Fluctuation Loss and Diversity Gain for In?Phase Systems with Post?Detection Integration

This paper presents a simple method for determining the losses resulting from detecting only the in-phase component of the complex signal vector returned from a Rayleigh-distributed target. A simple rule is given in terms of the fluctuation loss and integration gain of square-law-detected pulses. The integration improvement for the in-phase channel is given for both slow and fast fluctuating Rayleigh targets. The loss associated with failure to use the quadrature signal component is basic in that it accounts for only one Gaussian sample and, therefore, one degree of freedom. The loss incurred with one square-law-detected return as normally implemented in radar receivers represents two degrees of freedom. It is well known that the system performance improves, approaching that for the constant target, with increasing degrees of freedom of the received data. This paper is an extension of earlier work in that it relates previously computed data to a simple rule.     

频率选择性衰落信道DS-CDMA无人机中继通信系统航迹规划

无人机中继通信是实现远距离无线通信的一种重要技术手段，无人机的飞行航迹对无人机中继通信系统的链路传输可靠性存在显著的影响，在频率选择性衰落信道环境下研究了基于直序列码分多址（DS-CDMA）的无人机中继通信系统的航迹优化的问题。首先，给出了基于DS-CDMA的译码转发无人机中继通信系统的模型，并理论分析给出无人机中继通信系统的链路中断概率及平均误码率计算公式，以此为基础，基于链路中断概率最小化准则提出了中继无人机的航迹规划方法，最后通过仿真验证了所提出方法的正确性与有效性。研究表明：最大比值合并DS-CDMA无人机中继通信系统可充分获取频率选择性衰落信道提供的分集增益，显著改善链路传输的可靠性。     

Sidelobe blanking with integration and target fluctuation

In radar systems, sidelobe blanking (SLB) is used to mitigate impulsive interference that enters the radar through sidelobes of the main antenna. SLB employs an auxiliary antenna channel with the output being compared with that of the main antenna channel and a decision is then made as to whether or not to blank the main channel output. SLB performance determination involves the evaluation of several probability functions. Based on the classical Maisel SLB architecture, this work extends previous performance results, in which detection was limited to the case of a single radar pulse with either Marcum or Swerling I target fluctuation. Probability expressions have been generalized to include both an arbitrary number of integrated pulses and target fluctuation models based on the gamma distribution. The Swerling fluctuation models are all special cases of the gamma distribution. Results are derived in terms of two generalized probability functions, one for detection and the other for blanking. With these generalized probability functions, the SLB design and performance results can be determined. Examples are presented and discussed.     

Simple Procedures for Radar Detection Calculations

The literature of radar contains results of Rice, Marcum, Swerling, and Schwartz in several families of curves, which permit radar engineersto estimate the signal energy ratio required for a given level of detectionperformance. The variety of radar problems, however, makes itimpractical to construct curves for all combinations of radar and targetparameters. The concept of detector loss is used here to evaluate lossesattributable to integration and collapsing, with an accuracy of ±0.3 dBon steady targets. This is added to a separate fluctuation loss, modifiedfor diversity effects, to obtain results on all Swerling target modelsand also on partially correlated targets. The accuracy of the combinedlosses is ±0.5 dB for a wide range of detection and false-alarm probabilities.Starting from the basic single-sample detection curves, onlythree additional graphs are needed to find the energy ratio for givendetection performance in any of these cases. Examples are given whichshow the ease with which different radar options may be compared asto performance on an arbitrary type of target.     

暂冲式风洞大开角扩散段性能的实验研究

布置有多层孔板（丝网）的大开角扩散段通过参数的优化设计,可有效缩短暂冲式风洞启动时间,均匀进入稳定段的气流速度,并降低阀后噪声和气流脉动。针对某大型暂冲式风洞大开角扩散段设计关键技术开展专题研究,设计并进行了不同扩散段扩开角角度和中心体分流锥型式的组合实验,从压力损失、出口截面速度分布和降噪特性三个方面进行了对比分析。试验结果表明：试验件45°扩开角＋65°平底锥的压力损失相对最小,而增加导流尾锥的中心分流锥由于底部难以形成稳态的分离涡使得其压力损失明显偏大,其它试验件组合的压力损失值则相接近;各试验件出口截面的速压分布均呈现以中轴线对称分布的双驼峰趋势,且孔板的开孔率偏高时出口剖面速度分布相对更平滑;试验马赫数下的大开角段对气流噪声的消声量约为12～14dB,对频率在2kHz以上的气流噪声具有相对较强的消声能力,同时气流经过设置有多层孔板的大开角扩散段后,气流波动幅值明显降低,气流脉动得到有效地抑制。     

基于3DT的空时自适应单脉冲参数估计算法

空时自适应处理(STAP)是机载预警雷达抑制杂波和干扰的一项关键技术,而多普勒三通道联合自适应处理(3DT)是适合工程实现的降维(RD)STAP方法。STAP目标检测后还需进一步估计目标的角度参数,因此将自适应单脉冲(AM)技术引入3DT,提出了一种高精度联合估计目标速度与方位空间角的空时自适应单脉冲算法。理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,当目标多普勒频率偏离检测多普勒单元中心频率时,该算法能同时减少目标多普勒跨越损失和空时导引矢量失配损失,进而提高输出信杂噪比(SCNR),改善目标测角精度。     

Detection of Slow Fluctuating Targets with Frequency Diversity Channels

In this paper an exact closed-form expression for the radar detection probability is derived and results are plotted for a frequency diversity radar receiver. The receiver model performs post-detection integration on all received pulses in all diversity channels. The target model assumed is the slow fluctuating Rayleigh-distributed (Swerling case I target) scatterer. Each of the M frequency diverse channels receives N amplitude-correlated returns to give a total of NM post square-law detection integrations. The tabulated data falls between the two extreme cases, that for which all the returns are amplitude-correlated and that for which each return is independent. The plotted results fall close to the figures obtained through simple empirical relationships.     

实现复杂控制计划的控制通道增益匹配方法

通过航空发动机控制系统的非线性数字仿真，发现对于同一控制变量制定的复杂控制计划不能由多个控制器实现，这个问题可以通过控制通道的增益匹配得到解决。给出了频域和时域的两种控制通道增益匹配的方法。仿真表明，经过控制通道的增益匹配能够实现所制定的复杂控制计划，同时可以大幅度地简化控制系统的控制逻辑，使得所设计的控制系统更具工程实用性。     

基于水滴型带状前缘的涡轮端区损失控制数值研究

探索了基于水滴型带状前缘的涡轮端区损失控制方法,研究了水滴型带状前缘对于涡轮二次流损失的控制机理.以典型的高负荷低压涡轮叶片T106叶栅为对象,对比分析了不同的端区叶片带状前缘造型设计参数对涡轮端区损失的控制效果.结果表明:带状前缘的向前延伸长度、吸力面延伸位置和压力面延伸位置对于带状前缘的总压损失系数有较大影响,最佳设计方案可以使T106叶栅总压损失系数减小约5.1%.水滴型带状前缘与余弦带状前缘相比,端区损失的减小量并没有明显差异,但是水滴型曲线与原始叶型的光滑融合不会引起叶型表面压力的局部波动.      

A Method for Selection of an Optimum Communication Link

A method is presented for the selection of a communication system based upon optimization of both frequency-dependent and frequency independent parameters. The indicator of quality used is the effective radiated power per cycle per second of information bandwidth. The method involves consideration of the frequency-dependent qualities such as system temperature and propagation losses independently from the frequency-independent quantities such as modulation loss, signal-to-noise ratio, performance margin, etc. Except for temperature and propagation loss effects, the method is made frequency-independent by considering the spacecraft antenna in terms of area while the ground terminal antenna is treated in terms of gain, thus removing wavelength from the transmission equation. An example is presented of the application of the method to the selection of a system for transmission of wide-band video signals over a satellite to earth link. The example illustrates the exchanges that can be made between the frequency-dependent and -independent quantities in order to arrive at an optimum system.     

Effect of a Few Dominant Specular Reflectors Target Model Upon Target Detection

Some data indicate that aircraft targets viewed from certain aspects are well modeled as consisting of a few specular reflectors. The effect of a simplified form of this target model upon radar detection performance for two different waveforms has been analyzed. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required for detection as a function of waveform bandwidth for a conventional-single-channel waveform and for a four-channel frequency diversity waveform is evaluated. It is shown that for either waveform there is an optimum bandwidth to minimize the SNR required for detection. In addition, the single-channel minimum is less than the four-channel minimum. The best performance occurs for the single-channel waveform when the waveform bandwidth just resolves the individual reflectors. For typical targets, this bandwidth is of the order of 35 to 75 MHz. It is also shown that only a 0.8-dB loss relative to this minimum is incurred when using a four-channel narrow bandwidth waveform.     

Properties of Staggered PRF Radar Spectral Components

Expressions for moving target indicator (MTI) improvement factor limitation due to pulse repetition frequency (PRF) staggering and loss of target detectability for various values of Doppler frequency in the passband are presented. It is also shown that the product of variance of stagger periods and clutter variance is an important parameter determining the performance of a staggered PRF MTI radar.     

Frequency stability in adaptive retrodirective arrays

The frequency stability of communications or remote sensing systems using phase conjugation as a means of retrodirective signaling is developed under the influence of constant rectilinear motion. The results indicate that for dynamic mobile platforms such as aircraft, helicopters, and ground vehicles the retrodirective properties of phase conjugating arrays are not guaranteed due to a possible instability of the frequency. It is shown that the frequency transmitted by each platform has a dependence on the open loop gains of the transceivers on each platform in the link. Fast and accurate reconstruction of the phase of the signal requires a high open loop gain, however, too high a gain will cause instability and eventual loss of lock. Design tradeoffs are discussed.     

Postfiltering in Digital Beamformers

Assuming a sinusoidal signal superimposed on a narrow-band Gaussian noise as the input to a receiving array, the output power and signal-to-noise ratio of a digital beamformer with postfiltering were formulated so that subsequent calculations could be made without an analysis in the frequency domain. The formulation utilized the quantizer functions previously given by the author and certain spectral power distribution factors originally attributed to Davenport but more rigorously derived and discussed in the present work. A numerical study based on this formulation for a DIMUS array in a correlated noise field reveals that except for certain rare circumstances, postfiltering generally improves the output SNR or array gain. It is demonstrated that the amount of postfiltering gain not only varies with array input SNR but also depends strongly upon the spacing-to-wavelength ratio, and its meaningful interpretation can only be made in conjunction with both the clipping and noise correlation losses. In particular, balancing postfiltering gain against the two losses suggests that receiving arrays with element spacings smaller than one-half of the operating wavelength may be used to the advantage of system design under certain conditions.     

无线光通信系统中极化码编译码技术

大气无线光通信系统中的湍流运动会降低系统误码性能。为此,将Polar编译码技术引入无线光通信系统中,研究了极化码编码方法及其加入循环冗余校验的列表连续消除(Cyclic Redundancy Check-Successive Cancella-tion List,CRC-SCL)译码原理,并分别在高斯和湍流信道条件下进行了误码性能的蒙特卡洛仿真。结果分析表明,Polar编码对大气湍流信道的无线光通信系统可靠性有明显改善,在误码率为10-3时,相较于未编码系统,基于CRC-SCL译码的Polar编码技术可获得约6.3 dB的编码增益。同时,码长越长,码率越低,编码系统误码性能越佳。     

脉冲射流控制弯曲扩压管道流动分离的特点

结合弯曲扩压通道的脉冲射流总体控制规律,开展了不同射流频率下通道内流场的稳定及动态特性分析.研究结果表明:定常射流控制状态下,流场内沿径向不同位置流动特性的变化幅度基本相同,定常射流通过压制通道内复杂流动现象达到整体线性地改变通道内流场特性的效果;而在合理脉冲射流控制状态下,脉冲射流对流场的影响主要是通过改变分离涡的脉动时空特性,沿径向逐步增强对流场的影响,从而使得主流区内总压损失降低幅度最为明显,此时扩压通道内占主导地位分离涡的周期性特征有了明显的改善,流场拟序结构更为有序.      

增益幅度不同时信号二维方向角和多普勒频率的盲估计

 在各阵元增益幅度不一致的条件下,提出了一种起伏目标的二维方向角和多普勒频率盲估计的新方法。此方法在各阵元增益幅度不一致的条件下,仍可获得很好的估计性能,并能应用于各个信号的频率相同的场合。且具有对噪声不敏感,不需进行谱峰搜索,适用范围广等特点。仿真结果表明了此算法的有效性。     

多载波调制结合Turbo编码技术的性能分析

多载波调制是一种有效克服衰落信道频率选择性的技术,从而显著减少码间干扰(ISI)。Turbo码以其接近香农极限的工作性能受到人们的注目,它能在极低信噪比条件下提供可靠通信。把多载波调制与Turbo 编码结合起来能够对整个系统提供显著的性能增益。本文试图对采用这两种技术的通信系统给出性能上的评估。     

一种矢量调制移相器的反馈补偿设计方法

针对矢量调制移相器存在的移相误差和增益波动问题,提出一种矢量调制移相器的反馈补偿设计方法.在分析了矢量调制的移相原理及影响移相精度和增益稳定性的误差因素的基础上,根据反馈补偿原理对误差因素进行补偿校正.首先通过自动化的测试和处理流程,得到移相器的相位和增益误差特性表,然后将该误差特性表反馈至移相器监控单元,最后监控单元利用插值算法和归一化原理实现对误差量的补偿校正.对采用该方法设计的移相器进行实际测试,结果表明：其移相精度小于1°,增益随相位变化波动小于0.4 dB,对比补偿校正之前,移相精度和增益稳定性得到了大幅提高和改善,从而验证了该方法的有效性.     

一种新型涡轮叶栅非轴对称端壁造型的数值研究

为探讨非轴对称端壁造型降低涡轮叶栅二次流损失的有效性,构建基于高压涡轮直列叶栅的非轴对称端壁气动优化设计方法,并用NUMECA／FineTurbo模块对优化后的结果和原涡轮叶栅分别进行流场计算。结果表明：非轴对称端壁造型使叶栅通道的总压损失系数面降低了2．84％;改变了通道内的叶片载荷分布,形成了叶型的载荷后置;改善了流场内的流动结构,使气流的流动变得更加通畅;延迟了通道涡的过早形成,减小了通道涡的强度和尺度。因此,非轴对称端壁造型可以有效地降低涡轮叶栅通道内的二次流损失。