MGNC系统实时快速组合导航新算法

微小型导航制导控制系统MGNC(Micro Guidance Navigation and Control)传感器多,且数据处理能力有限,为实时提供导航结果,传统上采用降维滤波提高实时性,但这样会造成精度损失.为保证不减少滤波状态量,不损失精度,针对捷联和滤波特点提出一种新的实时解算方法:在捷联解算中以直接递推求解方向余弦矩阵代替以四元数为中间变量进行的间接求解;在滤波计算中用序贯方法处理量测修正值,避免复杂的矩阵求逆;采用稀疏矩阵三元组法,应用于协方差阵计算,减少乘法次数.仿真和实验证明改进算法对计算精度没有损失,且滤波计算时间比原算法减少了34.50%,显著提高了MGNC系统的实时性、鲁棒性和实用性.     

一种组合导航系统快速滤波方法及半物理仿真

在利用卡尔曼滤波器对数据进行处理时,协方差矩阵的预报运算过程需要的计算量最大,每一步迭代的计算量与n3(n为状态矢量维数)成正比,约占整个卡尔曼滤波过程70%的CPU时间.协方差阵预报计算过程中,数据输入输出所需要的传递工作量也最大.由于微小型飞行器导航系统采用小体积、低功耗、低成本的微处理器作为导航计算机,为了保证导航实时性的要求,提出了一种降维滤波器加矩阵外积法的快速滤波方法来减少MIMU(Micro Inertial Measurement Unit)/GPS(Global Positioning System)/MMC(Micro Magnetic Compass)组合导航滤波算法的计算量,以提高算法的实时性.半物理仿真试验结果表明:此种算法不仅可以提供较为满意的导航精度,而且大大减小了计算量,提高了系统的实时性.      

卫星定位和精度因子的改进方法

在卫星导航定位系统中,在精度因子计算和采用最小二乘法进行定位求解时,传统上采用测量矩阵直接求逆方法来进行.为了克服矩阵求逆带来的计算量大和数值稳定性差的不足,利用测量矩阵的对称正定性,提出了一种基于矩阵 UTDU 分解的定位解算和精度因子计算方法.改进方法具有严格的数学理论基础,保证了方法的正确性和有效性.数值分析结果表明,相对直接求逆的传统方法而言,在定位解算时,该方法能降低约 60%的运算量,而在精度因子计算中,约能降低36%的运算量.且改进方法能大大降低求解矩阵的条件数,提高了求解的数值稳定性.      

MEMS陀螺阵列的RCC-OBE估计融合方法

为提高微机电系统（MEMS）陀螺的精度,提出一种基于松弛Chebyshev中心（RCC）的最优定界椭球（OBE）算法,并用于陀螺阵列信号的融合。以单个陀螺误差输出模型为基础,建立了阵列系统的机动融合模型;由于噪声统计特性的不确定会导致传统融合方法精度下降,引入仅要求噪声未知但有界的集员估计理论,运用OBE算法实现角速率信号的稳健估计;在OBE算法中,往往采用椭球几何中心作为真实值的点估计,但该中心并没有理论上的最优特性,而可行集的Chebyshev中心具有很多优良特性,同时,考虑到准确的Chebyshev中心求解十分困难,转而求解可行集的RCC,作为速率信号的点估计,设计了以RCC作为输出的OBE更新过程和新的参数优化准则。采用6个陀螺构成的阵列进行了验证试验,结果表明基于该算法的阵列估计融合方法在获得角速率保证边界的基础上,可以进一步提高MEMS陀螺精度。      

基于多模型简化CDKF的故障诊断方法

针对使用传统卡尔曼滤波器对非线性系统进行故障诊断,估计精度低的问题,提出了一种新的故障诊断方法.该方法结合多模型自适应估计和简化中央差分卡尔曼滤波器的优点,能在线快速地检测出故障,利用中央差分代替了雅可比矩阵的求解,使系统状态估计准确收敛到真实值附近,而且避免了反复求解量测预测方差等一系列繁杂过程.在执行机构不同故障的情况下,通过与其他算法进行诊断对比,结果表明提出的算法在精度上和运行速度上具有明显的优势.     

高精度SINS/CCD/GPS组合导航系统研究与仿真

选取捷联惯导系统误差作为系统状态,利用捷联惯导系统(SINS)与电荷耦合器件(CCD)星敏感器各自的姿态矩阵输出构造量测,设计SINS/CCD组合导航算法;利用SINS与全球定位系统(GPS)各自的速度、位置输出构造量测,设计SINS/GPS组合导航算法。然后,利用联邦型卡尔曼滤波技术,将各子滤波器输出的系统状态局部最优估计值送入主滤波器,通过全局最优融合算法计算得到系统状态的全局最优估计值。仿真结果表明,基于SINS/CCD/GPS的组合导航系统具有很高的导航精度,达到了3.5m的定位精度和9″的航向精度,非常适用于飞行器的高精度导航定位。     

网络瞄准中的异步传感器空间配准算法

针对现有异步空间配准算法在目标机动时无法准确估计传感器系统误差的问题,研究了一种基于内插外推时间配准的异步传感器空间配准算法.该算法首先采用内插外推时间配准算法实现两传感器的数据同步,随后根据时间配准结果构建伪量测方程.不同于其他文献根据目标状态向量和时间差求解加权系数,从而构造与目标运动状态无关的伪量测方程的方法,该算法的伪量测方程构建过程与目标状态向量无关,且可以证明由时间配准结果构造的伪量测也与目标状态无关.因此该算法可有效解决目标机动条件下的异步传感器空间配准问题.仿真实验验证了该算法在目标作蛇形机动的条件下仍然可准确地对传感器的系统误差进行估计.     

基于分布式并行遗传算法的电力系统无功优化

针对传统遗传算法寻优质量差、计算时间长的问题,提出了基于计算机集群的一种新的分布式并行遗传算法解决电力系统无功优化问题.采用遗传模拟退火算法和分布式并行计算MPI(Message Passing Interface)技术,实现多进程的分布式集群计算.该算法通过个体迁移策略来协调优化各个子种群,使用计算效率来判断计算负载状态,采用动态种群来进行负载平衡.通过运用标准测试算例IEEE14节点和一个实际电力系统的无功优化计算,结果表明这种算法具有很高的稳定性,有较好的并行效率,适合求解大规模电力系统的无功优化问题.      

航天器近距离相对运动的轨迹偏差分析

利用相对可达区(RRD)的概念对航天器在脉冲闭环控制方式下相对运动的轨迹偏差进行了分析。相对可达区是对航天器可能出现位置集合的一种几何描述。当航天器的状态误差服从高斯分布时,相对可达区可表示为随时间变化的误差椭球的集合。考虑航天器飞行过程中存在的不确定性因素,基于闭环控制系统下线性化的相对运动动力学模型,采用协方差分析描述函数法(CADET)对定义航天器误差椭球的协方差矩阵进行了分析,给出了根据协方差矩阵求解相对可达区包络的计算方法。通过将开环和闭环控制系统下的相对可达区包络与1 000次的Monte Carlo仿真结果进行比较,证明了偏差分析方法的适用性与有效性。     

A variational Bayesian-based robust adaptive filtering for precise point positioning using undifferenced and uncombined observations

In the application of precise point positioning (PPP), especially in the dynamic mode, the classical Kalman filter (KF) usually produces a large number of estimation errors or diverges when there are gross errors in the observation data or unexpected turbulences occur in target motion state or both of them. For such problem, a variational Bayesian (VB)-based robust adaptive Kalman filtering (VB-RAKF) is proposed in this paper. This filter introduces a classification robust equivalent weight function to resist observation gross error and the inverse Wishart prior to model inaccurate process noise covariance matrix (PNCM). To improve the instantaneous accuracy of state estimation, the VB approach is used to obtain better estimations of inaccurate PNCM. Several sets of observation data collected by IGS reference stations and vehicles are employed to check the robustness and positioning accuracy of the VB-RAKF model. The results show that the VB-RAKF algorithm is more robust than the KF, and can effectively resist the gross error in observation data and control state disturbance. In the IGS reference station tests, when compared to the KF, the static positioning accuracies of the VB-RAKF in the north, east and up directions are improved by 13%, 8% and 22%, respectively, and the simulated dynamic positioning accuracies of the VB-RAKF in the north, east and up directions are improved by 19%, 9% and 21%, respectively. The in-vehicle dynamic test verifies that the VB-RAKF outperforms the KF, and shows that the VB-RAKF has better performance than the KF when dealing with observation data which has obvious gross errors, and similar performance as the KF when gross errors are small.     

Model predictive control for close-proximity maneuvering of spacecraft with adaptive convexification of collision avoidance constraints

This study investigated model predictive control (MPC) for close-proximity maneuvering of spacecraft. It is essential for a designed MPC to effectively handle collision avoidance between the servicer spacecraft and the client spacecraft, especially while the client is rotating. The rotating motion of the client leads to dynamic changes in the collision avoidance constraints, which increases the difficulty of optimizing the control input in the MPC framework. Therefore, this study presents a method to improve the performance and computational efficiency of MPC for rendezvous and docking with a nonrotating or rotating client. An ellipsoid is adopted to model the client’s keep-out zone (KOZ). Given the spherical KOZ of the servicer, an expanded ellipsoid is introduced to describe the KOZ for the center of mass of the servicer and modeled as a nonlinear constraint. The linearization method for reference points located at the expanded ellipsoid is adopted to convexify the nonlinear constraints. The reference points are adaptively determined according to the positions of the servicer, client, and expanded ellipsoidal KOZ. The resulting hyperplanes are then used to describe the collision avoidance constraints. By utilizing the aforementioned strategies, combined with the calculated reference points, an adaptive convex programming algorithm suitable for real-time implementation of MPC is derived. The performance of the proposed method is demonstrated through numerical simulations.     

An optimization approach for observation association with systemic uncertainty applied to electro-optical systems

The observation to observation measurement association problem for dynamical systems can be addressed by determining if the uncertain admissible regions produced from each observation have one or more points of intersection in state space. An observation association method is developed which uses an optimization based approach to identify local Mahalanobis distance minima in state space between two uncertain admissible regions. A binary hypothesis test with a selected false alarm rate is used to assess the probability that an intersection exists at the point(s) of minimum distance. The systemic uncertainties, such as measurement uncertainties, timing errors, and other parameter errors, define a distribution about a state estimate located at the local Mahalanobis distance minima. If local minima do not exist, then the observations are not associated. The proposed method utilizes an optimization approach defined on a reduced dimension state space to reduce the computational load of the algorithm. The efficacy and efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated on observation data collected from the Georgia Tech Space Object Research Telescope.     

运用信息融合式高阶UKF的微小卫星姿态确定算法

为提高微小卫星微型低成本姿态敏感器的姿态确定精度，基于磁强计/太阳敏感器/陀螺仪的姿态敏感器配置以及无迹卡尔曼滤波方法（Unscented Kalman Filter，UKF），设计了一种基于高阶UKF算法并且融合磁强计与太阳敏感器观测信息的微小卫星姿态确定算法.为提高系统状态方程非线性函数的一步预测精度，采用基于五阶UT变换的高阶UKF算法，增加了Sigma采样点数量，提高了系统状态预测精度.单一观测向量滤波算法不能同时满足多个不同量纲观测数据，本文提出一种同时利用两个观测向量的信息融合式滤波算法，根据磁强计和太阳敏感器的观测信息，通过卡尔曼滤波原理中的增益计算，分别得出地磁矢量和太阳矢量对应的卡尔曼增益信息.采用高斯概率密度准则进行信息融合，进而完成预测值的修正，得到同时满足磁强计以及太阳敏感器观测需求的四元数估计值，降低了观测误差的影响.仿真分析验证了算法的优越性.      

基于可观测度分析和模型预测的空间自标定方法

光纤陀螺以其优点适合空间飞行器定姿要求,但长期在轨飞行必须对光纤陀螺进行自标定。通常采用高维复杂陀螺模型计算实时性误差,而采用舍去状态量的降维模型影响系统定姿精度。针对这一问题,通过星敏感器观测,对高维陀螺模型进行可观测度分析,提出了一种基于模型预测的降维模型,将可观测度较低的状态作为模型误差进行预测估计,保证了系统精度并大大减小了计算量。半物理仿真结果表明此算法精度略高于高维模型自标定方法,计算量仅为高维模型的1/10,显著提高了系统的实时性。     

基于双层协方差矩阵重构的稳健波束形成算法

针对协方差矩阵含目标信号分量及目标导向矢量失配情况下，传统自适应波束形成器性能急剧下降的问题，提出了干扰加噪声协方差矩阵双层重构的稳健波束形成算法。首先，利用稀疏重构的方法预估干扰加噪声协方差矩阵，通过估计干扰导向矢量及干扰功率对干扰加噪声协方差矩阵进行优化校正；然后，基于子空间理论建立导向矢量约束误差优化模型，利用迭代方法对凸优化模型进行求解，得到最优权值向量。仿真结果表明:所提算法显著提高了波束形成器在目标导向矢量约束误差及阵列误差情况下的稳健性，低快拍条件下表现较好，输出性能优于仿真对比算法。      

Pre-correction X-ray pulsar navigation algorithm based on asynchronous overlapping observation method

In order to shorten the data update period and further improve the accuracy, a pre-correction X-ray pulsar navigation algorithm based on asynchronous overlapping observation method is proposed. The asynchronous overlapping observation method partially overlaps the two adjacent observation periods, so that the data update period depends on the minimum pulsar observation period rather than the maximum like the other algorithms. The number of sampling points is also reduced to 2, which will effectively reduce the calculation burden. The proposed pre-correction extended Kalman filter uses observation data of adjacent sampling points to achieve a two-fold correction and makes up for the problem of insufficient observations on some sampling points caused by the observation method. Finally, simulations show that the proposed algorithm reduces the position and velocity errors by 21.55% and 19.13% compared to the EKF based on asynchronous observation method when using three detectors to observe the corresponding pulsars simultaneously. At the same time, the running time of one data update calculation is only 6.6% more than that of the EKF algorithm based on synchronous observation method.