GEOS and its US and European components: Challenges and impact

The Centre Français sur les Etats Unis (CFE) held a day-long workshop on GEOSS, GMES and IEOS on 17 January 2006. Sponsored by Arianespace, the invitation-only roundtable drew some 50 participants from European and US administration, industry and academia. The programme and the presentations are on the CFE web site: www.cfe-ifri.net. This report summarizes the proceedings.     

教育教学活动中的师生人际冲突及其解决方法

受传统观念的影响,人们一般只看到师生人际冲突的负面影响,而很少注意其正面作用;实际上,师生人际冲突是教育教学的互动形式之一,它的存在是必然的,也是合理的,它既有消极有害的一面,也有积极有益的一面。文章试在分析师生人际冲突原因的基础上,针对其影响的二重性,从学校、教师、学生三个方面,提出了正确对待师生人际冲突的建设性对策。     

Atlas II and IIA analyses and environments validation

General Dynamics has now flown all four versions of the Atlas commercial launch vehicle, which cover a payload weight capability to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) in the range of 5000–8000 lb. The key analyses to set design and environmental test parameters for the vehicle modifications and the ground and flight test data that validated them were prepared in paper IAF-91-170 for the first version, Atlas I.

This paper presents similar data for the next two versions, Atlas II and IIA. The Atlas II has propellant tanks lengthened by 12 ft and is boosted by MA-5A rocket engines uprated to 474,000 lb liftoff thrust. GTO payload capability is 6225 lb with the 11-ft fairing. The Atlas IIA is an Atlas II with uprated RL10A-4 engines on the lengthened Centaur II upper stage. The two 20,800 lb thrust, 449 s specific impulse engines with an optional extendible nozzle increase payload capability to GTO to 6635 lb. The paper describes design parameters and validated test results for many other improvements that have generally provided greater capability at less cost, weight and complexity and better reliability. Those described include: moving the MA-5A start system to the ground, replacing the vernier engines with a simple 50 lb thrust on-off hydrazine roll control system, addition of a POGO suppressor, replacement of Centaur jettisonable insulation panels with fixed foam, a new inertial navigation unit (INU) that combines in one package a ring-laser gyro based strapdown guidance system with two MIL-STD-1750A processors, redundant MIL-STD-1553 data bus interfaces, robust Ada-based software and a new Al-Li payload adapter. Payload environment is shown to be essentially unchanged from previous Atlas vehicles. Validation of load, stability, control and pressurization requirements for the larger vehicle is discussed.

All flights to date (five Atlas II, one Atlas IIA) have been successful in launching satellites for EUTELSAT, the U.S. Air Force and INTELSAT. Significant design parameters validated by these flights are presented. Particularly noteworthy has been the performance of the INU, which has provided average GTO insertion errors of only 10 miles apogee, 0.2 miles perigee and 0.004 degrees inclination. It is concluded that Atlas II/IIA have successfully demonstrated probably the largest number of current state-of-the-art components of any expendable launch vehicle flying today.     

Biochemical and hemodynamic changes in normal subjects during acute and rigorous bed rest and ambulation

Rigorous bed rest (RBR) induces significant biochemical and circulatory changes. However, little is known about acute rigorous bed rest (ARBR). Measuring biochemical and circulatory variables during ARBR and RBR the aim of this study was to establish the significance of ARBR effect. Studies were done during 3 days of a pre-bed rest (BR) period and during 7 days of ARBR and RBR period. Thirty normal male individuals aged, 24.1 +/- 6.3 years were chosen as subjects. They were divided equally into three groups: 10 subjects placed under active control conditions served as unrestricted ambulatory control subjects (UACS), 10 subjects submitted to an acute rigorous bed rest served as acute rigorous bed rested subjects (ARBRS) and 10 subjects submitted to a rigorous bed rest served as rigorous bed rested subjects (RBRS). The UACS were maintained under an average running distance of 9.7 km day-1. For the ARBR effect simulation, ARBRS were submitted abruptly to BR for 7 days. They did not have any prior knowledge of the exact date and time when they would be asked to confine to RBR. For the RBR effect simulation, RBRS were subjected to BR for 7 days on a predetermined date and time known to them right away from the start of the study. Plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma cortisol (PC), plasma aldosterone (PA), plasma and urinary sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and arterial blood pressure (ABP) increased significantly, and urinary aldosterone (UA), stroke volume (SV) and plasma volume (PV) decreased significantly (p<0.05) in ARBRS and RBRS as compared with their pre-BR values and the values in UACS. Electrolyte, hormonal and hemodynamic responses were significantly (p<0.05) greater and occurred significantly faster (p<0.05) during ARBR than RBR. Parameters change insignificantly (p>0.05) in UACS compared with pre-BR control values. It was concluded that, the more abruptly muscular activity is restricted in experimental subjects while they are very active, the greater hemodynamic and biochemical change there is and probably in individuals whose muscular activity is abruptly terminated after an accident or sudden illness.     

高等院校贷款的风险规避与对策

高等院校为适应扩大招生规模的需要,大量举债,目前高校贷款总额已达1500亿-2000亿之间;银行认为贷款安全而主动与高校合作,可以得到回报;政府将为高校贷款（高校为公益事业）承担巨大风险。从高等院校公用、专项经费看,许多院校无力偿还贷款。希望各高校、银行、政府能够有所警示和启迪。     

The USSR and satellite communications : Competition and cooperation

This article examines the USSR's satellite communications provision in the international arena. The author first outlines the Intercosmos programme, collaboration between the USSR and France and India, and maritime satellite communications. He then discusses in detail the INTERSPUTNIK system, and Soviet international coverage and competitiveness in television. In conclusion, the complex interaction and overlap between cooperation and competition in space is explained.     

镍铬-镍硅热电偶特性分析与应用研究

以镍铬-镍硅热电偶在火箭发动机试验中的应用为研究对象。对其特性和影响测量的主要因素进行了论述。对镍铬-镍硅热电偶在使用中的劣化问题进行了研究和探讨,结果表明重复使用后的镍铬-镍硅热电偶的劣化是不可避免的,其劣化程度随封装形式、使用温度、直径及使用时间的不同而异,并根据多次试验数据的积累,总结出了相应的处理方法。     

钻石宝贝廊坊市场调查及市场进入策略分析

近年来随着金银珠宝类消费的增长,廊坊市也成为珠宝企业炙手可热的目标市场。钻石宝贝是一家电子商务和实体体验店相结合的珠宝品牌,为了帮助钻石宝贝顺利进入廊坊市场,通过市场调查,获得了消费者特征和偏好等信息,并提出了产品、价格、渠道、促销等营销策略建议。     

高等院校贷款的风险规避与对策

高等院校为适应扩大招生规模的需要,大量举债,目前高校贷款总额已达1500亿-2000亿之间;银行认为贷款安全而主动与高校合作,可以得到回报;政府将为高校贷款(高校为公益事业)承担巨大风险.从高等院校公用、专项经费看,许多院校无力偿还贷款.希望各高校、银行、政府能够有所警示和启迪.     

铍与铍材惯性器件及其标准化

概述铍材惯性器件在国防领域的重要作用,简介铍材特性及其在惯性器件上的应用,分析铍材惯性器件标准情况.     

AOS数据模拟器及处理器的设计与实现

随着高级在轨系统 ( AOS)业务的开展 ,使用 AOS业务的空间和地面设备越来越多。为了对这些设备适应AOS规约的性能进行检测、调试和验证 ,迫切需要一种 AOS规约业务数据产生的模拟器及处理器。文中介绍一种国产AOS数据模拟器及处理器的设计与实现。该系统的设计概念和思路 ,对采用 CCSDSAOS数据结构的星载和地面系统也具有启迪和参考价值     

浅谈高校的图书档案管理及信息化

随着计算机科学技术的发展,信息技术的广泛应用,传统的图书馆档案管理体系已经无法满足网络和存储技术处理下的社会发展进程,信息化给传统的档案管理工作带来严峻挑战。本文试图对图书馆档案信息化的内涵及建设内容角度进行分析,探讨高校的图书档案管理及信息化的对策。     

NASA科学技术信息体系建设和服务研究

美国航空航天局(NASA)的科技信息工作是在NASA科技信息纲领(STIP)的指导和规范下组织实施的。NASA科技信息纲领的制定始于1958年NASA成立之时,是NASA科技信息工作宗旨、任务、目标、制度和发展战略的集中体现,也是美国联邦政府科技信息纲领的重要组成部分,其组织与实施是NASA四大主要任务之一。经过近50年的发展,NASA在工程和研发活动中取得了大量成果并积累了许多科技信息产品和文献。这些科技信息产品和文献在NASA的各项任务中发挥了不可估量的作用。     

论科技进步与党内和谐

新的时期科技进步与党的建设之间关系日益紧密,影响巨大而复杂。本文系统阐述了科技进步的内涵、功能和主要特征,并对科技进步给党的建设带来的机遇和挑战进行了初步分析。     

GPS防护及干扰监测与定位技术研究

随着GPS导航定位技术的日臻完善,其在军民领域的应用范围也越来越广,对GPS的干扰监测和抗干扰措施一直是该领域的热门研究课题。美国政府为了使GPS系统免受各种无意或人为干扰,建立了GPS保障机制,并研究部署了干扰监测定位系统。这些措施有效保障了GPS系统的正常工作,确保其国内重要基础设施和关键资源部门安全连续地稳定运行。针对GPS干扰普遍存在的问题,重点介绍了GPS保护机制的主要计划和措施,总结了GPS干扰监测定位系统的发展趋势,为导航干扰监测与定位系统的规划研究提供参考依据。     

事故应急与救援及有关标准介绍

概述事故应急与救援系统的组成及其在现代安全管理中的作用,探讨有关事故应急与救援系统标准的主要内容与特点,介绍国内外有关事故应急与救援方面的标准/法规情况.     

论中西核心价值观与英语专业教学

受中西核心价值观的双重影响,以英语为专业学习对象的大学生在如何树立正确的价值观方面陷入了困境。高等学校英语专业教学过程中对中西核心价值观融合问题的重视不足。其中存在的问题、导致这些问题的原因以及解决这些问题的策略和方法都亟需我们进行深入的探讨和研究。     

Spaceflight and clinorotation cause cytoskeleton and mitochondria changes and increases in apoptosis in cultured cells.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of fibers that is sensitive to environmental factors including microgravity and altered gravitational forces. Cellular functions such as transport of cell organelles depend on cytoskeletal integrity; regulation of cytoskeletal activity plays a role in cell maintenance, cell division, and apoptosis. Here we report cytoskeletal and mitochondria alterations in cultured human lymphocyte (Jurkat) cells after exposure to spaceflight and in insect cells of Drosophila melanogaster (Schneider S-1) after exposure to conditions created by clinostat rotation. Jurkat cells were flown on the space shuttle in Biorack cassettes while Schneider S-1 cells were exposed to altered gravity forces as produced by clinostat rotation. The effects of both treatments were similar in the different cell types. Fifty percent of cells displayed effects on the microtubule network in both cell lines. Under these experimental conditions mitochondria clustering and morphological alterations of mitochondrial cristae was observed to various degrees after 4 and 48 hours of culture. Jurkat cells underwent cell divisions during exposure to spaceflight but a large number of apoptotic cells was also observed. Similar results were obtained in Schneider S-1 cells cultured under clinostat rotation. Both cell lines displayed mitochondria abnormalities and mitochondria clustering toward one side of the cells which is interpreted to be the result of microtubule disruption and failure of mitochondria transport along microtubules. The number of mitochondria was increased in cells exposed to altered gravity while cristae morphology was severely affected indicating altered mitochondria function. These results show that spaceflight as well as altered gravity produced by clinostat rotation affects microtubule and mitochondria organization and results in increases in apoptosis. Grant numbers: NAG 10-0224, NAG2-985.     

Storing and processing astrometric and photometric data on NEA: Current state and future in Russia

Numerous discoveries of asteroids unknown earlier led to a multiple increase in the number of information on small bodies of the Solar System. Huge volumes of information accumulated and obtained at observations of objects approaching the Earth’s orbit require storing and prompt processing, presenting more and more possibilities for studying distributions of small bodies of the Solar System and ways of their evolution. That is why development of information systems which will contain large volumes of data on small bodies of the Solar System and facilities for processing these data is actual and promising direction of activity.