空间双柔性机械臂刚-柔耦合建模及定标误差分析

为研究空间多自由度机械臂在作大范围运动时臂杆柔性和关节柔性对末端定标精度的影响,考虑柔性臂杆的横/侧向弯曲变形所引起轴向伸缩的二次耦合项,采用计入集中质量的转子扭簧模型描述关节的柔性效应;提出了基于臂杆柔性的D-H参数法,递推出空间机械臂的柔性机构运动方程;应用Hamilton原理建立了空间双柔机械臂的一次近似刚-柔耦合动力学方程。对空间六关节双柔机械臂末端定标误差进行仿真,结果表明：臂杆的柔性和关节的柔性在空间机械臂的大范围运动中是相互耦合的;在工程应用中,需要将抓取目标设定在机械臂定标误差较小的方向上,以提高抓捕和操作的成功性。     

基于向量对方法的柔性空间机械臂建模与仿真

针对柔性自由漂浮基座空间机械臂系统建模的过程中存在的形式复杂计算量大等问题,本文采用向量对方法,以自由漂浮基座双连杆柔性机械臂为研究对象,以单个体的动力学方程为基础,分别列出相邻两个体之间的约束方程,利用拉格朗日乘子法组装构成系统的动力学方程.这种方法在建模时需要的信息较少,易于推导,得到的方程十分规范化,更加有利于柔性空间机械臂控制系统的设计.最后文章通过仿真验证了模型的正确性.     

宏微空间机械臂运动控制方法综述

由于单一的机械臂不能满足日益增长的空间任务需求，为了提升机械臂的综合性能如快速响应、高精度和大负载，世界各航天大国开展了宏微机械臂的研制工作。综述了国际空间站和中国空间站上宏微机械臂的发展现状，分别从分时独立控制和协调控制两种操作模式下对宏微机械臂系统的运动控制进行了归纳总结。当宏微机械臂采用分时独立的控制模式时，可将其等效为柔性基座机械臂，并从反作用最优控制、主动阻尼控制和末端轨迹跟踪控制三方面对柔性基座机械臂的控制算法进行了分析研究，为中国空间组合机械臂的在轨操作提供了借鉴意义。最后，对空间宏微机械臂的动力学建模和运动控制进行了展望。     

柔性空间机械臂在轨操作仿真与分析

针对挠性航天器利用柔性空间机械臂在轨操作目标进行分析.首先利用Kane方程和假设模态法对挠性航天器上安装有柔性空间机械臂的系统进行动力学建模.其次,采用修正的罗德里格斯参数描述机械臂末端相对服务航天器的姿态,利用五次多项式对机械臂末端的相对位置与姿态进行规划,并将目标航天器的相对运动进行补偿,基于雅克比矩阵的广义逆求解机械臂关节运动规律.然后,将反馈控制与扩张状态观测器结合,分别设计了航天器姿态稳定控制器和机械臂轨迹跟踪控制器.最后,对柔性空间机械臂捕获目标航天器以及安装模块的过程进行闭环数值仿真,结果表明,所设计的控制器能够使机械臂跟踪期望轨迹,同时使得航天器姿态趋于稳定,机械臂可以较高精度完成在轨操作.     

具有初始动量的空间机械臂零反作用轨迹跟踪

对具有初始动量的自由漂浮空间机械臂系统进行了研究,考虑其执行在轨任务时便已经具有的动量,根据系统的构型参数建立运动学模型,再采用拉格朗日第二类方程建立动力学模型。利用空间机械臂系统具有冗余自由度这一特性,推导运动学和动力学方程,得到了零反作用运动方程,消除了基座和机械臂之间的角速度耦合作用。末端运动轨迹用多项式插值函数来逼近,根据给定的机械臂末端初始和终止状态来规划其运动轨迹,并将机械臂末端的工作空间转换到关节空间中。根据已知的动力学模型,设计合适的比例-微分（PD）控制率。仿真结果表明,通过选择合适的增益反馈矩阵,机械臂末端能平稳地跟踪目标轨迹,同时,机械臂的运动不会对基座的姿态产生扰动,保证了基座姿态的稳定性及航天器的正常运行。     

柔性机械臂辅助空间站舱段对接阻抗控制

空间机械臂辅助舱段对接过程中存在测量与控制误差,易导致对接机构间存在较大接触力,传统FMA (Force MomentAccommodation)控制方法在测量接触力时无法消除大负载惯性力对测量的影响,且测量仪器的引入会进一步降低空间柔性机械臂的刚度。为此,文章提出了柔性机械臂辅助大负载空间舱段对接的阻抗控制方法,采用拉格朗日法推导了空间机械臂的关节输入力矩方程作为前馈输入,建立了含动力学前馈的空间机械臂阻抗控制程序,并以在商业软件ADAMS中建立的空间柔性机械臂与对接舱段组成的系统动力学模型作为控制对象,对系统进行ADAMS灢Matlab联合仿真。仿真结果表明,按照此控制方法,系统可克服外力干扰使目标解析点按照期望的方式运动;同时,通过测量机械臂关节运动参数即可实现对外力的准确感知,而不需额外添加力传感器,既消除了大负载惯性力对测量的影响,也不会导致柔性机械臂刚度的降低。     

空间站柔性机械臂辅助舱段对接动力学分析

为验证空间站柔性机械臂系统在有初始位置、姿态误差的情况下能否成功完成辅助舱段对接任务,文章建立了空间站柔性机械臂辅助舱段对接动力学模型,模型考虑了对接机构的接触碰撞,依据关节精细动力学模型、力矩控制方法和阻抗控制程序进行了空间柔性机械臂辅助舱段对接过程仿真。仿真结果表明,当关节输出端位置测量精度为17位时,依靠阻抗控制的方法,空间柔性机械臂在主动舱存在最大位置误差150mm,最大姿态误差2.5°的情况下仍能完成对接;对接成功后,空间柔性机械臂系统控制力迅速下降,仍然能较好地保持构型,不会影响对接舱段的安全。     

基于Krylov子空间法的柔性航天器降阶研究

带大型柔性附件的复杂航天器,其弹性变形通常用有限单元法描述.由于有限元节点坐标数目庞大将会给动力学方程求解和控制策略的实现带来巨大负担,因此对柔性太阳电池阵的动力学模型降阶进行研究.利用单向递推组集推导带太阳电池阵的航天器的刚柔耦合动力学方程,分别采用模态截断法、模态价值分析法和Krylov子空间法对太阳电池阵进行模型降阶,比较不同降阶模型和全有限元模型的动力学仿真结果.仿真结果表明,无论是否考虑大范围运动的影响,采用Krylov方法只需要较低的自由度就可以得到和采用有限元方法完全一致的结果.说明Krylov方法能够有效地降低航天器柔性附件的自由度,提高动力学仿真的效率,便于驱动控制的实现.     

柔性机械臂模型非约束模态降维绝对误差准则

描述柔性结构振动的非约束模态展开方法仅考虑结构参数而不考虑外部作用力,当外部驱动力频率与非约束模态的某几阶频率相等或者相近时,这样的处理将影响动力学响应的近似精度。针对此问题,且考虑到任意驱动力都可以用傅里叶分析的方法将其等效为无穷多个正弦力的叠加,提出了一种正弦力作用下基于非约束模态降维的绝对误差准则。采用有限元法描述柔性机械臂的弹性变形,应用拉格朗日法建立其动力学方程,并用非约束模态降维模型与其作对比,仿真验证了所提出的非约束模态选取准则的正确性。     

弹性空间机械臂动力学与控制

安装在航天器上的空间机械臂为轻质细长杆，固有的结构弹性对系统动力学及控制有明显的影响，它不仅影响抓手的工作精度，还可能导致载体一机械臂整个系统失去稳定性[1]．因此，对弹性空间机械臂系统的动力学与控制问题必须加以深入研究．地面固定基座多杆弹性机械臂动力学、逆动力学及控制问题已有许多研究，如Gawronsld等[2]在假设杆件弹性小变形、转动角速度比其固有频率小得多以及刚、弹性模型非线性项相同的前提下，得到控制方法．Cehnkunt等[3]导出了可忽略结构弹性的控制器带宽，以及自适应控制算法可实现的工作区间．文献[4，5]讨…     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。