应答机转发测距调制度的特性分析与测试方法研究

针对低电平条件下应答机下行转发测距调制度下降这一现象,本文首先对应答机的不同转发测距控制模式进行了理论分析,找到了调制度的主要制约因素。比较不同控制模式的特点和调制效率,得到最佳的控制模式。针对转发调制度会随着输入信噪比的不同而变化的特性,提出了新的转发调制度测试思路,通过仿真分析找到了合理的测量点。文中的计算及分析结果对于应答机转发测距调制度指标确定和测试具有一定的参考价值。     

调频调相应答机距离零值测量新方法

叙述了分频调制度变换器的工作原理和时延测量。提出了根据测量FM信号源大频偏调制与小频偏调制的时延差来挑选出恒时延FM信号源,采用恒时延FM调制器构成FM—PM应答机（或FM—PM测距地面站）距离零值测量方法和设备,这是FM—PM体制侧音测距系统的一种距离零值测量新方法;提出了采用分频调制度变换器和非恒时延FM信号源构成FM—PM应答机（或FM-PM测距地面站）距离零值测量方法及设备。     

TDRSS系统S波段双模式用户应答机

概述了国外TDRSS系统S波段双模式用户应答机的发展概况，介绍了它的设计特点、工作原理、关键技术及发展方向，可供开展TDRSS系统用户应答机研制工作参考。     

应答机缩小体积以满足小卫星需要

2001年7月,最先进的、用于未来先进小卫星的小型空-地链路系统(SGLS)应答机已完成其一年的在轨飞行。由美国海军研究实验室(NRL)开发并安装于美国空军 MightySatⅡ.1卫星的SGLS应答机是至今设计和投入使用的最小型、性能最完整且具有空间应用资格的应答机。 SGLS应答机重3.3磅,总体积为90立方英寸,比现有系统在重量和体积上减少70％。NRL小型SGLS应答机以及NRL设计的小型天线、双工器、电缆和耦合器代表下一代国防部小卫星将采用的射频技术。     

YDJ—1型应答机天线的开发

本文简述了ＹＤ－１３型应答机天线的设计方法及测试结果．     

TDRSS、USB系统兼容星载应答机的一种实现方案

基于我国航天器地基测控网的现状和未来中继卫星系统天基测控网的需要，提出了兼容TDRSS系统的USB系统的星载应答机设计方案和主要技术指标，为TDRSS系统用户应答机研制工作提供参考。     

一、二次雷达合装时方位编码器的校准

昆明机场目前仍然是军民合用机场，由于军方飞机一般未安装二次雷达应答机，而二次雷达不能发现无应答机的目标，故军方飞行训练与民航飞行很容易造成冲突。为了弥补这一缺陷，昆明西山雷达站于1999年将东芝二次雷达与雷神一次雷达进行合装，确保了对没有安装应答机或者应答机失灵的飞机的航行管制，同时可以借助一次雷达的窄波束     

敌我识别系统

敌我识别系统出现于第二次世界大战期间，那时飞机上只安装了应答机，飞行员依靠目视识别或借助通信系统从地面指挥所获知目标飞机的敌我属性。现代多由空中交通管制雷达信标系统兼任地对空识别，现代歼击机普遍装备了由询问机和应答机组成的机载敌我识别系统。     

白云机场应答机重码的分析及改进

<正>民航使用的二次雷达应答机编码(以下简称应答机编码)作为一种资源,在使用过程中不可避免地存在不够用的可能性,随着民航飞行流量的日益增长,应答机资源紧张的局面将日益严重。当大量航班请求使用有限数量的应答机编码时,重复分配的做法不可避免。两个不同的航班使用相同的应答机编码,也就像同名同姓的两个人一样,被误认也就难以避免了。笔者所在的广州终端管制中心在2013年春运期间发生多起应答机编码重复分配的不正常情况,对管制保障工作带来较大影响。笔者对此进行了深入研究和调查。     

USB测控通信载波功率的一种分配策略

针对USB(统一S频段)通信中副载波信号的功率分配问题,提出了一种载波功率分配策略,实现了副载波功率的最优分配,达到了提高功率效率的目的。结合某卫星副载波的特点,以应答机对副载波的检测门限为依据,对测控上行各副载波功率进行分配。计算结果表明,该载波功率分配策略在残留载波和遥控指令副载波的调制损耗上要优于传统常用调制度分配方法。该功率分配策略能够为卫星通信提供更佳的功率分配,使上行各种副载波信号能够达到卫星接收解调的最佳门限。     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Capacity, Part 2

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assigiment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder applications where the traffic at individual earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required earth terminal G/T. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, and the effects of syllabic companding and voice actuation of carriers are demonstrated. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Full carrier modulation is assumed. Curves are also furnished showing the required G/T and uplink per carrier EIRP as a function of the number of voice channels per transponder and the transponder gain. "CCIR/CCITT type" speech quality is assumed, together with a transponder El RP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

Optimum Transponder Design for Pseudonoise-Coded Ranging Systems, Weak Signals

Optimization of the bandwidth of a turnaround transponder is carried out for weak signals at the transponder receiver. Optimum transponder bandwidth is found to be around 0.77-1, where T is the period of one element of the ranging code. Linear transponders are compared with transponders having baseband limiting. Phase modulation is assumed. It is shown that, for weak signals, linear transponders are preferable for a partitioning of the transponder transmitted power giving (carrier power)/(total power) > 0.43, while baseband limiters are preferred for (carrier power)/(total power) < 0.43.     

Single Channel Per Carrier Satellite Repeater Channel Capacity

This paper analyzes the performance of a number of modulation and speech processing techniques that have been considered for single voice channel per carrier transmissions via satellite. This transmission mode is applicable to demand assignment systems, which make possible the most efficient loading of the satellite transponder in applications where the traffic at individual Earth terminals is not sufficient to justify a substantial number of dedicated channels. The analysis basically determines the operating point for the satellite transponder which minimizes the required Earth terminal G/T. The fraction of the total link noise allocated to uplink noise is treated as a parameter, so that the cost of improving G/T may be traded against the cost of providing increased Earth terminal transmitter power. Both analog and digital modulation techniques are considered, together with various practical combinations of syllabic companding, voice-actuated carriers, and error-correcting codes. The results are presented in general analytic form, applicable to any modulation technique for which carrier-to-noise density ratio, channel width, and guardband width may be specified. Curves showing required G/T as a function of the total number of voice channels per transponder are also presented for the above-mentioned signal processing techniques, assuming "CCIR/CITT type" speech quality and transponder EIRP and bandwidth typical of current domestic satellite configurations.     

Simplified Optimum Modulation Indices

The design of a narrowband, phase-modulated, multisubcarrier, phase-coherent, space-communication system requires that the subcarrier modulation indices be kept within close tolerance limits. This need arises since the modulation indices directly affect the division of power among the carrier and subcarriers. If the system is not designed in an optimum manner to handle large tolerance variation, the system performance may degrade sharply in an adverse environment. A universal graphical technique?modulation loss contours?is developed as a design tool for the ?optimum? selection of modulation indices. The technique is novel in that it yields solutions directly from the universal curves and does not require the drawing of additional curves. Two criteria of optimization are considered, simultaneous thresholding and minimal sensitivity. The minimally sensitive case is considered as weighted simultaneous thresholding and is solved by the aid of a graphical algorithm. The technique is applicable to k subcarriers (sinusoidal and/or square wave), considering three subcarriers at a time-two subcarriers as direct variables and the third as a parameter?all other subcarriers remaining constant. Previous techniques required trial and error methods, drawing of curves, or computerized search techniques to arrive at the proper modulation indices and maximum tolerance bands. This method allows a quick solution to the tolerance problem and optimum selection of modulation indices, facilitating the design and/or analysis of narrowband PM systems.     

Satellite mobile communication and radio positioning systemplanning aspects

System aspects of mobile communication and position determination by satellite are described. Topics of discussion are the choice of frequency, type of modulation/multiple access and system design, and considering the effects of active and passive intermodulation and multipath interference. Communication performance and position determination analyses are conducted with respect to small-scale domestic mobile communication systems, where the satellite mobile transponder constitutes only a fraction of the otherwise fixed services C-band or Ku-band payload, and where the orbit position of the spare satellite(s) is dictated by considerations other than purely radio positioning. The system tradeoffs and arguments presented lead to a particular modulation/multiple access system, which provides high channel capacity, good ranging accuracy, and high resistance to multipath fading     

Optimum Design of Single Channel per Carrier Satellite Systems

Optimization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth is utilized to minimize the Earth station G/T in satellite channel per carrier (SCPC) systems. The corresponding optimum transponder output backoff is obtained. Applications in system design are given. In a previous paper [1] the channel capacity of a satellite transponder handling single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission was derived. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio was maximized over the output backoff and the maximum bandwidth available was determined. Given the bandwidth per channel for each carrier, the channel capacity was obtained. The objective of the present investigation is to derive the minimum G/T of the Earth station in SCPC systems by optimum utilization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth. Applications in system design are discussed.     

A Domestic Satellite Design

This paper deals with the design parameters of a communications satellite which would be capable of providing domestic telephony, data, and television distribution services. Certain important aspects of the design are discussed, including satellite antenna beam coverage, transponder bandwidth, and transponder radiated power for a given weight range. A baseline satellite design is then presented which has 24 transponders (with 4000 watts radiated power on-axis and 34-MHz radio-frequency bandwidth) fully accessible from the 48 contiguous United States. The design uses crossed linear polarization to reuse the satellite transmit and receive frequency spectrum.     

COTS星载双模测控应答机基带设计与实现

提出了一种星载双模测控应答机基带设计方案,采用COTS（商用现货）器件实现,能较好解决星载功率受限和空间辐射效应引起的相关问题。测控应答机主处理器由反熔丝FPGA（现场可编程门阵列）实现,可在低功耗条件下保证最基本测控需求,解调上行DPSK（差分相移键控）信号,调制下行扩频信号;协处理器受主处理器控制,由SRAM（静态存储器）FPGA来实现,对上行扩频信号进行解扩解调。测控应答机可根据星载电源功率情况和不同测控任务切换模式,具有成本低、可靠性高、使用灵活等优势。     

The White Sands Range and Range-Rate System

This paper discusses the concept, design, and design verification of the White Sands Range and Range-Rate System. Development of the system has been completed only through the design phase. The system is designed to meet requirements for high-accuracy midcourse tracking under severe target dynamics at the White Sands Missile Range. It is a multistatic Doppler and range tracker which operates at X band and incorporates transmitter, transponder, receiver, and baseline subsystems. The transmitter includes specially designed digital circuitry to synthesize test signals for target simulation during checkout of the system. The transponder signal is processed by a receiver which has been established theoretically to be the optimum realizable processor of continuous tracking data. The receiver incorporates specially designed carrier acquisition circuitry and digital VCO, and directly provides digital Doppler and tone phase data to facilitate real-time processing. The system utilizes data from other tracking systems at the Range for spatial acquisition, for aiding carrier acquisition in the receiver, and for resolving range ambiguities.