A Decision?Directed Adaptive Tracker

In the design of a tracking filter for air traffic control (ATC) applications, a maneuvering aircraft can be modelled by a linear system with random noise accelerations. A Kalman filter tracker, designed on the basis of a variance chosen according to the distribution of the potential maneuver accelerations, will maintain track during maneuvers and provide some improvement in position accuracy. However, during those portions of the flight path where the aircraft is not maneuvering, the tracking accuracy will not be as good as if no acceleration noise had been allowed in the tracking filter. In this paper, statistical decision theory is used to derive an optimal test for detecting the aircraft maneuver; a more practical suboptimal test is then deduced from the optimal test. As long as no maneuver is declared, a simpler filter, based on a constant-velocity model, is used to track the aircraft. When a maneuver is detected, the tracker is reinitialized using stored data, up-dated to the present time, and then normal tracking is resumed as new data arrives. In essence, the tracker performs on the basis of a piecewise linear model in which the breakpoints are defined on-line using the maneuver detector. Simulation results show that there is a significant improvement in tracking capability using the decision-directed adaptive tracker.     

高超声速滑翔目标自适应跟踪方法

针对机动模式复杂多变的高超声速滑翔目标跟踪问题,提出了一种机动频率自适应跟踪方法。采用介于常速度和常加速度模型之间的Singer模型来表征目标气动力加速度的变化,从而建立跟踪系统的状态方程。根据地基雷达量测量获得系统的量测方程,鉴于距离和角度信息的量级相差较大将其由球形量测量转换为位置量测量。为了适应高超声速滑翔目标灵活多样的机动模式,基于正交性原理和无迹卡尔曼滤波算法实现了Singer模型中机动频率参数的自适应。利用滤波信息计算得到能够反映状态模型误差大小的调整因子,用于放大Singer模型中的机动频率,进而调整状态方程的过程噪声以降低模型误差。通过对2种典型机动轨迹的跟踪仿真,并与交互式多模型等方法进行比较,结果表明所提方法的跟踪精度高、计算量小,能够较好地适应阶跃机动和连续幅值变化的机动。     

Optimal Aircraft Go?Around and Flare Maneuvers

This paper analyzes in detail two of the critical aircraft maneuvers associated with approach and landing: the go-around maneuver and the flare maneuver. Optimal solutions that include state and control variable constraints are obtained for both problems. Two algorithms are given for computation of the minimum and maximum altitude loss associated with the pilot-controlled go-around maneuver. A matrix operator is obtained that can be used for in-flight computation of the altitude loss on a small general-purpose digital computer. The flare optimization presented is for a cost functional that includes both the longitudinal touchdown dispersion and the normal acceleration. A closed-loop mechanization is given that approximates the optimal trajectory. A second matrix operator which can be used for prediction of the longitudinal touchdown point is obtained. Uncertainties are also obtained for the purpose of establishing a prediction confidence level. It is proposed that these prediction techniques should be incorporated into a decision making performance monitor. This monitor could provide the pilot with a continuous assessment of the approach and could generate a preflare decision on whether or not to commit the aircraft to the flare maneuver.     

基于IMMKF算法的ADS-B监视应用目标跟踪

目标跟踪是机载广播式自动相关监视（ADS-B）应用的基础功能,对提升航空器周边的弱机动民航飞机目标跟踪性能具有重要意义。提出一种基于交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波（IMMKF）算法的ADS-B 监视应用目标跟踪方法。首先,针对弱机动背景下的民航飞机的飞行特点,建立包含匀速模型和标准协同转弯模型的运动模型集,并对模型进行线性化近似;然后,将模型预测和ADS-B 状态矢量量测数据作为IMMKF 算法中多个并行卡尔曼滤波器的输入,进行并行滤波;最后,计算得到目标状态矢量的估计和模型近似概率,并作为下一次迭代的输入。结果表明：相比于基于匀速模型的卡尔曼滤波目标跟踪方法,IMMKF 方法的位置跟踪误差降低了59%,速度跟踪误差降低了77%,显著提升了状态估计性能,具备较高的跟踪精度、稳健性与计算效率,在ADS-B 监视应用中具有实际应用价值与借鉴意义。     

机动目标的模型与跟踪算法

 <正> 在机动目标的“当前”统计模型中,目标的加速度被描述为修正的瑞利—马尔科夫过程,对应的自适应跟踪算法呈现出较好的跟踪特性。文献[2]研究了该模型及其自适应算法在实际的机载雷达跟踪系统的应用;文献[3]进一步推广了基于“当前”模型的MPDAF算法。本文提出一个新的机动目标模型,即假定目标加速度为一高斯—马尔     

Implementation of tactical maneuvers with maneuver libraries

This study creates and combines the general maneuver libraries for fixed-wing aircraft to implement tactical maneuvers. First, the generalized maneuver libraries are established by analyzing the characteristics of tactical maneuvers required in battlefields. The 7th order polynomial is applied to both the creation of the maneuver libraries and the generation of the trajectories or flight paths for modal inputs. To track the desired trajectory, we design the Attitude Command Attitude Hold (ACAH) system and the Rate Command Rate Hold (RCRH) system using Model Following Controller (MFC). Moreover, the Line-of-Sight (LOS) guidance law is designed. In particular, the CONDUIT® is employed to optimize the gains so that the control systems meet the aircraft Handling Qualities (HQ) criteria. Finally, flight simulations are performed for the longitudinal loop, immelmann-turn, and climb-slalom-descent maneuvers to verify that tactical aggressive maneuvers are realizable via the combination of maneuver libraries. This study can contribute to the development of flight techniques for aircraft tactical maneuvers and to the revision of air force operational manuals.     

Modeling and Estimation for Tracking Maneuvering Targets

A new approach to the three-dimensional airborne maneuvering target tracking problem is presented. The method, which combines the correlated acceleration target model of Singer [3] with the adaptive semi-Markov maneuver model of Gholson and Moose [8], leads to a practical real-time tracking algorithm that can be easily implemented on a modern fire-control computer. Preliminary testing with actual radar measurements indicates both improved tracking accuracy and increased filter stability in response to rapid target accelerations in elevation, bearing, and range.     

基于飞行器图像的目标跟踪方法研究

提出了一种利用飞行器图像进行目标跟踪的方法，建立了飞行器图像跟踪系统。该系统利用一种云台控制算法搜索飞行器的图像，通过对飞行器图像的边缘检测、图像中心点提取等处理，实现了飞行器图像定位。理论计算和实际应用表明，该系统可以对低马赫数和高马赫数飞行器进行图像跟踪。     

过失速机动飞机的鲁棒非线性控制律设计

 采用非线性动态逆和结构奇异值综合方法设计了过失速飞行条件下飞控系统控制律,解决了飞控设计中面临的非线性和鲁棒性问题。应用非线性动态逆的目的就是对过失速机动飞行条件下高度非线性的飞机动力学进行线化;从而围绕线性的快逆回路应用结构奇异值综合方法设计相应的鲁棒控制器,以提供对驾驶员指令的鲁棒跟踪。所设计的飞控系统将达到期望的飞行品质,确保系统对过失速机动飞行过程中因非定常气动力效应引起的系统参数摄动鲁棒性良好。高逼真度、非线性的仿真验证了这一点。     

电动飞机气动焦点辨识及飞行试验研究

电动飞机作为未来绿色航空的发展方向,引起了各国的广泛关注。电动飞机大多采用大展弦比气动布局,在飞行中机翼弹性变形较大,风洞试验测试的焦点结果不能较好地反映实际飞行要求。为了确定轻型电动飞机的重心范围以及得到飞行中准确的焦点位置,以某型碳纤维复合材料电动飞机为例,建立定常直线平飞和定常盘旋机动飞行的数学模型;基于盘旋机动飞行试验获得测试数据,采用物理解算法辨识得到实际飞行的焦点,并与风洞试验测得的焦点位置进行对比。结果表明：盘旋机动飞行试验辨识的飞机焦点位置要比风洞试验的结果靠前;对于展弦比较大且采用大量复合材料的电动飞机而言,在飞行过程中实际焦点位置与风洞试验结果有一定的差距,采用物理解算法辨识得到的焦点位置更接近于实际状态。     

A sequential detection approach to target tracking

Sequential hypothesis testing is investigated for multiframe detection and tracking of low-observable maneuvering point-source targets in a digital image sequence. The proposed multiple multistage hypothesis test tracking (MMHTT) algorithm extends tracks formed from sequentially detected target trajectory segments using a multiple hypothesis tracking strategy. The MMHTT algorithm does not require a probabilistic larger maneuver model. Computational efficiency is achieved by using a truncated sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) to prune a dense tree of candidate target trajectories and score the detected trajectory segments. An analytical performance evaluation is presented and confirmed by experimental results from an optical satellite tracking application     

高性能战斗机机动动作优化控制研究

应用轨迹优化方法研究了高性能战斗机机动动作的最优控制问题。采用质点运动方程，以多层神经网络完成气动系数拟合，编写了基于最大值原理的优化程序，给出了优化结果，并据此对过失速机动的使用和控制进行了初步分析，结果表明，对特定的始末端状态，过失速机动能力能够缩短机动时间，但是进入过失速的深度与收音机推重比有关。     

飞机推出和跑道掉头滑行行为计算方法

针对飞机推出和跑道掉头两种地面滑行特殊行为的位置和姿态计算问题进行了研究。从机场塔台管制运行模拟仿真的角度出发,提出了非完整运动学约束下飞机推出滑行和跑道掉头运动计算方法。依据飞机推出实际和非完整运动路径跟踪模型,设计出适合仿真推演计算的飞机推出运动求解方法。根据飞机跑道掉头的几何约束和转弯角运动约束,设计出开环控制下完整刻画飞机运动的求解方法。与动力学求解模型相比,该方法具有计算简便,适合于视景仿真驱动的优点,并通过数学仿真验证了方法的有效性。     

直升机稳定转弯飞行中的运动学问题研究

阐明了转弯飞行是直升机的基本机动科目,现有的运动学问题研究仅从性能的角度出发,分析转弯过程中的过载、转弯半径等,忽略了转弯过程中的迎角、侧滑角、姿态和角速度等运动参数的变化,因而不能合理地预测转弯过程中旋翼的真实能力、直升机的机动性能及飞行轨迹。文中着重介绍了一种直升机稳定转弯时的运动学分析方法,该方法建立了不同稳定转弯条件下,速度、迎角、侧滑角与过载系数、姿态、角速度之间的关系,定量分析了不同稳定转弯条件对直升机角速度和姿态的影响。     

刚弹耦合飞行器的机动载荷减缓

针对飞行器刚体/弹性模态耦合作用下的机动载荷减缓问题,运用亚音速非定常空气动力学理论以及分析力学原理,建立了柔性飞机机动载荷分析及控制的气动弹性模型,分析了飞机作纵向机动飞行时结构弹性对机动飞行参数的影响。数值分析结果表明,结构弹性模态对飞机机动过程的影响不容忽视。为了有效减缓机动载荷,运用最优控制理论,采用多组控制面联合偏转的作动方案,设计机动载荷减缓最优控制律,实现了对飞机纵向机动载荷的控制。研究结果表明,提出的机动载荷减缓控制方案是有效的。     

A three-state Kalman tracker using position and rate measurements

A three-state Kalman tracker is described for tracking a moving target, such as an aircraft, making use of the position and rate measurements obtained by a track-white-scan radar sensor which employs pulsed Doppler processing, such as the moving target detector providing unambiguous Doppler data. The steady-state filter parameters have been analytically obtained under the assumption of white noise maneuver capability. The numerical computations of these parameters are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the recursive Kalman filter matrix equations. The solution for the case when only the range measurements are available is obtained as a special case of this model. Graphs of normalized covariances and gains are presented to illustrate how the solution depends on different parameters     

Estimating Optimal Tracking Filter Performance for Manned Maneuvering Targets

The majority of tactical weapons systems require that manned maneuverable vehicles, such as aircraft, ships, and submarines, be tracked accurately. An optimal Kalman filter has been derived for this purpose using a target model that is simple to implement and that represents closely the motions of maneuvering targets. Using this filter, parametric tracking accuracy data have been generated as a function of target maneuver characteristics, sensor observation noise, and data rate and that permits rapid a priori estimates of tracking performance to be made when maneuvering targets are to be tracked by sensors providing any combination of range, bearing, and elevation measurements.     

基于深度确定性策略梯度算法的战机规避中距空空导弹研究

飞机规避中距空空导弹的逃逸机动策略对于提高战斗机的生存力至关重要。针对深度确定性策略梯度算法训练智能体学习飞机规避导弹的逃逸机动策略进行研究。以飞机导弹相对态势参数等作为智能体的输入状态,飞机控制指令作为智能体的输出动作,导弹飞机追逃模型作为智能体的学习环境,设计由相对态势和飞行参数构成的成型奖励以及由交战结果组成的稀疏奖励,实现从状态参数到控制量端到端的逃逸机动策略。通过与四种基于专家先验知识的典型逃逸机动攻击区仿真验证对比,结果表明：智能体实现的逃逸策略攻击区仅次于置尾下降攻击区,该策略对飞机规避导弹先验知识的依存度最低。     

基于马尔可夫链的飞机刹车片检查时间确定

为结合飞机实际运行工况,科学合理地制定刹车片检查时间,提出了一种基于马尔可夫链理论的预测模型。以某一机群刹车片检查时间确定为例,分别论述了刹车片磨损状态的划分,以及转移概率矩阵的构造与估计,并对该机群刹车片磨损状态进行了预测,其预测结果与实际检查情况较吻合。根据刹车片磨损状况的预测结果,制定了该机群在实际运行工况下的刹车片检查时间。实际运行情况表明,所制定的刹车片查检时间可行、有效。     

飞机机动指令生成器设计及蛇形机动仿真

分析了飞行仿真中飞机三自由度质点仿真模型机动指令生成器设计原理，并以蛇形机动飞行为例．建立了蛇形机动指令生成器数学模型。最后通过蛇形机动飞行仿真算例，验证了指令生成模型的合理性。结果表明，机动指令生成器能够完成仿真任务，从而将在飞机飞行仿真中得到广泛应用。