A Tracking Filter in Spherical Coordinates Enhanced by De-noising of Converted Doppler Measurements

Tracking problem in spherical coordinates with range rate (Doppler) measurements, which would have errors correlated to the range measurement errors, is investigated in this paper. The converted Doppler measurements, constructed by the product of the Doppler measurements and range measurements, are used to replace the original Doppler measurements. A de-noising method based on an unbiased Kalman filter (KF) is proposed to reduce the converted Doppler measurement errors before updating the target states for the constant velocity (CV) model. The states from the de-noising filter are then combined with the Cartesian states from the converted measurement Kalman filter (CMKF) to produce final state estimates. The nonlinearity of the de-noising filter states are handled by expanding them around the Cartesian states from the CMKF in a Taylor series up to the second order term. In the mean time, the correlation between the two filters caused by the common range measurements is handled by a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimation-based method. These result in a new tracking filter, CMDN-EKF2. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed tracking filter can provide efficient and robust performance with a modest computational cost.     

Effect of wall suction on leading edge contamination

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of swept wing leading edge contamination by the turbulence emanating from the wing-wall junction. The main objective is to delay the contamination onset by applying surface suction along the attachment line. Two series of experiments are described; the first one was performed in a small wind tunnel at CERT ONERA, the second one was carried out in the F2 wind tunnel at Le Fauga Mauzac centre. Hot film measurements showed that leading edge contamination could be delayed up to very large Reynolds numbers. We also studied the behaviour of the relaminarized boundary layer downstream of the sucked region, along the span as well as in the chordwise direction.     

Quick position determination using 1 or 2 LEO satellites

We describe an approach for a medium accuracy position determination of a user terminal (UT) on the Earth surface, using one or two low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. The positioning approach is intended to meet the requirements of a worldwide personal communications system using LEO satellites. The basic two requirements are: (1) immediate positioning, and (2) horizontal position accuracy of the order of 10 km. Those requirements stem from the need of the system to know the user's approximate location before it connects his call. The approach makes use of the two-way communication with the UT, which can receive, transmit, and make its own measurements. Delay and Doppler measurements are used in order to enable instantaneous positioning with one satellite, and in order to achieve unambiguous positioning with two satellites. A simplified Globalstar satellite constellation and the expected Globalstar delay and frequency measurement accuracy are used to demonstrate the concept and to evaluate its performances     

Doppler Return from a Random Rough Surface

A theoretical analysis of the Doppler return from a random rough surface ace shows that the Doppler spectrum is composed of three distinct components. The methods of analysis for determining the average power return for the static case and an application of the ergodic hypothesis for a stationary surface show that the assumption of a single Doppler component is based on a smooth surface. In addition to this coherent component, the incoherent components of the random rough surface produce two additional frequency components. The amplitudes of these latter components depend on the variance of the surfaceand the antenna beamwidth averaging. Radar measurements were made, utilizing a scatterometer, in order to measure the surface characteristics. s. Simultaneous measurements from a Doppler radar system were analysed to identify the additional frequency components.     

Radial profile measurements of the solar wind speed using radio sounding techniques

Velocity measurements of the solar wind in the region of its acceleration were carried out in 1984 with Venera Orbiters using the following specific radio sounding techniques: (i) phase and frequency correlations from two or three widely-spaced ground stations; (ii) phase and frequency correlations from two spacecraft and two widely-spaced ground stations; (iii) two station two-way coherent Doppler measurements; (iv) determination of the break frequency in power spectra of intensity fluctuations. Our results are substantially lower than those derived from direct Doppler shift measurements of transition region and lower coronal resonance lines and those from measurements applying the Doppler dimming technique.     

Monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets

This paper provides for new approaches to the processing of unresolved measurements as two direction-of-arrival (DOA) measurements for tracking closely spaced targets rather than the conventional single DOA measurement of the centroid. The measurements of the two-closely spaced targets are merged when the target echoes are not resolved in angle, range, or radial velocity (i.e., Doppler processing). The conditional Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) is developed for the DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets using a standard monopulse radar. Then the modified CRLB is used to give insight into the boresight pointing for monopulse DOA estimation of two unresolved targets. Monopulse processing is considered for DOA estimation of two unresolved Rayleigh targets with known or estimated relative radar cross section (RCS). The performance of the DOA estimator is studied via Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the modified CRLB     

薄壁圆筒结构工作变形的连续扫描激光测振方法

提出了一种薄壁圆筒结构外表面工作变形(ODS)连续扫描激光多普勒振动测试方法。将旋转平台与电动机控制引入激光连续扫描,发展了一种与激光连续扫描路径相匹配的电动机控制算法,使连续扫描激光振动测试应用于薄壁圆筒结构;对试验件进行了薄壁圆筒结构外表面激光连续扫描测试,获取了500 Hz内的前5阶模态,结果表明:该测试方法与商用激光离散点扫描测试模态振型的相关性在0.96以上,验证了薄壁圆筒连续扫描激光多普勒振动测试的可行性与准确性。连续扫描激光测试的效率高、测点密集,对进一步工程应用具有指导意义和实用价值。     

Michelson Interferometer for Global High-Resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI): Instrument Design and Calibration

The Michelson Interferometer for Global High-resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument was built for launch and operation on the NASA Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission. The instrument was designed to measure thermospheric horizontal wind velocity profiles and thermospheric temperature in altitude regions between 90 km and 300 km, during day and night. For the wind measurements it uses two perpendicular fields of view pointed at the Earth’s limb, observing the Doppler shift of the atomic oxygen red and green lines at 630.0 nm and 557.7 nm wavelength. The wavelength shift is measured using field-widened, temperature compensated Doppler Asymmetric Spatial Heterodyne (DASH) spectrometers, employing low order échelle gratings operating at two different orders for the different atmospheric lines. The temperature measurement is accomplished by a multichannel photometric measurement of the spectral shape of the molecular oxygen A-band around 762 nm wavelength. For each field of view, the signals of the two oxygen lines and the A-band are detected on different regions of a single, cooled, frame transfer charge coupled device (CCD) detector. On-board calibration sources are used to periodically quantify thermal drifts, simultaneously with observing the atmosphere. The MIGHTI requirements, the resulting instrument design and the calibration are described.     

Gravitation and celestial mechanics investigations with Galileo

The gravitation and celestial mechanics investigations during the cruise phase and Orbiter phase of the Galileo mission depend on Doppler and ranging measurements generated by the Deep Space Network (DSN) at its three spacecraft tracking sites in California, Australia, and Spain. Other investigations which also rely on DSN data, and which like ours fall under the general discipline of spacecraft radio science, are described in a companion paper by Howard et al. (1992). We group our investigations into four broad categories as follows: (1) the determination of the gravity fields of Jupiter and its four major satellites during the orbital tour, (2) a search for gravitational radiation as evidenced by perturbations to the coherent Doppler link between the spacecraft and Earth, (3) the mathematical modeling, and by implication tests, of general relativistic effects on the Doppler and ranging data during both cruise and orbiter phases, and (4) an improvement in the ephemeris of Jupiter by means of spacecraft ranging during the Orbiter phase. The gravity fields are accessible because of their effects on the spacecraft motion, determined primarily from the Doppler data. For the Galilean satellites we will determine second degree and order gravity harmonics that will yield new information on the central condensation and likely composition of material within these giant satellites (Hubbard and Anderson, 1978). The search for gravitational radiation is being conducted in cruise for periods of 40 days centered around solar opposition. During these times the radio link is least affected by scintillations introduced by solar plasma. Our sensitivity to the amplitude of sinusoidal signals approaches 10^-15 in a band of gravitational frequencies between 10^-4 and 10^-3 Hz, by far the best sensitivity obtained in this band to date. In addition to the primary objectives of our investigations, we discuss two secondary objectives: the determination of a range fix on Venus during the flyby on 10 February, 1990, and the determination of the Earth's mass (GM) from the two Earth gravity assists, EGA1 in December 1990 and EGA2 in December 1992.     

Measurements of L-band inland-water surface-clutter Doppler spectra

Although radar surface-clutter reflectivities from terrain are generally much greater than those from water, strong Bragg resonances at low but non-zero Doppler frequencies in backscatter from small inland bodies of water might potentially cause false alarms for moving target indicator (MTI) or other Doppler signal-processing techniques designed for target detection in ground clutter. To provide data for investigating this concern, measurements of L-band radar backscatter were recorded from the surface of a small inland freshwater reservoir in central Massachusetts. These measurements were of unusually high system stability and spectral purity so as to provide up to 80 dB of available spectral dynamic range. Strong Bragg spikes occurred in the clutter Doppler spectra from the reservoir at low (3 to 4 Hz) but non-zero Doppler frequencies. This strong Bragg resonance was persistent in time and space throughout the measurements. Spectral results are presented for all four combinations of linear polarization. Comparison with tree clutter spectral results indicates that, when an occasional water body comes under surveillance at vertical polarization in otherwise generally forested terrain, water clutter spectral density is expected to exceed surrounding-terrain tree clutter spectral densities in the Bragg-offset Doppler vicinity by large amounts     

一种求解透平叶栅三维流场的高精度TVD格式

本文提出了一种应用三阶精度Chakravarthy-OsherTVD格式求解环形透平叶栅三维定常流场的隐式近似因子分解方法。控制方程为柱座标速度分量表示的任意曲线座标系下的三维欧拉方程。采用Beam-Warming近似分解, 对隐式项进行迎风差分, 得到了时间精度为一阶、空间精度为5点三阶的隐式格式。算例对5点三阶和5点二阶精度的格式进行了比较。表明空间三阶精度隐格式对计算结果没有明显改进, 但收敛残差有较大降低。      

Precise orbit determination of high-earth elliptical orbiters usingdifferenced Doppler and ranging measurements

Recent advances in NASA's Deep Space Network station calibration methods have led to renewed interest in the use of differenced radio metric data types for interplanetary navigation, particularly differenced Doppler and range. An orbit determination error analysis is described which compares the performance of these differenced data types when used in concert with conventional two-way Doppler for precise navigation for high-earth orbiters. Three highly elliptical orbits were investigated, with apogee heights on the order of 20000, 70000, and 156000 km. The analysis assumes that each orbiter's downlink antennas has no ground footprint limitation in the near apogee regime. Results indicate that the most significant navigational accuracy improvements are seen for the lowest altitude orbit by using differenced Doppler measurements in conjunction with two-way Doppler. The results for the two higher-altitude orbits, although less dramatic, suggest accuracy improvements can also be achieved when differenced range measurements are combined with two-way Doppler     

Attitude determination with GPS: experimental results

An approach to global positioning system (GPS) attitude determination and the results of an experimental evaluation are presented. The most outstanding features of the method are the fundamental observable used for attitude calculation, the triple difference, and the introduction of a new parameter, the differential dilution of precision (DDOP), which relates the GPS satellite geometry to the GPS accuracy when measuring angular magnitudes. The experiment used two commercial off-the-shelf GPS C/A code receivers delivering integrated Doppler measurements. The algorithm is robust with respect to phase cycle slips and does not require solving the usual integer ambiguity of the measurements. The preliminary results show that absolute attitude determination requires a calibration of the baseline and that the relative attitude accuracy is on the order of 0.1° or 2 mrads for the case of a 2-m-long baseline     

船用柴油机多孔喷嘴的喷雾不一致性及其对发动机性能影响的分析

由于柴油机多孔喷嘴加工偏差、针阀抬起过程产生的抖动以及喷嘴内部的空穴现象等原因,各孔燃油喷射存在不一致的情况。为了探究多孔喷嘴各孔燃油喷射差异对大缸径船用柴油机喷雾、燃烧及缸内热负荷的影响,本文以某高压共轨船用柴油机为研究对象,通过定容弹喷雾试验研究了高压共轨喷油器多孔喷嘴各孔喷雾发展的不一致性,并基于喷雾试验结果,通过CFD仿真研究了各孔喷雾不一致性对柴油机燃烧、性能及缸内热状态的影响。结果表明,在针阀抬起过程,各孔喷雾贯穿距存在明显差异,各孔喷雾贯穿距离散系数在3%~40%之间,且随着针阀抬起离散系数逐渐减小,在针阀完全抬起后,各孔喷雾贯穿距基本一致,各孔喷雾贯穿距离散系数在5%以下;各孔喷雾不一致会导致各雾束的早期燃烧存在明显差异,对缸压、油耗、放热率、缸内平均温度、NOx和Soot排放影响很小;各孔喷雾不一致会加剧活塞、缸盖、缸套的局部热负荷,同时会导致高温燃气向缸套的总体散热量增加9.1%,而活塞、缸盖总散热量不变。     

Angle/Doppler estimation in heavy-tailed clutter backgrounds

This work describes new methods on the modeling of the amplitude statistics of airborne radar clutter by means of alpha-stable distributions. We develop joint target angle and Doppler, maximum likelihood-based estimation techniques from radar measurements retrieved in the presence of impulsive uncorrelated noise modeled as an alpha-stable random process. We derive the Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) for the additive Cauchy interference scenario to assess the best case estimation accuracy which can be achieved. In addition, we introduce a new joint spatial- and Doppler-frequency high-resolution estimation technique based on the fractional lower order statistics of the measurements of a radar array. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods can be of interest in the study of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for airborne pulse Doppler radar arrays operating in impulsive interference environments     

二维非结构网格的一个TVD型有限体积方法

考虑双曲型守恒律方程,对二维非结构三角形网格给出一种 TVD型有限体积方法,主要思想是在一阶单调格式的基础上,在每一个单元上对变量作单调线性重构函数,时间离散采用二阶 Runge-Kutta方法。通过计算分析了该方法的精度,对平面激波反射和空穴流动的计算结果表明该方法是成功的。     

The Juno Gravity Science Instrument

The Juno mission’s primary science objectives include the investigation of Jupiter interior structure via the determination of its gravitational field. Juno will provide more accurate determination of Jupiter’s gravity harmonics that will provide new constraints on interior structure models. Juno will also measure the gravitational response from tides raised on Jupiter by Galilean satellites. This is accomplished by utilizing Gravity Science instrumentation to support measurements of the Doppler shift of the Juno radio signal by NASA’s Deep Space Network at two radio frequencies. The Doppler data measure the changes in the spacecraft velocity in the direction to Earth caused by the Jupiter gravity field. Doppler measurements at X-band (\(\sim 8\) GHz) are supported by the spacecraft telecommunications subsystem for command and telemetry and are used for spacecraft navigation as well as Gravity Science. The spacecraft also includes a Ka-band (\(\sim 32\) GHz) translator and amplifier specifically for the Gravity Science investigation contributed by the Italian Space Agency. The use of two radio frequencies allows for improved accuracy by removal of noise due to charged particles along the radio signal path.     

Instantaneous GPS attitude determination

A procedure for instantaneous GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) attitude determination, i.e., a solution for the GPS integrated carrier Doppler wavelength ambiguities using only measurements at a single epoch, is described. Most previous techniques to solve the phase ambiguity problem have required some form of time history processing relying on GPS satellite and/or user motion to provide enough geometry change to eliminate false solutions. The algorithm described assumes three noncollinear antennas and integrated carrier Doppler measurements from four or more satellites. Double-difference processing provides at least three independent observables for the two antenna separation vectors to compute the three attitude Euler angles     

电磁控制涡激振荡的实验研究

利用电介质溶液中圆柱体侧表面附近分布的电磁场产生电磁力可有效改变流体边界层及尾涡结构。本文以减振为目标,对电磁力控制涡激振荡进行了实验研究。实验在转动水槽中进行,通过吊杆将装有电磁激活板的圆柱插在槽内液体中。吊杆上的应变片用于测试圆柱的升力,注入适当的染料用来显示流场。结果表明：对称电磁力作用下,脱体涡被抑制,从而使升力的振荡受到有效抑制,进而抑制圆柱的振动,双排方向相反的涡变为单排正负交错的涡。当电磁力足够大时,圆柱的振荡被完全消除,流场达到定常。