高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR的MCCS成像算法

在分析经典条带成像算法在处理高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar)回波信号方面局限性的基础上,提出适用于高分辨率多通道天线星载合成孔径雷达的多通道Chirp Scaling成像算法(MCCS, Multi-channel Chirp Scaling Algorithm).该算法利用补偿滤波器组来实现从高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR回波数据到传统条带SAR回波数据的等效转换,利用Chirp Scaling原理实现精确聚焦,进而从根本上摆脱了分布相位中心(DPC,Displaced Phase Center)等效条件对高分辨率多通道天线星载SAR的约束.最后通过计算机仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性.      

低仰角射线对电离层CT成像的影响分析

电离层层析成像(Computerized Tomography, CT)是一个有限视角问题, 水平射线的缺失造成CT结果垂直分辨率的严重下降. 很多人直观地认为低仰角射线可以弥补水平射线的缺失, 然而本文的理论分析和数值模拟研究结果表明, 低仰角射线对CT结果的影响十分微小, 其无法弥补水平射线缺失所带来的垂直分辨率的下降. 模拟结果显示, 增加低仰角射线前后CT反演结果几乎没有变化; 而去掉680条低仰角射线和高仰角射线后, CT反演结果差别巨大; 去掉680条低仰角射线的CT结果与模型吻合很好; 去掉680条高仰角射线的CT反演结果失真严重, 几乎无法恢复模型的扰动特征.      

雷达技术在小天体任务中的应用研究

在小天体任务中,雷达技术可用于浅表层探测和全球内部结构探测。总结了国内外雷达技术在天体探测任务中的应用现状,分析了单站和双站雷达系统的不同应用场景,对比了单站雷达中的轨道器雷达、表面巡视器雷达的不同特点。在此基础上,研究了小天体的可能结构、可能物质,介绍了单站、双站雷达的基本工作原理,提出了针对不同结构小天体可采用的雷达探测体制。针对尺寸较大的分层结构小天体,可采用单站雷达探测天体的浅表层,获取表层和浅表层的介电常数以及表层的深度;对于尺寸较小的碎石堆结构小天体,可采用双站雷达观测天体透射波,获取天体的介电常数和全球内部结构。最后通过仿真实验,验证了双站雷达对于探测碎石堆状小行星全球内部结构的有效性。     

采样式航天光学遥感成像系统混叠噪声

为了准确计算采样式航天光学遥感成像系统中混叠噪声的权重和分析系统设计参数的影响,采用经验景物模型,模拟成像系统主要噪声源的统计特性,提出了一种含混叠的成像系统噪声计算模型。采用该模型,以某卫星高分辨率相机成像系统为例,计算混叠噪声功率占总噪声功率的百分比,并对不同λF/p参数和不同景物参数的情况进行了仿真。结果表明：该卫星高分辨率相机成像系统中,混叠噪声占较大比重;当提高λF/p时,可有效降低混叠噪声。     

电离层虚高的高精度测量与分析

为了提高电离层虚高测量精度,介绍了利用电离层回波相位实现高精度虚高测量的方法,并以CADI(Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde)电离层数字测高仪为研究平台,进行组合脉冲控制和回波相位测量分析,开展了一系列虚高测量实验,并与传统的利用回波时间延迟的虚高测量方法进行了分析比较.实验结果表明,基于回波相位的测量分析方法与回波时延测量分析方法相比,其虚高测量精度高一个量级以上,这对精确反演电离层峰下电子浓度剖面及研究电离层精细结构具有重要意义.      

Ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR

Two models of ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) are proposed. For HF-SAR the signal with sweeping frequency lower than the characteristic frequency of ionosphere will be scatted during the ionosphere propagation and completely reflected at a corresponding height. The ionospheric electron density isolines looked as series of random surfaces can be reconstructed from the HF-SAR echoes by using the inverse scattering technique for layered rough surfaces and the method of moment (MoM). The numerical simulation show that due to the MoM can provide a full wave solution, the ionosphere tomography with high resolution can be obtained as long as enough sampling data of HF-SAR echoes are used. For VHF/UHF/P/L-band SAR the TEC (Total Electron Content) can be obtained from the SAR echoes scattered by some strong point targets (such as the calibrators, etc.) appeared in the SAR imaged ground region, and the ionosphere tomography can be performed by CT technique.     

机载聚束式合成孔径雷达的成象处理设计

针对机载聚束式合成孔径雷达工作模式可在小目标范围内实现高分辨力成象的特点，提出了一种以解线性调频技术为核心的，适于聚束式ＳＡＲ成象的灵活高效的信号处理方法和流程。     

Proposal for ionospheric tomography technique using a new HF radio source

Measurements of the line integral of the electron density along satellite-to-ground ray paths (i.e. TEC) using differential phase or Doppler of two coherent VHF/UHF signals transmitted from NNSS or GPS satellite networks have been used in the ionospheric tomography for mapping large-scale ionospheric images over region of interest. In this paper, we present theoretical studies of using a new signal source HF frequency in tomographic imaging. The initial phase problem inherent in the phase measurement can be eliminated by measuring Faraday rotations. Relative rotation on two adjacent HF frequencies is used to solve the ambiguity problem. A second-order approximation of the Faraday rotation incorporated with ray-tracing technique improves the reconstruction degradation due to ionospheric refractions. CASSIOPE is a multi-purpose small satellite that receives HF signals from ground radar facilities and it is scheduled for launch in early 2008. Simulations have demonstrated the potential applications of the ionospheric tomography in CASSIOPE/e-POP satellite experiment.     

编码孔径中红外光谱成像系统的光谱重构算法

针对一款基于双DMD的光谱维编码中波红外光谱成像系统的应用需求,在经典的Hadamard变换完备编码理论基础上,提出了一种具有最大信噪比增益的编码矩阵。结合基于双DMD的光谱维编码中波红外光谱成像系统的光路结构和工作原理,探讨了光谱维DMD所加载的编码模板的设计方法。建立了区块化光谱重构算法的数学模型,并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,原理样机在具有良好的光谱成像能力的基础上,能够实现较高实时性的凝视成像,其在低光谱分辨率模式下光谱数据立方体帧频能够达到22.35帧/s,验证了区块化光谱重构算法的有效性。     

GNSS radio tomography of the ionosphere: The problem with essentially incomplete data

We discuss the specific features of the spatiotemporal radio tomography of ionospheric electron density based on the data from high orbiting global navigational satellite system (GNSS). The main peculiarities are four-dimensionality of the problem and essential incompleteness of input data. The approach suggested for the solution of this problem is based on the search for the solution with minimal Sobolev’s norm (the most smooth solution), which provides, in particular, smooth extension of the solution to the area where no input data is available. Methods and algorithms for the solution of the problem are developed, and the resolution of the proposed technique is estimated. Examples of global and regional radio tomographic imaging based on GNSS data are presented. The obtained results are compared with the data of ionosondes and with the results of radio tomography based on the radio transmissions from low-orbiting satellites.     

Global pictures of the ozone field,from high altitudes,from DE-I

Using the imaging instrumentation aboard the Dynamics Explorer spacecraft (DE-I), total column ozone densities are obtained in the sunlit hemisphere by measuring the intensities of backscattered solar ultraviolet radiation with multiple filters and multiple photometers. The high apogee altitude (23,000 km) of the eccentric polar orbit allows high resolution global-scale images of the terrestrial ozone field to be obtained within 12 minutes. Previous ozone-monitoring spacecraft have required much longer time periods for comparable spatial coverage because of their lower altitudes (<1200 km). The much higher altitude of DE-I also provides hours of continuous imaging of features compared to minutes or seconds with previous spacecraft. Near perigee, high resolution images can be gained with pixel size as small as 3 km to view mesoscale atmospheric variations. Utilizing these data, the effects of planetary-scale, synoptic-scale, and mesoscale dynamical processes, which control the distribution of ozone near the tropopause, can be studied. Preliminary results show short-term (less than one day) variations in the synoptic ozone field and these variations appear to be in accord with meteorological data. Spatial variations in the ozone field are found to be highly negatively correlated with tropopause altitude.     

机载SAR动目标成象研究

在分析机载合成孔径雷达运动目标成象特点的基础上，探讨了一种动目标成象的前置滤波方法，指出其存在的问题，提出了在前置滤波后进行参数估计的后处理形成，该方法基于时间－频率联合分析法，能得到运动目标的精细成象结果，计算机模拟验证了方法的有效性。     

压缩感知在电容层析成像中的应用

压缩感知(CS)理论是在充分利用信号稀疏性或可压缩性的情况下,对信号进行少量采样即可实现信号的精确重建。本文尝试将CS理论应用于电容层析成像(ECT)图像重建中,首先,使用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)基将原始图像灰度信号进行稀疏化处理;其次,将ECT灵敏度矩阵的各行按随机顺序进行排列,得到ECT系统随机观测矩阵;最后,选取当前普遍使用的基于内点法、梯度投影(GPSR)算法以及贪婪算法的CS图像重建算法进行ECT图像重建,并与线性反投影及Landweber迭代算法进行了对比。仿真实验结果表明:基于CS图像理论的ECT图像重建算法,其重建精度有所提高。本文同时分析了3种CS图像重建算法的优缺点及适用范围。     

Orbit Design for Twin-spacecraft Space VLBI

Space Very Long Baseline Interferometry (S-VLBI) is an aperture synthesis technique utilizing an array of radio telescopes including ground telescopes and space orbiting telescopes. It can achieve much higher spatial resolution than that from the ground-only VLBI. In this paper, a new concept of twin spacecraft S-VLBI has been proposed, which utilizes the space-space baselines formed by two satellites to obtain larger and uniform uv coverage without atmospheric influence and hence achieve high quality images with higher angular resolution. The orbit selections of the two satellites are investigated. The imaging performance and actual launch conditions are all taken into account in orbit designing of the twin spacecraft S-VLBI. Three schemes of orbit design using traditional elliptical orbits and circular orbits are presented. These design results can be used for different scientific goals. Furthermore, these designing ideas can provide useful references for the future Chinese millimeter-wave S-VLBI mission.      

空间遥感器中心筒式主支撑结构设计与仿真

针对某高分辨型光学成像载荷,从光学系统指标和结构稳定性要求出发,设计了一种具有加强结构的中心筒式主支撑结构。在空间遥感器的结构形式和光学系统指标要求的基础上,确定了给出了中心筒式主支撑结构的构型方案和材料。根据临界应力理论,计算并分析了结构的失稳强度。通过尺寸优化,保证了结构的基频和位置精度最优的同时相机得以大幅度减重。分析了中心筒式主支撑结构的静力学和动力学特性。有限元分析结果表明,结构满足光学系统公差,且具有足够的动刚度以对振动载荷抵抗性良好。     

基于原始对偶内点法的EST图像重建

静电层析成像（EST）被动感应电荷的机理决定了其独立测量值数等于电极数目,远小于电容层析成像（ECT）等相对成熟的电学成像（ET）技术的测量值数,导致逆问题的欠定性更加严重。为此,对基于压缩感知理论的EST图像重建算法进行了研究。利用奇异值分解（SVD）处理灵敏度矩阵使其满足有限等距性质（RIP）,采用l₁范数正则化模型和原始对偶内点法（PDIPA）实现图像重建,并在迭代过程中针对荷电磨粒稀疏分布的特点,对图像向量中非零元素个数施加约束。仿真实验表明:该算法相对于基于"Circle of Appolonius"的反投影（BP）算法和Landweber迭代算法,明显改进了成像质量,对不同位置的单个电荷可准确重建;2个电荷距离不小于1 mm时可正确分辨电荷数目与位置;对10组随机分布的3个电荷模型进行测试,荷电磨粒数目监测的准确率约为80%。      

Development of a GNSS water vapour tomography system using algebraic reconstruction techniques

A GNSS water vapour tomography system developed to reconstruct spatially resolved humidity fields in the troposphere is described. The tomography system was designed to process the slant path delays of about 270 German GNSS stations in near real-time with a temporal resolution of 30 min, a horizontal resolution of 40 km and a vertical resolution of 500 m or better. After a short introduction to the GPS slant delay processing the framework of the GNSS tomography is described in detail. Different implementations of the iterative algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) used to invert the linear inverse problem are discussed. It was found that the multiplicative techniques (MART) provide the best results with least processing time, i.e., a tomographic reconstruction of about 26,000 slant delays on a 8280 cell grid can be obtained in less than 10 min. Different iterative reconstruction techniques are compared with respect to their convergence behaviour and some numerical parameters. The inversion can be considerably stabilized by using additional non-GNSS observations and implementing various constraints. Different strategies for initialising the tomography and utilizing extra information are discussed. At last an example of a reconstructed field of the wet refractivity is presented and compared to the corresponding distribution of the integrated water vapour, an analysis of a numerical weather model (COSMO-DE) and some radiosonde profiles.     

轻型空间相机桁架结构设计与模态分析

为设计适合轻型高分辨空间相机的桁架结构,研究了模态分析的方法和桁架设计中需要考虑的问题.通过对不同的次镜支撑结构进行模态分析和对比,提出了适用于轻型相机的三翼中心三角次镜支撑结构,并完成了整体桁架结构的设计.有限元分析结果表明,所设计的桁架结构具有固有频率高、质量轻等优点,能够满足轻型空间相机的要求,并可以作为其他大口径空间相机桁架结构的设计参考.      

Solar maximum mission experiment: Early results of the hard X-ray imaging experiment

We have selected four widely different flares from the early period of operations of the Hard X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer (HXIS) on SMM to illustrate the characteristic imaging properties of this experiment. For the small flare of April 4, 1980, we demonstrate the instrument's capability for locating a compact source. In the weak, but extensive, flare of April 6 we show how well the instrument can display spatial structure, and also the low level of the instrument background. In the 1B flare of April 7 we are able to locate positions of the X-ray emission in the soft and hard channels, and estimate the positional variations of the emission patches. Finally, in the IN flare of April 10, which produced the strongest hard X-ray burst we have seen so far, we repeat some of the studies made for the April 7 event, and also demonstrate the capability of the HXIS instrument to study the development, with high time resolution, of individual 8″ × 8″ elements of the flare.     

SAR图像超分辨与点扩展函数扰动校正算法

推出基于贝叶斯概率公式的SAR(合成孔径雷达)图像超分辨的最大估计(EM)算法,实现SAR图像雷达截面积的重建.本算法成功地将图像场景的先验知识纳入到图像的重建过程之内,有效提高了图像的分辨力,并采用点扩展函数参数化模型,通过估计该模型的参数,抑制点扩展函数扰动的影响.二者结合,有效地实现了SAR图像的超分辨.本算法的关键是构造合理的点扩展函数模型,能够同时拟合SAR图像数据和成像系统参数的相关信息.