A case for permanent lunar development and investment

This Viewpoint argues that the promise of the Apollo Moon landings was not fully realized and that we should now think seriously about developing a lunar base. This could be effective in a number of economic and environmental sectors and would provide a focus for conversion of the defence industry to more peaceful activities. However, the existing UN space treaties would need to be amended and a new authority created to govern activities on the Moon.     

Stepping stones to the future: Achieving a sustainable lunar outpost

The current emphasis in the US and internationally on lunar robotic missions is generally viewed as a precursor to possible future human missions to the Moon. As initially framed, the implementation of high level policies such as the US Vision for Space Exploration (VSE) might have been limited to either human lunar sortie missions, or to the testing at the Moon of concepts-of-operations and systems for eventual human missions to Mars [White House, Vision for Space Exploration, Washington, DC, 14 January, 2004. [1]]. However, recently announced (December 2006) US goals go much further: these plans now place at the center of future US—and perhaps international—human spaceflight activities a long-term commitment to an outpost on the Moon.Based on available documents, a human lunar outpost could be emplaced as early as the 2020–2025 timeframe, and would involve numerous novel systems, new technologies and unique operations requirements. As such, substantial investments in research and development (R&D) will be necessary prior to, during, and following the deployment of such an outpost. It seems possible that such an outpost will be an international endeavor, not just the undertaking of a single country—and the US has actively courted partners in the VSE. However, critical questions remain concerning an international lunar outpost. What might such an outpost accomplish? To what extent will “sustainability” be built into the outpost? And, most importantly, what will be the outpost's life cycle cost (LCC)?This paper will explore these issues with a view toward informing key policy and program decisions that must be made during the next several years. The paper will (1) describe a high-level analytical model of a modest lunar outpost, (2) examine (using this model) the parametric characteristics of the outpost in terms of the three critical questions indicated above, and (3) present rough estimates of the relationships of outpost goals and “sustainability” to LCC. The paper will also consider possible outpost requirements for near-term investments in enabling research in light of experiences in past advanced technology programs.     

美军反无人机技术装备发展解析

美军认为在可以预见的未来冲突及战争中,以无人机为典型代表的无人作战平台势将成为美军必须应对的主要挑战.在此背景下,美军以其作战使命的未来调整为核心着眼点,有效依托美国防工业界的技术研发力量,加快推动反无人机武器系统的研制、测试与升级,逐渐探索出了一条独具特色的反无人机技术装备发展之路.首先阐释了美军对无人机威胁的基本认识,其后对美军反无人机技术装备发展现状加以归纳梳理,最后分析总结了美军反无人机技术装备发展的主要特点.     

Taking a common-pool resources approach to space sustainability: A framework and potential policies

This paper examines Nobel Prize Winner Elinor Ostrom's principles for sustainable governance of common-pool resources (CPR), capturing the best practices of CPRs over the years, which avoid the “Tragedy of the Commons” without being either completely privatized or controlled by a Leviathan entity. Ostrom's principles highlight, inter alia, the need for clear boundary definitions, rules tailored to fit the domain, who has a say in formulation of collective-choice agreements and operational rules, monitoring of behavior, graduated penalties, and conflict resolution mechanisms. In the context of the space domain they highlight issues such as the definition of where space begins, gaps in the existing liability regime, the concept of collaborative space situational awareness, and how best to include emerging and developing space actors in negotiations and decision making. The paper concludes that Ostrom's principles highlight specific areas on which to focus initial space sustainability efforts and national and international policy. It also recommends further analysis into how best to translate her principles to the space domain, where they may not be wholly applicable because of the unique nature of space, and how to evolve space governance institutions and mechanisms to best suit the unique environment of outer space.     

A socio-economic evaluation of the lunar environment and resources: II. Energy for the selenosphere

This first of several study papers, based on a fundamental paper presented in 1972, provides an independent conceptual analysis and evaluation of the lunar environment as industrial base and habitat. A selenosphere system strategy is outlined. The underlying concept is that of one or several lunar industrial zones for resource extraction and on-surface processing, integrated with a circumlunar zero-g processing capability, serving markets in geolunar space. A classification of lunar elements by utilization category is presented. Lunar oxygen is a prime candidate for being an initial economic “drawing card”, because of its value for fast transportation in geolunar space, requiring significantly fewer ships for equal transfer capability per unit time than electric transports which, however, have value, especially between geosynchronous and lunar orbit. The reduced development difficulties of controlled fusion outside the atmosphere and its advantages for extracting oxygen and other elements in quantity are summarized. Examples of lunar cycle management as fundamental exoindustrial requirement for economic resource enhancement are presented. The principal initial socio-economic value of lunar industry lies in the use of lunar resources for exoindustrial products and operations designed to accelerate, intensify and diversify Earth-related benefits. In the longer run, lunar settlements are a highly suitable proving ground for studying and testing the complex matrix of technological, biological, cultural, social and psychological aspects that must be understood and manageable before large settlements beyond Earth can have a realistic basis for viability. The lunar environment is more suitable for experimentation and comparatively more “forgiving” in case of failures than is orbital space.     

星载SAR弹射式干扰功率影响因素分析

弹射式干扰功率是对星载SAR实施干扰的前提。从信号角度推导弹射式干扰的干扰方程,分析弹射式干扰功率的影响因素,详细讨论了干扰机等效辐射功率与SAR高度、干扰机高度和干扰信号入射角之间的关系。仿真验证了理论分析的正确性。     

A socio-economic evaluation of the lunar environment and resources—III: Selenospheric economics and cislunar/terrestrial market analysis

Geosocio-economically useful lunar development requires adoption of a development strategy designed to balance investments and returns as attractively as possible. This paper deals with a systematic approach to developing early and profitable returns through an appropriate investment strategy and through cislunar and terrestrial market research. In addition, long-term aspects are outlined, including the production of helium-3 for terrestrial fusion power plants and of water from fusion products and lunar oxygen.     

科学发展、安全发展、和谐发展是促进天津空管发展的强大动力

在全党深入开展的学习实践科学发展观活动（以下简称“学习实践活动”）,是党中央做出的重大决策,是全党政治生活中的一件大事,天津空管分局作为参加民航第二批学习实践科学发展观活动的单位,经过5个月即3个阶段6个环节的积极筹划、精心准备、认真组织、扎实落实。完成了规定要求．达到了预期目的,取得了较好效果。     

Policy making in China’s space program: A history and analysis of the Chang’e lunar orbiter project

China’s space program is one of the most advanced, rapidly improving and opaque in the world. Insight into the program’s policy-making process could help eliminate misunderstandings, make intentions more clear and promote stability in US–China relations. This case study of China’s first lunar orbiting probe traces the project from initial policy proposal through agenda-setting, policy approval and final policy implementation. It reveals a highly rational decision-making process that is ruled by incrementalism, consensus building, scientific judgment and the use of leading small groups to coordinate among ministries. This research was guided by several relevant theories, including the “fragmented authoritarian” framework of power, the theory of the “policy entrepreneur” and the recently developed “inside access model”. The paper is one of the first published accounts in the English language to detail, from policy proposal to policy implementation, China’s first mission to the Moon.     

Certain approaches to the development of on-board automated training system

Perspectives of long-term space programs make it necessary to develop autonomous computer expert system for crew-members physical state control. The purpose of the work--to develop a set of objective formalizable physiological indices of working capacity suitable for reliable algorithmization of physical state control. Investigations were performed in on-earth microgravity simulation (3- and 7-day dry immersion, 6 subjects; 4-month antiorthostatic hypokinesy, 10 subjects) with volunteers' participation as well with 34 members of MIR-station expeditions during flights. Model exercise investigations were made also with 20 young male volunteers to evaluate the validity of different physical state indices. A set of indices was found which, being simple enough for measuring, performs to get satisfactory adequate evaluations of current organism physical state in long-term real or simulated microgravity. It was proved that some ergometric indices along with heart rate derivatives could reflect real working ability even better than traditional characteristics of organism energy systems state.     

Space product development: bringing the benefits of space down to Earth

In fulfilling the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) responsibility to encourage the fullest commercial use of space the Space Product Development (SPD) Program, within the Microgravity Research Program Office (MRPO) located at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama, is managing an organization of Commercial Space Centers (CSC's) that have successfully employed methods for encouraging private industries to exploit the benefits of space-based research. Unique research opportunities of the space environment are being made available to private industry in an effort to develop new, competitive products; create jobs; and enhance the country's quality of life. Over 200 commercial research activities have been conducted in space by the CSC's and their industrial partners during the last several years. The success of this research is evidenced by the increasing amount of industrial participation in commercial microgravity research and the potential products nearing marketability.     

A systems and concurrent engineering framework for the integrated development of space products

This paper proposes a framework for the integrated development of space products. The framework is called ‘total view framework’ because it provides the total set of product, process and organisation elements and their interactions from the outset in the development process. It uses systems engineering (SE) and concurrent engineering (CE) in an integrated manner, as part of the same framework. The framework extends the application of the SE process to life cycle processes and their performing organisations and applies CE at all levels of the hierarchical product breakdown structure. The ‘total view framework’ is supported by a method, called ‘concurrent structured analysis method’, that consists of the three analysis processes: requirements, functional and physical. These processes mirror the bulk of the SE process and are applied concurrently to product, process and organisations. The outputs of the method are requirements, functional attributes, physical attributes and the interactions among them. These outputs are then analysed using a clustering algorithm and a complexity metric based on cohesion and coupling shows the clustering effects.     

提高管制员培养效率促进空管持续发展——高速增长形势下空管管制员培训探讨

进入21世纪以来,我国民用航空事业仍然保持快速发展的势头,航空运输周转量增长迅猛,航线网络密度增加,飞行流量与日俱增。以上海区管中心为例,据统计2010年飞行量已达138万余架次,日均3622架次,较去年同比增长66.6%,在上海世博会期间,区管中心更是创造了日保障3804架次的历史新高。空管正面临着航空运输急剧增长,空域运行环境急需改善、安全管理体系有待健全、管制员队伍结构低龄     

十年征程路 实现新跨越——兰州管制区管制方式发展历程

兰州管制区位于我国西北部地区,区域范围横跨甘肃、青海、宁夏三省区及内蒙古、新疆、西藏、四川和陕西部分地区,东西长约1400km,南北宽约1200km,总面积150余万平方公里,按照地理面积是我国第二大高空、中低空管制区。其高空管制区与北京、内蒙、西安、成都、拉萨、乌鲁木齐管制区相邻,中低空管制区与呼和浩特、西安、成都、阿克苏、乌鲁木     

你好,"风云"二号

我国长征三号运载火箭６月２５日成功发射了风云二号地球静止轨道气象卫星。你想对这颗高挂于地球赤道上空３５８００公里的气象卫星有更多了解吗？那就和我一起走近它。 风云二号气象卫星的本领可不小。卫星载有三通道（可见光、红外和水气光谱特性通道）扫描辐射计，可以每半小时获取一幅覆盖三分之一地球的全景云图，也可根据气象观测的需要，由地面控制卫星，对指定区域进行机动观测。其中，利用风云二号卫星可见光通道，可以得到白天云和地表反射的太阳辐射信息；利用红外通道，可以得到昼夜云和地表发射的红外辐射信息；利用水气通道…     

Return to the Moon: A sustainable strategy

On 14 January 2004 President George Bush announced his vision for space exploration, to include a human return to the Moon. He argued that, with a moderate increase in NASA's annual expenditure, such a return was possible. This paper is an exploration of how the President's space initiative can be realised on an international co-operative basis along similar lines to those already existing with the international space station (ISS). By abandoning the concept of a lunar landing as the major goal of a lunar programme, the initiative is made feasible. The three-stage plan here presented meshes with the currently evolving plans for the US space initiative to provide a realistic, affordable and sustainable strategy for manned lunar exploration. It represents a significant opportunity for the USA to unite and lead the world on this grand, civilisation defining adventure.     

美国“天军”情况简介

美国空军自１９４７年正式成立以来，经过５０多年的建设，已发展成一支能“全球到达、全球作战”的空中力量。随着空间技术的迅速发展，美国空军决定在未来战争中将更多地依靠空间力量，由“航空”向“空天”转变，建立起一支快速、机动、高效的“天军”。 美国空军部长和空军参谋长最近联合签发了《航空航天：保卫２１世纪的美国》白皮书。白皮书指出，美国空军将由现在的空战为主转变为既可空战，又可在太空作战的“航空航天一体化”的空军。这是美军第一次以纲领性文件的形式确定建立本国“天军”的计划。现在，美国建立“天军”的技术…     

对合成孔径雷达的移频干扰研究

从分析脉冲压缩信号时延和频移的耦合特性出发，推导了移频干扰对采用脉冲压缩信号体制的合成孔径雷达（SAR）的干扰输出形式，研究表明移频干扰的移频量与合成孔径雷达方位向处理的多普勒带宽无关，但只能形成点目标或线目标干扰。为此，提出了两种改进的移频干扰新样式——随机移频干扰和步进移频干扰。改进的移频干扰样式能够形成一个干扰区域，克服了固定移频干扰不能掩护分布目标的不足。理论分析和仿真表明，改进的移频干扰样式可掩护分布目标，由于可获得一维和二维信号处理增益，干扰效果优于噪声干扰。     

一种校正阵面天线单元馈电的方法

文章从一种阵面波束赋形天线单元馈电分析与实测结果比较出发,结合阵列天线工作和测试原理,给出了比较分析结果,并提出了阵面天线除了在生产过程需确保每个单元的馈电满足设计要求外,还需对天线阵面的每个辐射单元进行实际幅相检测,以消除和校正可能存在的误差。