激光选区熔化成型316L不锈钢工艺参数研究

针对激光选区熔化成型316L不锈钢工艺参数选择问题,采用单因素条件变量分析法,在激光选区熔化过程中,分析了激光功率、扫描速度对316L不锈钢成型零件表面粗糙度、致密度、硬度和尺寸偏差的影响规律。结果表明:当激光功率降低或者扫描速度提高时,内部能量密度减小,粉末熔化量减少,试样表面球化效应增强,孔隙缺陷增多,试样致密度减小、硬度降低;当激光功率提高或者扫描速度降低时,内部能量密度增大,粉末被过度烧蚀,产生较大的尺寸偏差,所形成熔道易塌陷,导致层间结合较差,试样性能降低。当激光功率为300 W、扫描速度为1000 mm/s时,能量密度适中,形成了较好的冶金结合,抗拉强度可达753 MPa,上表面硬度HRB能达到97.22。该项研究为316L不锈钢激光选区熔化工艺参数的合理选择提供了参考。     

选择性激光熔化过程中熔池演变与金属飞溅特性数值模拟

选择性激光熔化(SLM)成形技术是新型增材制造技术的一个重要发展领域。通过建立用于选择性激光熔化成形的高保真粉末尺度激光熔化模型,展现了粉末层从开始熔化、熔滴飞溅到熔道成形、冷却凝固的全过程。熔滴飞溅行为是金属粉末层熔合工艺中难以避免的成形缺陷来源,借助数值模拟手段还原了激光熔合过程中飞溅现象的演变过程,克服了实际实验难以捕捉到熔池内部及熔滴飞溅行为定量表征信息的难题,获取了熔融液滴飞溅的变形机制以及飞溅过程中随时间变化的温度、速度、压力、位置偏移等信息。结果显示,金属蒸气作用与惰性气体流动共同驱动了熔池流动与熔滴的飞溅行为,高温熔体流速为1～6 m/s,熔滴飞溅速度为1～4 m/s。随着工艺参数的调整,飞溅熔滴的体积形态与飞溅方向均发生变化。结合实验分析,追踪了熔滴飞溅的运动轨迹以及熔滴在空中飞溅时的“二次爆炸”与“旋球”行为。该研究补充了实际实验对于飞溅行为的分析理解,通过提取飞溅物完整寿命周期能量吸收耗散的量化信息,进一步促进了激光熔合过程中复杂的流体流动与飞溅现象的动力学表征。     

选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构特征模拟分析

针对选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构过程进行温度场与应力场模拟。利用有限元分析软件建立三维瞬态选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构的过程模型,分析加工过程温度场应力场分布情况及变化趋势。针对不同激光功率与扫描速度对悬垂结构成型质量的影响进行仿真分析与实验验证。分析结果表明,在选区激光熔化成型悬垂结构过程中,在激光扫描悬垂位置时熔池温度值明显高于激光扫描打印件中心位置时的熔池温度,成型件与基板接触的边角位置具有最大的残余应力,悬垂结构位置出现明显变形,在激光功率与扫描速度比值不变情况下,激光功率越大,悬垂结构位置变形越大。     

数值模拟在激光选区熔化中的应用及研究现状

激光选区熔化(SLM)是采用高能激光将金属粉末逐层熔化堆积形成零件的增材制造技术,因SLM过程中熔池的加热冷却速度快,缺陷、应力和微观组织形成机理分析困难,数值模拟可展现SLM过程的细节,对于理解激光选区熔化现象和指导生产实践有重要意义。目前激光选区熔化数值模拟存在多种方法,本文将致力于系统综述激光选区熔化的基本特点,介绍几种常用的建模方法和研究现状并讨论SLM数值模拟的发展趋势。     

扫描策略对选区激光熔化零件微观组织的影响

针对316L不锈钢粉末选区激光熔化(SLM)过程,综合考虑了材料随温度变化的热物理属性及相变潜热的影响,开发了单层多道的三维温度场计算模型,模拟了不同扫描策略下熔池形态及温度场的分布,并与试验测量结果相比较,对比分析了不同扫描路径对零件微观组织的影响。仿真结果表明,随着扫描道的增加,熔道的最高温度有小幅度升高。通过试验观察,熔池内包含有大量柱状晶,沿着最大温度梯度方向竖直生长。另外,微观组织缺陷更易出现在热量累积及应力集中的扫描岛屿间的交界处,并且,扫描策略影响零件的微观组织及显微硬度,回形扫描方式较回形岛式扫描的晶粒细小,显微硬度高。     

选区熔化过程多尺度多物理场建模研究进展

选区熔化技术是一种基于粉末床的、能够精确成形复杂零件、调控微观组织和性能的金属增材制造技术,其成形过程的计算机模拟对于生产实践具有重要指导意义。综述了国内外的研究现状,首先介绍选区熔化技术的原理及其特点;然后介绍国内外对选区熔化过程已经开展的计算机模拟技术的研究进展;并进一步重点介绍针对电子束选区熔化过程的多尺度多物理场模型,主要包括:(1)微观尺度电子束与材料相互作用的能量吸收模型;(2)细观尺度从铺粉到粉末加热、熔化、流动、沉积成形全过程的模型;(3)宏观尺度零件成形过程模型。     

扫描方式对激光选区熔化成形316不锈钢性能的影响

为了揭示激光选区熔化成形过程中熔池行为,以316不锈钢粉末为对象展开激光选区熔化试验,研究了激光选区熔化成形时不同的扫描方式对成形件内部缺陷、微观组织以及室温拉伸性能的影响.结果表明:将层片分区短线扫描成形可以有效地控制成形零件内部的气孔缺陷;与无分区长线扫描相比,采用分区短线扫描后零件内部组织呈现明显的柱状且晶粒尺寸较大.     

军用飞机金属零件激光增材修复技术的研究进展

激光增材修复技术适用于军用飞机金属零件的快速高效修复，是延长飞行服役年限和提升自主航空维修能力的重要推力。本文介绍了选区激光熔化成形、激光直接沉积成形、激光熔覆以及激光-电弧复合增材制造等激光增材修复技术特点，阐述了激光增材修复过程中常见的塌边、表面球化、气孔以及裂纹等不同尺度缺陷类型并提出了相应的调控方法，总结了激光能量密度、搭接率、填充材料供给速度、保护气体流量、时间参数和扫描路径等激光增材修复技术工艺优化特点以及施加外加能场和优化设计专用填充材料改善修复性能。最后，列举了激光增材修复技术在飞机机翼梁、涡轮叶盘、单晶叶片以及起落架等金属部件维修中的应用，并对激光增材修复技术在辅助系统设计、多能场融合、评价标准制定以及可移动激光增减材修复设备研发等未来的研究重点和趋势进行了探讨。     

300M钢激光熔覆耐磨防腐自润滑涂层温度场数值模拟研究

为了提高飞机起落架减震支柱300M超高强钢的抗磨性能,突破由于温度梯度过大诱发的激光熔覆耐磨防腐自润滑涂层裂纹等技术瓶颈,基于ANSYS软件的生死单元法编制热循环程序,考虑自润滑相和耐磨相材料热物性参数随温度的变化、相变潜热、激光熔覆过程中与外界的换热、激光熔覆功率、激光熔覆扫描速率等因素对激光熔覆过程温度场、熔池、温度梯度的影响,建立300M超高强钢激光熔覆耐磨防腐自润滑涂层温度仿真模型。结果表明:基体的熔化需要激光、熔化的粉末等综合作用使传导到该区域的有效能量达到熔化的临界值,熔化高度增加率随激光功率的增加先降低后增加,熔化高度减少率随激光扫描速率的增加先变小后变大;由于激光熔覆的不同区域温度、冷却速率差异等综合因素影响,熔覆层熔池的纵截面为勺状熔池;伴随激光功率的增加,由于熔覆层不同区域对能量输入产生的温度响应速率差异导致Z方向温度梯度值增加,且最大冷却速率增加;伴随激光扫描速率的增加,激光输入能量降低,降低了高温区域温度及激光的快速局部加热等综合影响,Z方向温度梯度值降低。通过调控激光参数,在保持熔覆层结合强度的条件下,基体熔凝区能被控制到最小,并能够降低温度梯度。     

GH3625合金激光直接成形工艺

为了研究工艺参数对金属激光直接成形零件质量的影响,通过正交试验的方法对单道单层GH3625合金激光直接成形工艺进行了研究,主要探究了激光功率、扫描速度、送粉速度等参数对单道单层成形截面宽度和高度的影响规律,提出预测模型并做了验证。结果表明,在单道单层成形中,激光功率、送粉速度、扫描速度等工艺参数对单道宽度和高度具有不同程度的影响,其中,对于单道成形宽度和高度来讲,扫描速度对其影响最为明显。试验验证结果表明借助Minitab软件得到的线性回归模型是有效的。     

Single track and single layer formation in selective laser melting of niobium solid solution alloy

Selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate Nb-37Ti-13Cr-2Al-1Si (at%) alloy, using pre-alloyed powders prepared by plasma rotating electrode processing (PREP). A series of single tracks and single layers under different processing parameters was manufactured to evaluate the processing feasibility by SLM, including laser power, scanning speed, and hatch distance. Results showed that continuous single tracks could be fabricated using proper laser powers and scanning velocities. Both the width of a single track and its penetration depth into a substrate increased with an increase of the linear laser beam energy density (LED), i.e., an increase of the laser power and a decrease of the scanning speed. Nb, Ti, Si, Cr, and Al elements distributed heterogeneously over the melt pool in the form of swirl-like patterns. An excess of the hatch distance was not able to interconnect neighboring tracks. Under improper processing parameters, a balling phenomenon occurred, but could be eliminated with an increased LED. This work testified the SLM-processing feasibility of Nb-based alloy and promoted the application of SLM to the manufacture of niobium-based alloys.     

Experimental study of effect of post processing on fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth performance of selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V

For Ti-6Al-4V, a titanium alloy increasingly used in aerospace structure, selective laser melting (SLM) is an attractive additive manufacturing technology, which is attributed to its complex construction capability with high accuracy and good surface quality. In order to obtain qualified mechanical properties, SLM parameters and post processing should be tailored for diverse service conditions. Fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior are critical characteristics for damage tolerance evaluation of such metallic structures, and they are affected by post processing technologies significantly. The objective of this study is to obtain the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti-6Al-4V manufactured by SLM, and to evaluate the influence of post-SLM thermomechanical treatment and surface machining. Fracture toughness and FCG tests were performed for SLM Ti-6Al-4V in three types of post processing status: as-built, heat treated and hot isostatically pressed (HIPed), respectively. Specimens with as-built and machined surface were tested. The microstructure and fractography were analyzed as well in order to investigate the relevance among manufacture process, microstructure and mechanical properties. The results demonstrate that as-built SLM Ti-6Al-4V presents poor ductility and FCG behavior due to martensitic microstructure and residual stresses. Both heat treatment and hot isostatic pressing improve the plane-stress fracture toughness and FCG performance considerably, while surface machining shows slight effect.     

稀土改性高强铝微桁架激光增材制造工艺调控

微桁架夹芯板点阵轻量化结构在航空航天领域有重要应用,选区激光熔化（SLM）增材制造技术可克服传统工艺局限性,高质量一体化成形复杂点阵结构。以稀土Sc改性高强Al-Mg合金为对象,采用SLM工艺对其进行工艺优化试验,并基于优化结果对微桁架夹芯板开展一体化成形工艺调控研究。研究结果表明：SLM成形Al-Mg-Sc-Zr合金表面质量、冶金缺陷等随激光参数发生显著变化,在激光功率400 W、扫描速度800 mm/s的条件下获得较高表面质量（粗糙度为13.2 μm）及致密度（相对密度为99.5%）。当扫描速度较低时试件熔池底部形成一次Al₃Sc析出相,而当扫描速度过高时因凝固速度过快析出相减少,导致试件显微硬度降低。在优化工艺区间内,随激光扫描速度增加SLM成形Al-Mg-Sc-Zr微桁架夹芯板粘粉比例下降,构件质量随之减轻;水平方向构件尺寸精度、桁架微杆成形精度均随扫描速度增加而增加。     

Laser joining of CFRTP to titanium alloy via laser surface texturing

Grid pattern was textured on Ti-6Al-4V alloy (TC4) substrate surface by nanosecond laser system. Laser joining of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite (CFRTP) to TC4 joints were performed, and the effect of texture grid depth was investigated. The contact angle of molten CFRTP on textured TC4 surface was measured and the tensile-shear force was tested. The fracture surface and interface morphology were observed. The results indicated that the wettability of molten CFRTP on TC4 surface improved remarkably after laser textured TC4. Shear force of CFRTP/TC4 joints was increased by 156% after laser textured TC4 surface. When the depth of grid was deeper than 100 μm, contact angle increased and incomplete filling of molten CFRTP in grid occurred, the shear force thus decreased gradually. Resin-carbon fibers mixture was adhered on the fracture surface of TC4, and the variation tendency of adhesion ratio was consistent with that of shear force. TC4 matrix was exfoliated from substrate and adhered at the fracture surface of CFRTP, indicating stronger mechanical interlocking occurred at the joining interface after laser textured TC4 surface. Beside mechanical interlocking, compound layer consisted of CTi_0.42V_1.58 carburization phase was also confirmed at interface, suggesting that chemical bonding also occurred at the joining interface.     

YAG激光焊接钛合金TA15熔池特征

利用高速摄像,对YAG激光焊接钛合金TA15时的熔池特征以及动态过程进行了深入研究,结果表明,整个熔池可以分为3部分:(a)金属蒸气/等离子体区,它是一个以1kHz以上频率波动的过程;(b)温度超过2 000K的液态熔池区域;(c)半固态熔池区域,这是熔池的主要部分,其温度虽有一定的梯度,但基本保持在熔点温度.     

成形态选区激光熔融Ti-6Al-4V钛合金缺陷与微观组织研究进展

选区激光熔融(Selective laser melting,SLM)近年来在钛合金制造领域应用广泛,然而,其性能受限于工艺缺陷和马氏体组织特征.综述了SLM技术下成形态Ti–6Al–4V合金的缺陷和微观组织研究进展,包括缺陷和微观组织类型、调节SLM工艺参数对减少缺陷和改善微观组织的作用以及基于变体选择的β→α相变研...     

Microstructure,porosity and mechanical properties of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg

Finite element modeling (FEM), microscopy, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and mechanical property tests were used to study the microstructure, porosity and mechanical properties of an AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM). The simulation of the melt pool and thermal history under different energy densities produced an optimized result with an energy density of 44.5 J·mm⁻³. The high cooling rate during the SLM process significantly refined the previous α-Al dendrites. The growth direction of the network-like Al-Si eutectic structure at different orientations confirmed the anisotropic nature of the microstructure. Furthermore, the microhardness, tensile testing and fracture analysis results proved that there were no obvious distinctions in the strength between the transverse and longitudinal directions, and that the ductility was anisotropic, possibly due to the shape and distribution of the pores. The pores measured by X-ray CT at different energy densities confirmed that the sphericity of the pores was inversely related to pores volumes. With optimized processing conditions, the porosity of the selective laser melted sample decreased leading to the improved fabricated fuel system component via SLM.     

激光熔覆裂纹的形成机理及控制方法

激光熔覆技术是利用激光辐射使熔覆材料和基体表面同时熔化并快速凝固、从而显著改善基体材料物理性能的一种新工艺方法。但激光熔覆工艺的选择不当则会使熔覆层产生裂纹、气孔、未熔合等,从而影响熔覆制件的综合性能。本文研究了激光熔覆裂纹的种类以及熔覆层的应力类型,分析了裂纹产生的机理,指出材料间热膨胀系数、弹性模量的明显差别及激光熔池区域的温度梯度所决定的热应力是熔覆层裂纹形成的根源。并从熔覆材料和基体材料的合理选择、成形工艺参数的合理设计及热处理等方面,阐述了熔覆裂纹的影响因素和控制方法。