Development of a thin section device for space exploration: Rock cutting mechanism

We have developed a rock cutting mechanism for in situ planetary exploration based on abrasive diamond impregnated wire. Performance characteristics of the rock cutter, including cutting rate on several rock types, cutting surface lifetime, and cut rock surface finish are presented. The rock cutter was developed as part of a broader effort to develop an in situ automated rock thin section (IS-ARTS) instrument. The objective of IS-ARTS was to develop an instrument capable of producing petrographic rock thin sections on a planetary science spacecraft. The rock cutting mechanism may also be useful to other planetary science missions with in situ instruments in which sub-sampling and rock surface preparation are necessary.     

Development of thermal sensors and drilling systems for lunar and planetary regoliths

We consider some novel concepts for thermal properties experiments aboard lunar landers or rovers, that may lead to an improved understanding of both the structure of the lunar near surface layers and the lunar thermal history. The new instruments could be developed using the experience and heritage from recently developed systems, like the Rosetta Lander thermal conductivity experiment MUPUS and existing designs used for terrestrial measurements of thermal conductivity. We describe shortly the working principle of such sensors and the main challenges faced when using them in the airless regolith layers of the Moon or other airless bodies. In addition new concepts to create appropriate drill holes for thermal and other measurements in the lunar regolith are discussed.     

BBO单晶生长过程中气相包裹体形成的实时观察研究

BBO单晶生长过程中包裹体的出现是影响晶体质量及制约晶体尺寸的一个重要因素.利用高温休伦微分干涉显微技术,实时观察了BBO助溶剂法生长过程中出现的气相包裹体的形成过程.结果表明,包裹体产生于完美晶体内部,并趋向于分布在界面附近,单晶生长过程中台阶的发展将有助于制约气相包裹体的形成和分布.     

Development of a thin section device for space exploration: Overview and system performance estimates

In this paper we present a conceptual design of a spaceborne instrument for the in situ production of rock thin sections on planetary surfaces. The in situ Automated Rock Thin Section Instrument (IS-ARTS) conceptual design demonstrates that the in situ production of thin sections on a planetary body is a plausible new instrument capability for future planetary exploration. Thin section analysis would reduce much ambiguity in the geological history of a sampled site that is present with instruments currently flown. The technical challenge of producing a thin section device compatible with the spacecraft environment is formidable and has been thought too technically difficult to be practical. Terrestrial thin section preparation requires a skilled petrographist, several preparation instruments that individually exceed typical spacecraft mass and power limits, and consumable materials that are not easily compatible with spaceflight. In two companion papers we present research and development work used to constrain the capabilities of IS-ARTS in the technical space compatible with the spacecraft environment. For the design configuration shown we conclude that a device can be constructed that is capable of 50 sample preparations over a 2 year lifespan with mass, power, and volume constraints compatible with current landed Mars mission configurations. The technical requirements of IS-ARTS (mass, power and number of samples produced) depend strongly on the sample mechanical properties, sample processing rate, the sample size and number of samples to be produced.     

基于小波神经网络的航空刀具磨损状态识别

针对航空零件的加工特点,采集刀具在不同磨损状态下的声发射(AE,Acoustic Emission)信号,对AE信号进行时频分析和小波变换,运用快速傅里叶变换(FFT, Fast Fourier Transform)以及db8小波5层分解,提取AE信号幅值的均方根和主能量频段的能量作为特征向量,对特征向量进行归一化处理后作为输入向量对小波神经网络进行训练.小波神经网络运用参数调整算法,在权值和阈值的修正中加入动量项.测试结果表明:AE信号对刀具磨损敏感的频率范围在10~150kHz,网络实际输出与期望结果的误差小于0.03,该方法能够对刀具不同磨损状态进行正确的识别.      

祝融号火星车科学探测模式设计与验证

受通信能力低、能源不足等限制,祝融号火星车有效载荷科学探测需提高探测效率,以有限资源获取尽可能多的有效探测数据。祝融号火星车的巡视探测科学任务着眼于火星局部地区,包括火星车行驶时载荷探测和火星车停止时定点就位载荷探测两个主要工况。统筹考虑祝融号火星车移动能力、通信能力、能源能力、热控能力等约束,合理划分工程活动和科学探测活动可用的资源,协调使用火星车的桅杆和移动系统,优化组合各载荷工作模式,设计了高效载荷探测模式。该探测模式与基于工作模式表的自主探测控制方式相结合,解决了资源受限情况下的多载荷协同探测难题。祝融号火星车有效载荷系统圆满完成了预期探测任务,设计的科学探测模式全部得到在轨验证。结果表明这些模式设计合理有效,满足安全、自主、高效开展科学探测的需求。     

Solar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind

We present the solar wind plasma parameters obtained from the Wind spacecraft during more than nine years, encompassing almost the whole solar cycle 23. Since its launch in November 1994 Wind has frequently observed the in-ecliptic solar wind upstream of the Earth’s bow shock. The WIND/WAVES thermal noise receiver was specially designed to measure the in situ plasma thermal noise spectra, from which the electron density and temperature can be accurately determined. We present and discuss histograms of such measurements performed from 1994 to 2003. Using these large data sets, we study the density and core temperature variations with solar activity cycle and with different regimes of the solar wind. We confirm the anticorrelation of the electron density with the sunspot number, and obtain a positive correlation of the core temperature, with the sunspot number.     

航天器反作用轮扰动建模及参数辨识

为预测反作用轮微振动对航天器产生的影响,提出了一种改进的扰动模型.由于共振造成的扰动放大是反作用轮扰动对卫星姿态精度的最重要影响,改进模型通过引入放大系数体现结构固有频率对扰动的影响.鉴于改进模型的非线性特性,应用模拟退火遗传算法对改进模型进行了参数辨识.设计刚性六分量力测试平台对反作用轮扰动进行测试,并利用实测数据对改进模型及参数辨识结果进行验证.验证结果表明:改进模型准确地反映了反作用轮的扰动特点,模拟退火遗传算法可以提高参数辨识的精度.     

Motion prediction of an uncontrolled space target

Capturing an uncontrolled space target is a tremendously challenging research topic. Target capture by a space robot can be well planned according to predicted motion of the target. In this paper, motion prediction of an uncontrolled space target is studied and a motion prediction algorithm is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, firstly a method for identifying the parameters of motion state and inertial property of the target is established; and then through substituting the identified parameters into the dynamic equations of the target, the motion of the target can be predicted as the solution of the equations. In the identification of the parameters, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is applied. In order to support the UKF, a method for estimating noise level of the observation data is developed, so our motion prediction algorithm is noise adaptive. A practical convergent criterion is also designed to determine the time when the estimated result of the UKF is accurate enough, such that the predicted motion is credible enough. After that, the accuracy of the prediction is further improved by an optimization method. In the end of this paper, numerical simulations are done to verify the validity of the proposed motion prediction algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is able to predict the motion of the target precisely.     

空间临近目标行为辨识方法

针对侦察卫星通过变轨等方式抵近目标的对天观测行为,提出了一种基于视觉特性的临近目标行为辨识方法。通过对序列图中抵近目标上特征点进行跟踪以得到其轨迹变化;针对目标可能存在的异常行为在图像当中的表征进行分析,结合已得信息构建特征参数并对目标行为进行判断;最后通过试验对辨识算法进行验证。试验结果表明：该算法能对不同光照条件下的连续图像进行处理,实现对临近目标通过主体姿态变化进行对天侦察行为的有效辨识。