPB)推进剂主要组分的表面酸碱性参数,计算出了主要组分间的界面酸碱作用焓ΔH_(AB).结果表明,BA键合剂与AP、RDX的界面作用焓显著大于HTPB聚氨酯基体与AP、RDX的界面作用焓,也显著大于BA键合剂与HTPB聚氨酯基体的作用焓,据此可预估BA键合剂可优先吸附在固体填料表面.因此,BA键合剂能大大提高推进剂基体/填料的界面粘接强度.     

基于木星大气环境的降落伞系统气动特性研究

木星探测是未来行星探测的重要发展方向,而降落伞是进入木星大气探测必不可少的气动减速装置。文章基于“伽利略号”探测任务,设计了满足未来木星探测需求的降落伞系统简化模型,并针对该降落伞系统进行了数值模拟,研究了木星大气和地球风洞实验环境中不同来流马赫数下降落伞系统的复杂流动现象及气动力变化规律。在木星大气环境中,降落伞的阻力系数和横向力系数大小以及横向力系数波动幅度均高于风洞试验环境,阻力系数波动幅度均低于风洞实验环境。此外,还研究了木星大气环境中不同来流攻角下降落伞系统的气动特性。研究表明,木星大气环境中降落伞系统气动特性与风洞实验结果有差异,因此未来在设计用于木星探测的降落伞系统时,应考虑由于木星大气环境对降落伞系统气动特性的影响。     

空间推进系统在轨有关热控问题分析

文章基于空间推进系统热控的特点,针对长期在轨航天器推进系统热控面临的贮箱膜片热胀冷缩疲劳和机组阀门超温问题进行机理分析,归纳贮箱热控和发动机、推力器高温工况相应的解决措施及难点,结合某型号实际提出解决方案,并对改进后的效果进行分析预示,给出长期在轨航天器热控方案设计建议。     

Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission

During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23 °C and no CO₂ supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.