Detection of hidden Markov model transient signals

Addressed here is the quickest detection of transient signals which can be represented as hidden Markov models (HMMs), with the application of detection of transient signals. Relying on the fact that Page's test is equivalent to a repeated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), we are able to devise a procedure analogous to Page's test for dependent observations. By using the so-called forward variable of an HMM, such a procedure is applied to the detection of a change in hidden Markov modeled observations, i.e., a switch from one HMM to another. Performance indices of Page's test, the average run length (ARL) under both hypotheses, are approximated and confirmed via simulation. Several important examples are investigated in depth to illustrate the advantages of the proposed scheme.     

Detection probabilities for correlated Rayleigh fading signals

Both the method of saddlepoint integration and its associated saddlepoint approximation are applied to calculating the probability of detecting correlated Rayleigh-fading signals in Gaussian noise by means of a detector that integrates M samples of the output of a quadratic rectifier. The quadrature components of the signal samples are modeled as an autoregressive moving-average process, and specific results are exhibited for a first-order Markov process. By these methods the fluctuation loss can be computed for much larger values of M and for larger values of the detection probability than previously. Values calculated by the saddlepoint approximation prove to be close enough to the exact values to be useful over a broad range of signal parameters     

Detection of stochastic signals in the frequency domain

The optimum detector for a random signal, the estimator-correlator, is difficult to implement. If the power spectral density (PSD) of a continuous time signal is known, a locally optimum detector is available. It maximizes the deflection ratio (DR), a measure of the detector output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A discrete version of this detector is developed here, called the discrete-MDRD, which takes a weighted sum of the spectral components of the signal data as the detection statistic. Its derivation is applicable to nonwhite noise samples as well. A comparison of this new detector against three other common types, through their DR values and simulation results, reveals that the discrete-MDRD is near optimal at low SNRs. When the PSD of a signal is not known, a common test statistic is the peak of the PSD of the data. To reduce spectral variations, the PSD estimator first divides the data sequence into several segments and then forms the averaged PSD estimate. The segment length affects the DR values; the length that maximizes the DR is approximately the reciprocal of the signal bandwidth. Thus for unknown signal PSD, a detector that approaches the maximum DR is realizable from just the knowledge of the signal bandwidth, which is normally available. Examples and simulation results are provided to illustrate the properties and performance of the new detector     

Multiaspect classification of airborne targets via physics-basedHMMs and matching pursuits

Wideband electromagnetic fields scattered from N distinct target-sensor orientations are employed for classification of airborne targets. Each of the scattered waveforms is parsed via physics-based matching pursuits, yielding N feature vectors. The feature vectors are submitted to a hidden Markov model (HMM), each state of which is characterized by a set of target-sensor orientations over which the associated feature vectors are relatively stationary. The N feature vectors extracted from the multiaspect scattering data implicitly sample N states of the target (some states may be sampled more than once), with the state sequence modeled statistically as a Markov process, resulting in an HMM due to the “hidden” or unknown target orientation. In the work presented here, the state-dependent probability of observing a given feature vector is modeled via physics-motivated linear distributions, in lieu of the traditional Gaussian mixtures applied in classical HMMs. Further, we develop a scheme that yields autonomous definitions for the aspect-dependent HMM states. The paradigm is applied to synthetic scattering data for two simple targets     

Gray bootstrap method for estimating frequency-varying random vibration signals with small samples

During environment testing, the estimation of random vibration signals （RVS） is an important technique for the airborne platform safety and reliability. However, the available meth- ods including extreme value envelope method （EVEM）, statistical tolerances method （STM） and improved statistical tolerance method （ISTM） require large samples and typical probability distri- bution. Moreover, the frequency-varying characteristic of RVS is usually not taken into account. Gray bootstrap method （GBM） is proposed to solve the problem of estimating frequency-varying RVS with small samples. Firstly, the estimated indexes are obtained including the estimated inter- val, the estimated uncertainty, the estimated value, the estimated error and estimated reliability. In addition, GBM is applied to estimating the single flight testing of certain aircraft. At last, in order to evaluate the estimated performance, GBM is compared with bootstrap method （BM） and gray method （GM） in testing analysis. The result shows that GBM has superiority for estimating dynamic signals with small samples and estimated reliability is proved to be 100% at the given confidence level.     

随机载荷谱下基于声发射的耳片接头疲劳裂纹识别方法

作为航空结构中传递集中载荷的关键部件,耳片接头的失效将会带来灾难性的后果,因此需要通过疲劳试验来验证其是否满足设计要求。声发射（AE）作为一种在线监测手段,能够及时捕捉接头裂纹萌生扩展进程,提升试验质量。然而,在随机载荷谱下,会产生大量极其复杂且毫无规律的声发射信号,致使传统的基于特征提取及参数滤波的声发射数据分析方法难以发挥作用,无法有效识别接头裂纹的萌生。因此,本文提出了一种随机载荷谱下疲劳裂纹的声发射识别方法,该方法利用随机载荷谱的分布特点,通过分析不同载荷谱块下相同循环时段所对应的声发射信号表象差异来发现、锁定异常,并结合定位分析与干扰排除分析,确定裂纹的发生时间及位置。通过疲劳试验,该方法的有效性得到了证实,因而可为随机载荷谱下的相关航空结构试验提供参考。     

通过e+e-→-ff过程探测BH

最小Higgs模型(LH)预言了重规范玻色子BH的存在。为此计算了它对e e-→f(f=l,b,c)过程的贡献,研究了在未来的高能线性e e-对撞(ILC)实验中发现该粒子的可能性,该实验的质心能量S=500GeV,￡int=340fb-1。结果表明在合理的参数空间内,完全可以探测到该新粒子的可能物理信号。     

Fault Detection in Dynamic Systems via Decision Fusion

Due to the growing demands for system reliability and availability of large amounts of data, efficient fault detection techniques for dynamic systems are desired. In this paper, we consider fault detection in dynamic systems monitored by multiple sensors. Normal and faulty behaviors can be modeled as two hypotheses. Due to communication constraints, it is assumed that sensors can only send binary data to the fusion center. Under the assumption of independent and identically distributed (1ID) observations, we propose a distributed fault detection algorithm, including local detector design and decision fusion rule design, based on state estimation via particle filtering. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.     

基于雨流计数法和功率谱密度法的随机声疲劳应用研究

针对燃烧室火焰筒结构中的声疲劳问题,研究了2种用于随机声载荷下结构疲劳寿命预估的有效方法。雨流计数法实时计数模型计数简单,直接对载荷时间历程进行计数,克服了以往计数模型的局限性;基于iMner线性理论,提出了基于功率谱密度法的随机声疲劳寿命预估方法,并建立了疲劳寿命预估模型。对某型航空发动机燃烧室火焰筒结构进行了疲劳寿命估算,结果表明2种方法对航空薄壁结构随机疲劳寿命分析具有实用性。     

基于RELAX的空中多机动目标检测与参数估计

 针对机载雷达空中多机动目标的检测问题,提出了一种基于RELAX算法的空中多机动目标检测与参数估计方法。该方法将重构时间采样技术与RELAX算法相结合,有效地抑制了检测过程中强信号分量对弱信号分量的影响,在待测单元内存在多个目标时,能够获得很好的参数估计结果,并且在脉冲点数有限的情况下,该方法得到的参数估计精度依然很高。同时,本文还推导了空中多机动目标参数估值的克拉美罗界(CRB),为估计结果提供了理论下限。仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Flutter analysis of an airfoil with bounded random parameters in incompressible flow via Gegenbauer polynomial approximation

The effects of parameter uncertainty on the flutter characteristics of a two-dimensional airfoil in an incompressible flow were investigated through Gegenbauer polynomial approximation. The uncertain parameters, such as the linear and cubic pitch stiffness coefficients are modeled as bounded random variables with λ-PDFs (probability density functions). With the aid of Gegenbauer polynomial approximation, the two-dimensional stochastic airfoil system is transformed at first into its equivalent deterministic one. Then the Hopf-bifurcation point is determined through the equivalent deterministic system, and the onset of the flutter, together with the flutter frequency against the probability density distribution parameter and the intensity of the random variable is explored. In addition, the ranges of the peak pitch and plunge responses against the flight speed and the PDFs of the peak pitch response are obtained. Numerical results show how the probability density distribution parameters and the intensities of random parameters affect the flutter onset speed, flutter angular frequency, the upper and lower boundaries of peak responses, and the PDFs of peak responses.     

Likelihood-ratio detection of frequency-hopped signals

The optimum system for intercepting frequency-hopped signals uses a channelized receiver and a likelihood-ratio test (LRT). Previous results on the performance of the optimum system have been based on Gaussian assumptions, which are generally valid for transmissions having large time-bandwidth areas. Results, obtained by Monte Carlo simulation, for relatively small time-bandwidth transmissions are given here. The signal model is a simple one known as “pure frequency hopping.” Comparisons with the LRT show that energy detection loss increases when the time-bandwidth product of the transmission is increased by increasing the number of frequencies, even when the number of pulses is also increased. The loss decreases when only the number of pulses is increased. Over the parameter range observed, binary detection loss tends to increase with the number of pulses and decrease with the number of frequencies. Results are included for a moving-window version of the LRT. A parameter of the LRT is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The effect of using a design value not equal to the true SNR is shown     

一种改进的等效系统拟配方法

等效系统拟配对于采用主动控制电传操纵系统的飞机飞行品质评价具有重要意义.从等效系统拟配中失配曲线的分布出发,比较了采用不同的频段进行等效拟配的不同结果,进而提出了一种带加权系数的等效系统拟配方法,最后通过分析得出了加权系数的合理区间.仿真结果表明,这种方法有效地改善了等效拟配失配曲线的分布.     

轻型航空发动机二级涡轮增压匹配模拟研究

为了使现有轻型航空发动机在10km高空保持原有动力性不变,需要采用二级涡轮增压保持不同海拔高度的进气密度。对原发动机在一级增压的基础上进行二级增压匹配。这里采用AVL Boost软件建模,根据实验校验一级增压模型,然后建立二级增压模型。考虑小型离心式压气机高海拔工作特性受雷诺数影响,确定了压气机匹配工作点。计算表明,匹配方案可行,原发动机满足飞行设计要求。     

核心机派生涡扇发动机部件及整机匹配

以核心机与低压系统的部件及整机气动热力匹配关系为理论依据,在全面考虑低压压缩系统与核心机压气机的匹配约束关系、核心机涡轮工作状态相应变化以及派生发动机内外涵整机匹配的多因素下,建立了核心机派生涡扇发动机部件及整机气动热力循环匹配算法模型.应用该模型,进行了核心机派生涡扇发动机循环参数及性能趋势分析,计算结果表明高低压和整机匹配约束直接影响核心机派生涡扇发动机循环参数和整机性能,为核心机派生系列化涡扇发动机工程实践应用中所涉及的部件/整机参数匹配及性能预估提供分析和设计参考.      

油气匹配对燃烧室不稳定性的影响

为抑制全环燃烧室在加温加压条件下的高幅度脉动,研究了燃烧室高幅脉动产生机理和油气匹配对燃烧不稳定的影响,结果表明：实验捕捉到了脉动增大的过程,主频为40 Hz的低频脉动,并产生了倍频,压力脉动引起火焰筒壁温发生了2%的波动,造成了燃烧不稳定;仿真计算发现随着燃烧室进口参数的提高及主油路开启导致的雾化变差会使得压力脉动的频率降低,脉动量升高44%;燃烧室进口压力、温度相对基准工况分别降低15%和30%（工况1）或者提高10%和26%（工况6）时可抑制脉动;增加主油路开始工作附近工况的主油路燃油占比后,脉动量总体有较大的减小;抑制脉动的最佳主副油路分配方案为Case3,相对基准方案提高工况2~工况6主油路燃油占比4%时可消除不稳定燃烧;主油路占比在超过一定值,又会使得脉动量升高。     

Development of random signal radars

Development of random signal radar (RSR) over the past 30 years is described. Conventional methods of implementing RSR are summarized such as correlation, spectrum analysis, and anticorrelation. Some typical RSR systems are introduced, for example, noise frequency modulation CW radar, random binary phase-coded CW radar, etc., and their merits and demerits are also pointed out. Finally, RSR development trends are analyzed     

超燃冲压发动机流量匹配机理

采用基于集总参数方程的燃烧室性能计算模型,辅以临界面积法,应用于隔离段和燃烧室的一维流场计算,实现了双模态超燃冲压发动机各种模态下的隔离段和燃烧室的流量匹配计算,并分析了流量匹配工作机理.结果表明:在未分离超燃模态与分离超燃模态下,增加燃烧室供油流量,隔离段和燃烧室流量匹配是通过流道中的喉道处马赫数降低来实现的;在跨燃模态与亚燃模态下,增加燃烧室供油流量,流量匹配主要是通过提高燃烧室流道中热力喉道处的总压来实现的.      

Detectability of signals in Laplace noise

Closed-form expressions for the false-alarm and detection probabilities attained by the optimum and the linear detectors of a positive signal in n independent samples of noise having a bilateral exponential or Laplace distribution require lengthy computation when n is large, and those for the optimum detector suffer from round-off error because their terms alternate in sign. It is shown how the method of saddlepoint integration can be conveniently applied to compute these probabilities, and numerical comparisons of the accuracies of the methods are presented. The relative efficiency of the two detectors is calculated as a function of n and found to approach the asymptotic value of 2 very slowly